1)Defenses:

 Error of Judgment: If a medical professional makes a reasonable and honest error in

judgment while treating a patient, it may not be considered negligence.
 Emergency Situations: If a medical professional acted in good faith to save a patient's life
in an emergency, they may not be considered negligent.

2) “National Medical Commission, Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct)

Regulations,2022”

CHAPTER-4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF RMPS TO EACH OTHER

 31.RMP as Locum: Whenever a Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP) requests another
RMP to attend to his patients during his temporary absence from his practice,
professional courtesy requires the acceptance of such appointment only when the RMP
can discharge the additional 11 responsibility along with his /her other duties. The RMP
acting under such an appointment should give the utmost consideration to the interests
and reputation of the absent RMP and all such patients should be restored to the care of
the latter upon his/her return.

3)WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS

Duties to other physicians, health professionals, students, and other personnel
 30. The physician must engage with other physicians, health professionals and other
personnel in a respectful and collaborative manner without bias, harassment, or
discriminatory conduct. The physician must also ensure that ethical principles are upheld
when working in teams.
 31. The physician should respect colleagues’ patient-physician relationships and not
intervene unless requested by either party or needed to protect the patient from harm.
This should not prevent the physician from recommending alternative courses of action
considered to be in the patient’s best interests.
 32. The physician should report to the appropriate authorities conditions or circumstances
which impede the physician or other health professionals from providing care of the
highest standards or from upholding the principles of this Code. This includes any form
of abuse or violence against physicians and other health personnel, inappropriate working
conditions, or other circumstances that produce excessive and sustained levels of stress.

4) Case Law
In Vinod Jain v. SantokbaDurlabhji Memorial Hospital &Anr., the Supreme Court has
mentioned the factors to be considered while establishing the liability in medical negligence
cases. The Supreme Court had held that,

 A doctor cannot be said to be negligent if his acts are in accordance with the set
guidelines, merely because a body is there which holds a contrary view.
 A doctor need not have special expertise in medicine, and it is enough if he exercises
ordinary skills that an ordinary man of that profession would be able to do.

5The relevance of pharmacology in clinical oncology practice

This article talks about how studying drugs and their effects, known as pharmacology, is
important in treating cancer. It explains thatpharmacologists help in creating and improving
drugs to fight cancer cells. Before these drugs are widely used, they go through strict testing in
clinical trials, where pharmacologists make sure they are safe and effective.

Pharmacologists also study how drugs behave in the body, which in turn help doctors figure out
the right dosage and treatment plan for each patient. Since cancer drugs often work differently
for each person, pharmacologists help in adjusting the doses for individuals to reduce the risk of
problems like under- or over-dosage of the drug.

The article also discusses how doctors can monitor the levels of drugs in a patient's body and
adjust the treatment to get the best results with the fewest side effects. In simpler
terms,pharmacology guides the use of medicines in cancer treatment, making sure they work
well, are safe, and fit the needs of each patient.