PROGRAMMING 3
Module Names (e.g. Calculate_Net_Pay)
MODULE 1
Flowchart - is a graphical representation of
algorithm.
• Process Flowchart (PFD) – illustrates
and analyzes the overall flow of
activities in producing a product or
service; can be used for water treatment
and processes, piping and irrigation
systems, etc.
• Data Flowchart (DFD) – shows the way
data is processed; can be use for data
management, an overview of the
system, where the data will come from
and go to.
• Business Process Modeling Diagram
(BPMN) – is used for creating graphical
models of business process operations;
can be used for illustrating business
processes of an organization, and more.
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS AND THEIR
USAGE
STRUCTURES
• Sequence – steps
• Decision – if then… else or a conditional
• Loop – repeat tasks
• Case (Selection) – switch case
PSEUDO-CODE MODULE STANDARDS
• 2-4 words
• the first word should be a verb, and last
should be a noun
• intermediate words should be adjectives
• the first letter of the first word should be
capitalized
• the words should be joined with
underscores
A pseudo-code module has the same form
as a complete program pseudo-coded
algorithm, except that the terminator used
for a sub-module is RETURN (instead of
END).
FLOWCHART MODULE STANDARDS
Note:
• References to a sub-module are drawn
as boxes with vertical double sides.
• A sub-module flowchart definition starts
with the sub-module name (in a rounded
box) and ends with a Return (also in a
rounded box);
WHERE, HOW AND WHY WE USE COBOL
• one of the most important programming
languages in mainframe
• is used in multiple industries like retail, The American National Standards
healthcare, insurance, finance, etc. Institute (ANSI) has since produced
• can run without any changes in modern several revisions of the COBOL standard,
mainframe server including:
• is a procedural language that works well • COBOL-68
in legacy applications • COBOL-74
• COBOL-85
INTRODUCTION OF COBOL • COBOL 2002

• COBOL stands for Common Business

Oriented Language
• it started in 1959 by CODASYL
committee (Conference on Data
Systems Language)
• appear like an ENGLISH language.
• ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) improved this in the year 1965
and 1974, and was introduced in 1985,
with new features
From 2002, the ISO standard is also
available to the public coded as ISO/IEC
1989.
LEGACY
COBOL programs are in use on operating
systems such as IBM’s z/OS, Microsoft’s
Windows, and the POSIX families
(Unix/Linux etc.)

COBOL HISTORY
The development of the language was a
project sponsored by the United States
Department of Defense (DoD) that
included a consortium of computer
companies including IBM, Honeywell,
Sperry Rand, and Burroughs; to create a
programming language with:
• portability between computer systems
• more English-like syntax than other
languages of the time (e.g., FORTRAN)
HISTORY OF COBOL STANDARDS
The specifications approved by the full
Short Range Committee were approved by
the Executive Committee on January 3,
1960, and sent to the government printing
office, which edited and printed these
specifications as COBOL 60.
COBOL ADVANTAGES
• It is machine independent
• It is easy to maintain
• It is easy to understand
• It is self-documenting
• It is non-proprietary (portable)
• COBOL programs are uniquely
organized; four divisions
• A COBOL program can handle
voluminous commercial data processing
using only a few statements
• COBOL as defined in the original
specification included a PICTURE
clause for detailed field specification
• COBOL has many reserved words (over
400), called keywords
FEATURES OF A COBOL PROGRAM
A. English-like syntax
B. Unusual length compared with programs
written in other languages.
C. Column-sensitive organization of the
program.
D. Spacing between any two-program
segments.
E. Use of indentations.
- all Statement, Sentence, Verbs,
Clause, Characters, and Words must
start in Area B.
5. Program Identification Area (Column
73-80)
- the idea of using this area was to
enter the program identification of
each individual lines in the code.

STRUCTURE OF COBOL PROGRAM

• A COBOL Program is divided into
DIVISION. Each DIVISION in COBOL
Programs is further divides into
SECTION.
• A SECTION is further divided into
PARAGRAPH.
• PARAGRAPH is divided into multiple
SENTENCE.
• A SENTENCE contains STATEMENT.
• A STATEMENT is subdivided into
CLAUSE or VERB.
• At the lowest Level, we have
CHARACTER or WORD.

COBOL CODING RULES

There are 5 areas in COBOL Program:
1. Sequence Number Area (Column 1-6)
- stores the Sequence numbers. And
it’s number is for labeling a source
statement line.
2. Indicator Area (Column 7)
- you can start Comments,
Continuation or Debugging mode
(D) in this Indicator Area.
3. Area A (Column 8-11)
- all Division, Section, Paragraph, Start
Declarative, End Declarative, 01 Level
number must start in Area A.
4. And Area B (Column 12-72)