Intuit

IIofyousfars ystemofODES.sn

A nonhomogeneous linear system of ODES can

be given by
ACHY g t
where the vector g t is not identically zero

If the entries of the matrix A and

g vector are continuous on some interval J of
the t axis then the general solution of can be

expressed as Y Yp Yp
where Yg is the general solution of the
associated homogeneous system of ODES and
Yp is a particular solution of on J

constant matrix and constant

G is a sum of
powers exponentials Sine cosine functions
 ᵗ
E Y
f E é

First let us find the general solution of

the homogeneous
system
For A

det t XI 3 2 1 72 6 9 1

1 6 8 4 1 2

So the
eigen values
2
are 4

For eigenvector corresponding to the

7 2 eige value
3 2 1
a 3 2

0
1 2
o
i x2
so is an
eigenvector corresponding
 to 2

Now for eigenvector corresponding to

the eigenvalue 7 4

I IT L
2 0 x
34 24 0

so
is an
eigenvector of A

corresponding to the eigen value 4

ᵗ t
So 4 é
Ya 1 ca
1
e

ᵗ
Note that é on the RHS also appears in the generalsolution

f theassociated homogeneous equation

Therefore we try a particularsolution
of the form ᵗ U U are vectors
Yp Ctu v e
 at at
Then 2 tutu a
Yp e e

2 tri 26th e
ᵗ

Substituting in the ODE

ᵗ ᵗ
é é é
C at a 20 a A tutu E
274 20 4 AN AV E
Equating the coefficients of t we
get
AN 2H
U is an
eigen vector of_A corresponding
to the eigenvalue
2

Thus for sealar

f
U a some a

Now equating the coefficients without t

n 20 AV E
Av 20 U E
A 21 U U
E
 1 1 1

V V2 at 62
V2 a 2
V1
For this system to be compatible we need
a 6 a 2 29 4
a 2

Then V2 V1 4

We take v 0 Then V2 4
This and 0
1
a

é
Therefore
1
is
Hence the general solution
Y Yn Tp

1 e
1 é 1 é
 t
Y
E
e e
4

Methodofvariationofparameter thi.es
method can be applied to nonhomogeneous
linear system y ACHY g t
for non constant matrix A t and general G
It yields a particular solution
Yp on
some open interval J on the t axis if
the general solution of the associated
homogeneous system Y Alt Y is known

If the general solution of the associated

homogeneous system is of the form
Y Y2 Yn Y t
Yp
then we will look for a solution of theform

Yp Y t U t

Then
Yp A t YCHUCH G t
 Y t KCH Y t U t AE YCHUCH t

Y n Yu AYU 8
Since the columns of Y are solutions
of the associated homogeneous system
we have Y AY

Then Y n g

1i iII
ᵗ

fE
E Y é
Y 5
In the previous example we have
calculated the general solution of
the associated homogeneous system
t
Ya 4 é c
1
1
e
so 4
E 2
EI
eat
ie f é
ᵗ

ᵗ
e eat
e't eat

So U 4
e't e't
g e't eat

ie

If
at
II E
Then a
o

at 4ᵗ
Then Y
Et
u e e
Yp at
e e
 ᵗ
2té 2é

f
Yp ᵗ ᵗ
2té 2é

Therefore
Y Yh Yp
At
1
c
4
1 e e

é
E
e
é

compare with the previous solution

seriessolutionsofODEI. o
A power series is an infinite series of the

Éam x x
m
a at 71 70 as 7 310
m 0

II
EI Taylor series FID ftp x

It
1
geometric series iii
e 1 f
cos mÉ
sin
m O
t.is I
1 23
E e 2

centered around zero

 e ete.la 1 e G It e
G It
centered around 1

so

we look for a solution of the form

Y mÉqmxm

y moment

substituting in the equation y 4 0

A1 2921 3937124 a tapstad

7 0

a a 292 9 93 92 4 D
 a a D a a
a a
292 0 292 91 92 129
393 Az as do
393 92 0

a a

In general an do

So Y a Apx 90
2
90 3

a 1

a ex

The power series method can be applied to

linear ODES with variable coefficients such as
y Px Y q x Y 0
because the coefficients P and q can also be substituted

by a power series

EI 1 x2 y 2 7 24 0
 Let a a x any azx a 14 9 15
6
96

Y a 2922 3az t 4a423t5asx46aj

2
7 205,5
292T 69321 1294
3096314

3 4
x y 292 6932 1294kt 2095 3096

2927 69323 1294214_

2 3 4_
22 Y 2911 492 693 84

3
2 29 29,2 2927 293 294 4

0 a a
So 292 290
69 0

1294 492 0
1 51
The general solution of the equation is

Y a I a a x 9k

4_
Y 911 a I I 31
 If
and a 1