A.

First Paragraph- attract the attention of the employer

B. Second Paragraph- indicating your educational
attainment.
C. Third Paragraph- indicate your work experience and
training sessions attended
D. Fourth Paragraph- personal attitudes, interests,
qualities, activities towards the job
E. Fifth Paragraph- to make the employer believe that
you are the right person
F. Sixth Paragraph- urge the employer to act on your
application letter by requesting for an interview

5. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE- serves to end the message

just as goodbye serves to end a conversation.

6. SIGNATURE- contains the name and signature of the

writer.
GEC102- RIPH
SITE OF FIRST MASS
• Francisco Albo- was a boatswain and navigator of Ferdinand Magellan’s ship Trinidad. He
was a pilot of the Victoria under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano.
• Butuan has long been believed as the site of the first mass.
• Case for three centuries, culminating in the erection of a monument in 1872 near Agusan
river celebration of mass on April 8 1521, end of 19th and start of 20th century.
Accepted interpretation of the First mass in the Philippines was both made by Spanish and
Filipino scholars.

TWO PRIMARY SOURCES

Francisco Albo- one of Magellan’s ship Pilot, Trinidad. One of the 18 survivors who returned
with Sebastian Elcano, ship of Victoria.
Antonio Pigafetta- (first voyage around the world), member of the Magellan’s expedition
and an eye witness of the events particularly the First Mass. He is also one of the 18 men
who returned to Spain in 1522.

Albo’s Log
- Albo’s account, the location of Mazava fits the location of the island ofLimasawa, at the
southern tip of Leyte.
- Also, Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only the planting of the cross upon a
mountain-top which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, which also fits
the southern end of Limawasa.

1. On the 16th of march (1521) as they sailed in a westerly course from ladrones.
2. Instead, they traveled that day south to a different tiny island called suluan.
3. They sailed away from those two islands. Westward to "Gada," An uninhabited island they
brought in some water and wood.
4. They left that island and headed west in search of a seilani, a huge island.
5. Sailing along the southern coast of that huge seilani island, they went to a little island
called "Mazava"Island.
6. The inhabitants of the island, mazava, were excellent. The spanish placed a cross there,
mountain-top.
7. Subu's settlement was on an east-west direction, with the islands of mazava and suluan.
8. From there, they headedwest before heading southwest. They entered a channel there
between two islands, "Matan" Being one of them. The other "Subu,"
9. They turned after sailing along that channel moving west and stopping at the subu town
(la villa)
10. The direction of the village of subu was east- west with the suluan and mazava islands.
But between mazava to subu.
It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta’s testimonies coincide and corroborate
each other. Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during their weeklong stay at
Mazaua.

Pigafetta and Seven (7) Days in Mazaua

- Thursday, March 28 – In the morning they anchored near an island where they had seen a
light the night before a small boat (boloto) came with eight (8) natives, to whom Magellan
threw some trinkets as presents. An exchanged of gifts was effected. In the afternoon that
day, the Spanish ships weighed anchor and came closer to shore, anchoring near the native
king’s village. This Thursday, March 28, was Thurdsday in Holy Week.
- Friday, March 29 – “Next day. Holy Friday,” Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore in a
small boat to ask the king if he could provide the expedition with food supplies, and to say
that thay had come as friends and not enemies.
Saturday, March 30 – Pigafetta and his companion had spent the previous evening feasting
and drinking with the native king and his son. Pigafetta deplored the fact that, although it
was Good Friday, they had to eat meat. The following morning(Saturday) Pigafetta and his
companion took leave and return to their ship.
Sunday, March 31 – “Early in the morning of Sunday, the last of March and Easter day,”
Magellan sent the priest ashore with some men to prepare for the Mass. Mass was
celebrated, after which a cross was venerated. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the
ship for the noon-day meal, but in the afternoon they returned ashore to plant the cross on
the summit of the highest hill.
Sunday, March 31 – On that afternoon, while on the summit of the highest hill, Magellan
asked the two (2) kings which ports he should go to in order to obtain more abundant
supplies of food than were available in that island. He asked someone to guide him thither.
The kings replied that the pilots would be available “anytime.” But later that evening the
king of Mazaua changed his mind and said that he would himself conduct Magellan to Zubu
but that he would first have to bring the harvest in. He asked Magellan to send him men to
help with the harvest.
Monday, April 1 – Magellan sent men ashore to halp with the harvest, but no work was
done that day because the two (2) kings were sleeping off their drinking bout the night
before.
Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3 – Work on the harvest during the “next to days,”
i.e.,Tuesday and Wednesday, the 2nd and 3rd of April.
Thursday, April 4 – They leave Mazaua, bound for Cebu.

The Butuan assertion is supported by a fairly simple reading of primary sources from the
event.

Ultimately, the National Historical Institute led by its chair Ambeth Ocampo recognized the
historical records of Limasawa in Southern Leyte as the venue of the first Mass, held on
March 31, 1521.

CAVITE MUTINY

Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was
the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA).

Jose Montero y Vidal-Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an

attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective

Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the event and made use of it to
implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.

Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the
workers of Cavite arsenal such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor
were the main reasons of the “revolution”, however, other causes including the Spanish
Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by
unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the
Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity
against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain.
In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious
propagandas grasped by the Filipinos.

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera- A Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the
Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.

Jose Burgos, Mariano Gómez, Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)

GOMBURZA is the three filipino martyred catholic priest – who led the secularization of
filipino priest who were executed on February 17, 1873 by the spanish colonial authorities at
the luneta in bagumbayan.Their execution led to awakening of nationalism of Filipinos.
Secularization- movement within churchseeking for the transfer of parishes from the
regulars to secular priest. Edmund Plauchut- support the Filipino version of cavite
mutiny.
Polo y servicio- forced labor of all males from 16 to 60 years.
Tributo- any compulsory monetary payment.
January 20 1872- Cavite Mutiny
February 17 1872 GOMBURZA execution
1892 Philippine Revolution
1898 Proclamation of independence day
El Filibusterismo- paghahari ng kasamaan, dedicated to GOMBURZA.

RETRACTION OF RIZAL

Dr. Rene Escalante -a professor of history and a former chair of the Department of History of
De La Salle University Manila.
Retraction - the act of withdrawal of statement that has been
disclosed or any considered actions that expresses the change of a person’s insight,
perspective and even their emotions.
Masonry- an organization that promotes brother- hood, integrity, decency, and
professionalism.

The Jesuit Version -Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896 was a major political event,
closely monitored by local and international newspapers at the time. A number of them
reported that he had denounced his Masonic beliefs and re-professed his Catholic faith.
Some even reprinted the retraction letter that he wrote, in order toprove that he did
indeed die a Catholic. They also mentioned the Jesuit priests and other colonial officials who
witnessed this controversial act by Rizal. They based their narrative on thetestimonies of the
Jesuits and other colonial officials who visited and talked to Rizal the day before he was
executed.
The Jesuits figured prominently during the last 24 hours of Rizal’s life because
Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda asked them to take care of Rizal’s spiritual
needs while the latter awaited the hour of his death. In an affidavit that he issued in 1917,
Fr. Pio Pi (the Superior of the Jesuits) declared that he had accepted the task.
 Fr. Pi instructed them to persuade Rizal to retract his anti-Catholic teachings as well
as his affiliation with the Masons. The Jesuits were supposed to demand these two things
before ministering the necessary sacraments. Fr. Pi also ordered that the retraction should
be in writing using either of the two sample retraction templates approved by the
archbishop.

Fr. Vicente Balaguer- he was one of the Jesuit priests who visited Rizal’s last hours in Fort
Santiago and claimed that he managed to persuade Rizal to denounce masonry and return
to the Catholic fold.
- affidavit executed that proves he was who solemnized the marriage of Jose Rizal and
Josephine Bracken.

Challenges of Jesuit Version

• Friedrich Stahl wrote to Ferdinand Blumentritt in January 1897, informing him that people
did not take the retraction account seriously because “nobody has ever seen this written
decla- ration in spite of the fact that quite a number of people would want to see it”
• Trinidad, Rizal’s sister, also attested that after her brother’s death the Jesuits invited their
family to attend a Mass offered for the eternal repose of his soul. The Jesuits promised that
after the Mass they would show them the original retraction. Until they parted ways, the
promise did not materialize.
• The Masons regarded the retraction document that came out in 1935 as a fact, but
whether it was indeed written and signed by Rizal was for them a big question. The
discourse during this time was no longer over whether Rizal had retracted or not. The
debate was whether the newly found retraction document was genuine or not.

Rafael Palma- a prominent Mason, disputed the veracity of the document because it did not
reflect Rizal’s true character and beliefs. He regarded the resurrected retraction story as a
“pious fraud”.

The Masons, remained adamant in their stand and refused to accede to the arguments and
evidence presented by pro- retraction advocates. Since there was no new evidence or
primary sources presented, the debates during the postwar era were mostly philosophical
and interpretative in nature

The Cuerpo de Vigilancia Collection- was the intelligence service that the Spanish colonial
government created in 1895. It was organized primarily to gather information on the
activities of Katipunan members and supporters.

Chief Inspector Federico Moreno (Harper 1997)- Federico Moreno is another eyewitness to
what transpired in Rizal's cell before he was executed. Moreno’s report contains details that
are not consistent with Fr. Balaguer’s affidavit. Moreno’s report casts a negative light on
both the Catholic Church and the Masons. On the one hand, it reduces Fr. Balaguer’s
affidavit to a secondary source by insinuating that Fr. Balaguer was not an eyewitness of
Rizal’s last 24 hours. Form several decades, this affidavit served as the primary basis of
people claiming that Rizal had retracted.

Cry of the Revolution

Pio Valenzuela- confirmed the controversia “cry of pugadlawin”. He claims that the cry was
held at Pugadlawin on August 23 2896 as follows.
Santiago Alvarez- a prominent Katipunan warlord of cavite, he was not an eyewitness of
historic event hence his version cannot be accepted as equal in weight to that given by
actual participant because he was in cavite at that time.
Gregoria de Jesus- wife of Andres Bonifacio( lakambini ng katipunan), she was the custodian
of secret documents, seal and some weapons of katipunan. According to her the cry
occurred near Caloocan on August 25 1896.
Guardia Civil Report ( Olegario Diaz- Spanish commander)- he investigate the discovery of
katipunan and included to his report the on site and date of the first rally of revolution and
according to him, the cry occurred at Balintawak on August 25 1896 as follows.
Guillermo Masangkay- Bonifacio’s childhood friend. The first historic rally of Philippine
revolution occurred at rustic barrio of Balintawak on august 26 1896. Masangkay recounts
the cry happened in Balintawak.
Teodoro Kalaw- wrote that the event took place during last week of August 1896 at the
Kangkong Balintawak.
Battle of Pasong Tamo- was a series of short skirmishes shortly after the cry of balintawak
between the remaining katipuneros in Caloocan and the guardia civil.

PHILIPPINE AGRARIAN REFORM

Agrarian reform is the rectification of the whole system of agriculture, an important aspect
of the Philippine economy (nearly half of the population is employed in the agricultural
sector).