1 (a (i) Explain the term balanced diet.

A balanced diet is a diet that contains all of the essential elements that the human body

needs, including carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, proteins, fiber, and water in the correct

proportion to provide sufficient energy for the body's needs. A nutritious, well-balanced diet

lowers the risk of disease and enhances general health1. A balanced diet includes six main

nutrients, i.e. Fats, Protein, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Vitamins, and Minerals

[3]

(ii) State three factors that influence a person’s nutritional needs.

1 age or gender

body mass or activity

2
medical condition or disease
3 [3]

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 (b) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported in the blood. The kidneys
filter the blood and reabsorb the glucose.
If the blood contains more than 180 mg of glucose per 100 cm3, the kidney cannot
reabsorb it all and some is present in the urine. This figure is called the renal
threshold.
A doctor suspects that a patient has diabetes because a urine test is positive for
glucose.
The patient takes a glucose tolerance test by drinking a solution of glucose. The doctor
records the patient’s blood glucose concentration at 30 minute intervals for five and a
half hours.
The results are plotted on Fig. 2.1.
300

250

200

blood glucose
concentration / 150
mg per 100 cm3

100

50

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

glucose drink time / minutes

Fig. 2.1
(i) Draw a horizontal line on Fig. 2.1 to show the renal threshold. [1
(ii) State the time period when the kidney will produce urine containing glucose.
from 60 to 300 minutes kidneys will produce urine containing gluscose
[1]

(iii) Sketch on Fig. 2.1 the blood glucose concentrations that the doctor might expect if
he repeated this test on someone who does not have diabetes. [1]

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(c) People who do not have diabetes maintain their blood glucose concentration below
180 mg per 100 cm3.

Explain how the body does this.

a person who doesn't have diabetes maintain their glucose concentration below 180 mg per 100 cm3.

due to insulin secretion by the pancreas and glucose is also absorbed by the liver and muscles.

in the form of glycogen.

[3]

[Total: 12]

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2 (a Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human digestive system.

H C

E
G

Fig. 1.1

Use the letters from Fig. 1.1 to complete Table 1.1 to give the part of the human digestive
system that is identified by each function.

Write one letter only in each box. You may use the same letter more than once. There are some
letters that you will not use. The first one has been done for you.

Table 1.1

function
unctio

peristalsis B

protein digestion H,C

insulin production D

deamination J

partially digested food is mixed with bile H

most water is reabsorbed G

[5]

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 The human diet provides nutrients for the synthesis of biological molecules that make up
cells, cell products and tissues.

(b) (i) Complete Table 1.2 to show the nutrients that are absorbed from food to
synthesise the large molecules listed.

Table 1.2

large molecules nutrients absorbed

protein amino acids

glycogen glucose

fat fatty acids and glycerol

[3]

(ii) Mineral ions are required in the human diet in small quantities.

State the mineral ion required for each process:

making bone calcium

making haemoglobin. iron [2]

(iii) State another type of nutrient required in the human diet in small quantities.
vitamins ( A B C D) [1]

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 (c) One role of nutrients is to provide materials for the repair of damaged tissues.
Fig. 1.2 shows the events that happen after a cut to the skin.

immediately after the cut 24 hours later

scab
epidermis
released blood
blood clot
damaged
capillary phagocytes

3 to 7 days later 2 weeks later

new
capillary

Fig. 1.2

Use the information in Fig. 1.2 to describe what happens to seal the wound in the skin
and repair the skin tissue.

platelets from the blood came to wound side to promote clotting with the help of thrombin

enzyme which converts fibrinogen to fiber to form a mesh or network which will trap blood cells

and forms a scab cells will be divided by mitosis and a new epidermis and capillary will be formed

in the wounded skin.

[5]

[Total: 16]

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3 Fig. 1.1 A shows a cell from the lining of the alimentary canal.

Fig. 1.1 B shows a cell from the lining of a kidney tubule.

Both cells absorb substances into the blood.

C C

A B
Fig. 1.1

(a) Name the structures labelled C on the cells in Fig. 1.1.

microvilli [1]

(b) List three substances that are absorbed by both cells shown in Fig. 1.1.

1 minerals ions, vitamins and oxygen

glucose
2

3 water [3]

(c) Explain how both cells shown in Fig. 1.1 are adapted for absorption of substances into
the blood.

microvilli have large surface area for diffusion or active transport. they have mitocondria

to provide energy for active transport they also contain carrier proteins in their membranes.

[2]

(d) Name the part of the alimentary canal that is lined by the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 A.
small intestine [1]

[Total: 7]

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4 Fig. 1.1 shows a section of a villus at two different magnifications.

epithelium cell
...........................................

×270
red blood cells
×110

muscle tissue

lacteal
...........................................

lymphatic system
...........................................

Fig. 1.1

(a) Label the structures shown in Fig. 1.1.

Write the labels in the boxes in Fig. 1.1. [3]

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 (b) Suggest the role of the muscle tissue shown in the villus in Fig. 1.1.

the muscles present in the villus when contract they causes movement of food by changing

their surface area they also help in absorption of food through diffusion and causes movement

of blood and lymph inside the villus.

[2]

Fig. 1.2 shows an experiment to investigate the uptake of glucose by cells of the villi.

• Two leak-proof bags were set up.

• One bag was made from artificial partially permeable membrane (Visking tubing).
• The other bag was made from a piece of small intestine containing living cells, with its
inner surface inside the bag.
• The bags were filled with equal volumes of a dilute glucose solution.
• The bags were suspended in the same glucose solution for two hours.
• After two hours, the volumes of the bags were measured and the contents were tested
for the concentration of glucose.

glass rod to
beaker support bags

dilute glucose dilute glucose solution

solution inside maintained at 37 °C
bags

10 cm length of artificial
10 cm length of
partially permeable
small intestine
membrane (Visking tubing)
containing living cells

Fig. 1.2

Inside the bag made from small intestine the volume and concentration of the glucose
solution decreased. There were no changes to the volume and concentration in the Visking
tubing bag.

(c) State and explain the process responsible for the decrease in the glucose
concentration in the bag made from small intestine.

due to active transport the amount of glucose decreases in the bag made of small intestine

because active transport uses energy. the prices of respiration also take place the bag made of

small intestine due to this glucose is converts into carbon dioxide and water to produce

energy
[2]

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 (d) After two hours there was less water in the bag made from small intestine.

The volume of water in the bag made from small intestine decreased, but the volume in
the bag made from Visking tubing did not change. Explain why.

the bag which is made from small intestine used glucose for the process of respiration and

active transport bcz it is made of living cells, the water potential outside bag is also lower

thats why water moves out of bag by osmosis. the bag made of visking tubing did not

perform process of osmosis and diffusion and there was no difference in water potential thats

why volume of this bag did not change

[3]

(e) An investigation studied the flow of water into and out of the human alimentary canal.
Table 1.1 shows the results.

Table 1.1

water into the alimentary canal water out of the alimentary canal

volume of water / method of water volume of water /

source of water
dm3 per day loss dm3 per day
stomach to the
water from diet 2.5 0.00
blood
small intestine to
saliva
ali 1.5 9.00
the blood
large intestine to
gastric juice 2.4 0.85
the blood

bile 0.8 in the faeces 0.15

pancreatic juice 0.8

intestinal
2.0
secretions

(i) Name the part of the alimentary canal that secretes most water in a digestive juice.

[1]

(ii) Name the part of the alimentary canal that absorbs most water.

[1]

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 (iii) Explain why water is added to food by the secretions shown in Table 1.1.

[3]

(iv) Explain why it is important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal.

[2]

[Total: 17]

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