Qualitative research methods are used to understand the meaning of people's

experiences, behaviors, and interactions. They typically involve collecting data in the
form of words, images, or sounds. Some common qualitative research methods include:
 Interviews: In-depth conversations with participants to gather their experiences,
perspectives, and insights.
 Focus groups: Group discussions with participants to explore their shared
experiences and perspectives.
 Document analysis: Examining written or visual materials to understand people's
thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
 Content analysis: Systematically coding and analyzing text or images to identify
patterns and themes.
 Case study: An in-depth study of a single individual, group, or event.
 Ethnography: A study of a culture or group of people in their natural setting.
 Phenomenology: A study of the lived experiences of individuals.
 Grounded theory: A method of developing theory from data.
 Action research: A cyclical process of research and action to improve a situation.
 Discourse analysis: A method of analyzing the way language is used to create
meaning.
 Narrative analysis: A method of analyzing stories to understand the experiences
of individuals or groups.
 Visual analysis: A method of analyzing images to understand the way they
communicate meaning.
 Historical research: A method of studying the past to understand the present.
 Archival research: A method of studying documents and records to understand
the past.

Quantitative research methods are used to measure and analyze numerical data. They
typically involve collecting data in the form of surveys, experiments, or secondary data
analysis. Some common quantitative research methods include:
 Surveys: Collecting data from a large number of people through a questionnaire.
 Experiments: Conducting controlled studies to test cause-and-effect
relationships.
 Secondary data analysis: Using data that has already been collected by
someone else.
  Meta-analysis: Combining the results of multiple studies to get a more accurate
picture of the evidence.
 Structural equation modeling: Using statistical techniques to test complex
relationships between variables.
 Correlational research: A study of the relationship between two or more
variables.
 Causal-comparative research: A study of the causes of a phenomenon by
comparing groups of people who differ in the outcome of interest.
 Experimental research: A study of the effects of an intervention by randomly
assigning participants to different groups.
 Survey research: A study of a large number of people using a questionnaire.
 Secondary data analysis: Using data that has already been collected by
someone else.
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A statistical test used to compare the means of
two or more groups.
 Regression analysis: A statistical test used to predict the value of one variable
from the value of another variable.
 Logistic regression: A statistical test used to predict the probability of an event
occurring.
 Structural equation modeling: A statistical technique used to test complex
relationships between variables.
 Bayesian statistics: A statistical approach that uses probability to update beliefs
about the world.

The choice of research method depends on the research question, the research design,
and the resources available. Qualitative research methods are often used to explore
new or complex topics, to understand people's experiences, or to generate hypotheses.
Quantitative research methods are often used to test hypotheses, to make predictions,
or to generalize findings to a larger population.

In some cases, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods may be used.

This is called mixed methods research. Mixed methods research can be used to
triangulate findings, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a topic, or to
address the limitations of either qualitative or quantitative methods alone.