There are three basic ways in which electrons can share electrons.

These are called

bonds
1. Electron Transfer: Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another.
2. Electron Sharing: Electrons can be shared between neighboring atoms.
3. Delocalized Electron Sharing: Electrons can be shared with all atoms in a
material.
These three basic bonds are called:
● Ionic Bonds: These are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another, creating ions. The resulting oppositely charged ions attract each other.
● Covalent Bonds: These are formed when two or more atoms share electrons.
The shared electrons occupy the outermost shell of more than one atom3.
● Metallic Bonds: These involve a ‘sea’ of delocalized electrons moving freely
throughout a 3D structure.
The Electron -
1. Basic Properties: Electrons are subatomic particles that have a negative electric
charge. They are found in shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
2. Quantum Behavior: Electrons exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties, a
phenomenon known as wave-particle duality. They can exist in multiple states at
once, a concept known as superposition.
3. Energy Levels: Electrons occupy energy levels, or shells, around the nucleus of
an atom1. Each energy level can hold a certain number of electrons.
4. Orbitals: Within energy levels, electrons reside in regions called orbitals. Each
orbital can hold up to two electrons.
5. Electron Configuration: The arrangement of electrons in an atom is known as the
electron configuration. It determines the chemical behavior of the atom.
6. Ionization and Electron Affinities: Ionization is the process by which an atom
loses an electron, while electron affinity is a measure of an atom’s tendency to
attract a bonding pair of electrons.
7. Role in Chemical Bonds: Electrons play a crucial role in forming chemical bonds.
They can be shared, transferred, or pooled between atoms to create different
types of bonds.

The Periodic Table -

1. Organization: The periodic table is organized into rows called periods and
columns called groups. Elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.
2. Atomic Number: Each element is assigned a unique atomic number, which
corresponds to the number of protons in an atom of that element.
3. Element Categories: The table is divided into several categories: metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals are on the left, nonmetals are on the right, and
metalloids, which have properties of both metals and nonmetals, form a zigzag
line between the two.
4. Groups: Some groups have specific names. For example, Group 1 elements
(excluding hydrogen) are called alkali metals, Group 2 elements are alkaline earth
metals, Group 17 elements are halogens, and Group 18 elements are noble
gasses.
5. Periods: The period number of an element signifies the highest energy level an
electron in that element occupies (in the unexcited state).
6. Blocks: The periodic table is also divided into blocks (s, p, d, and f) based on the
subshell that is being ‘filled’ with electrons.
7. Trends: There are several important trends in the periodic table, such as atomic
radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
Polymers -
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated subunits. They play an essential
role in our daily lives, with applications ranging from plastics and resins to fibers and
rubbers.

1. Monomers and Polymers: Polymers are made up of smaller units called

monomers. When many monomers chemically bond together, they form a
polymer.
2. Types of Polymers: There are natural polymers (like proteins, cellulose, and DNA)
and synthetic polymers (like plastics, silicones, and resins).
3. Polymerization: The process of forming a polymer from monomers is called
polymerization. There are two main types: addition polymerization and
condensation polymerization.
4. Structure of Polymers: Polymers can have various structures, mainly linear,
branched, and cross-linked. The structure greatly influences the properties of the
polymer.
5. Properties of Polymers: Polymers exhibit a wide range of properties, including
strength, flexibility, resistance to heat and chemicals, etc. These properties can
be tailored by changing the monomers used and the polymerization process.
6. Applications of Polymers: Polymers have a vast range of applications, including
packaging, clothing, electronics, transportation, health care, and more.