ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

what is pneumatic system?

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

Pneumatics is a branch of engineering that uses wind or high-pressure air to perform certain
operations. A pneumatic system is a connection of various components such as (compressors,
intercoolers, controllers, and actuators), that converts the pressure energy of compressed air into
mechanical work.
ኒውማቲክስ ንፋስ ወይ ልዑል ጸቕጢ ዘለዎ ኣየር ተጠቒሙ ዝተወሰኑ ስርሓት ዝፍጽም ጨንፈር ምህንድስና እዩ። ኒውማቲክ ሲስተም
ዝተፈላለዩ ኣካላት ከም (ኮምፕረሰርስ፣ ኢንተርኩለር፣ ተቖጻጸርትን ኣክቱዌተራትን) ዝኣመሰሉ ምትእስሳር እዩ፣ እዚ ድማ ንጸዓት ጸቕጢ
ዝተጸቕጠ ኣየር ናብ መካኒካዊ ስራሕ ይቕይሮ።
Pneumatic systems are used where human strength and accuracy are not enough. Nowadays Pneumatic
systems are widely used in various industries to automate several processes. It not only lifts heavy loads
and increases the accuracy but it also decreases the time period to perform certain activities. Some of the
most common examples of pneumatic systems are air brakes, pneumatic arms.

ሓይልን ልክዕነትን ወዲ ሰብ እኹል ኣብ ዘይኮነሉ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓታት ይጥቀሙ። ኣብዚ ሕዚ እዋን ኒውማቲክ ሲስተም ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ
ኢንዱስትሪታት ብሰፊሑ ንብዙሕ መስርሓት ኣውቶማቲክ ንምግባር ይጥቀሙሉ። ከቢድ ጽዕነት ኣልዒሉ ልክዕነት ይውስኽ ጥራይ
ዘይኮነስ ዝተወሰኑ ንጥፈታት ንምፍጻም ዝወስዶ ግዜ እውን የጉድል። ገለ ካብቶም ዝበዝሑ ኣብነታት ኒውማቲክ ስርዓታት፡ ፍሬኖ ኣየር፡
ኒውማቲክ ቅልጽምን እዮም።

Pneumatic System Components:

Air filter:
Air contains various impurities such as pollen grains, dust particulate, soot, etc. These impurities need to
be removed from the air before it enters a pneumatic circuit.

Hence an air filter is used to restrict these impurities from entering the pneumatic circuit. The air filter is a
fibrous or porous material that traps the solid particulate and allows air to move in.

ኣየር ዝተፈላለዩ ርስሓት ከም እኽሊ ፖለን፣ ንጥረ ነገራት ሓመድ፣ ረሳሕ ወዘተ ዝሓዘ ኮይኑ እዞም ርስሓት ቅድሚ ናብ ኒውማቲክ
ሰርኪዩት ምእታዎም ካብ ኣየር ምእላይ የድሊ።

ካብዚ ብምብጋስ ነዞም ርስሓት ናብቲ ኒውማቲክ ሰርኪዩት ከይኣትዉ ንምድራት መጽረዪ ኣየር ይጥቀሙ። እቲ መጽረዪ ኣየር ነቲ ጽኑዕ
ንጥረ ነገር ዝዓጽዎን ኣየር ክኣቱ ዘኽእልን ጽሕጊ ወይ ስሉጥ ንብረት እዩ።

Air compressor:
As the name suggests the device used to compress the air is called an air compressor.

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

Generally, axial flow air compressors are used in pneumatic systems. These compressors have rotating
blades called impellers that rotate with the help of a motor.

The impeller creates a vacuum that sucks the air via an air filter. The pressure of air at the outlet of the
impeller is more than the atmospheric pressure.

The ratio of outlet pressure to the inlet pressure of the compressor is called the compression ratio. The
compression ratio is different for different purposes.

ከምቲ ስሙ ዝሕብሮ እቲ ኣየር ንምጽቃጥ ዝጥቀመሉ መሳርሒ ኣየር ኮምፕረሰር ይበሃል።

ብሓፈሻ ኣክሲያል ፍሎው ኣየር ኮምፕረሰር ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓታት ይጥቀሙ። እዞም ኮምፕረሰራት ብሓገዝ ሞተር
ዝዘውሩ ኢምፐለርስ ዝበሃሉ ዝዘውሩ ብልድታት ኣለዎም።

እቲ ኢምፐለር ብኣየር ፍልተር ኣቢሉ ነቲ ኣየር ዝምጥጥ ባዶ ቦታ ይፈጥር። ኣብ መውጽኢ ናይቲ መንኮርኮር ዘሎ ጸቕጢ
ኣየር ካብቲ ናይ ከባቢ ኣየር ጸቕጢ ንላዕሊ እዩ።

እቲ መውጽኢ ጸቕጢ ምስ መእተዊ ጸቕጢ ናይቲ ኮምፕረሰር ዘሎ ምትእስሳር ምጽቃጥ ሬሽዮ ይበሃል። እቲ ናይ ምጽቃጥ
ሬሽዮ ንዝተፈላለዩ ዕላማታት ዝተፈላለየ እዩ።

Motor:
A suitable motor is used to run the compressor in a pneumatic system.

The capacity of the motor depends on the size of the compressor and the power required to run the
compressor. The motor is directly connected to the power supply.

The impeller creates a vacuum that sucks the air via an air filter. The pressure of air at the outlet of the
impeller is more than the atmospheric pressure.

The ratio of outlet pressure to the inlet pressure of the compressor is called the compression ratio. The
compression ratio is different for different purposes.

ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ንኮምፕረሰር ንምስራሕ ምቹእ ሞተር ይጥቀም። ዓቕሚ ሞተር ኣብ ዓቐን ኮምፕረሰርን ኮምፕረሰር
ንምስራሕ ዘድሊ ሓይልን ይምርኮስ። እቲ ሞተር ብቐጥታ ምስቲ ናይ ሓይሊ መብራህቲ ይተኣሳሰር።

እቲ ኢምፐለር ብመንገዲ ኣየር ፍልተር ነቲ ኣየር ዝመጥጥ ባዶ ቦታ ይፈጥር። ኣብ መውጽኢ ናይቲ መንኮርኮር ዘሎ ጸቕጢ
ኣየር ካብቲ ናይ ከባቢ ኣየር ጸቕጢ ንላዕሊ እዩ።

እቲ መውጽኢ ጸቕጢ ምስ መእተዊ ጸቕጢ ናይቲ ኮምፕረሰር ዘሎ ምትእስሳር ምጽቃጥ ሬሽዮ ይበሃል። እቲ ናይ ምጽቃጥ
ሬሽዮ ንዝተፈላለዩ ዕላማታት ዝተፈላለየ እዩ።

Air cooler:

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

Air temperature increases when the air is compressed in the compressor. This hot air is not
suitable for further operation.

Hence it is important to cool down the hot air coming out of the air compressor. The cooling of
air is done by an air cooler.

The main objective of an air cooler is to reduce the temperature and moisture content in the air
coming out from the air compressor.

There are two types of commonly used air coolers.

1. Air-cooled air cooler.

2. Water-cooled air cooler.
In an air-cooled air cooler, the hot air is enclosed in pipes and cool air is forced on it with the
help of a fan this cool air carries away heat from the hot air without decreasing the pressure.
While in the case of a water-cooled air cooler the heat is exchanged by indirect contact between
the hot air from the compressor and cold water.
Much lower temperature can be obtained by a water-cooled air cooler than the air-cooled air-
cooler. As cold water is available in large quantities, water-cooled air coolers are cost-effective
and quick.

ኣብ ኮምፕረሰር ኣየር ምስ ዝጽቀጥ ሙቐት ኣየር ይውስኽ። እዚ ውዑይ ኣየር ንዝያዳ ስራሕ ዝምችእ ኣይኮነን። ስለዚ ካብቲ ኣየር
ኮምፕረሰር ዝወጽእ ውዑይ ኣየር ምዝሓል ኣገዳሲ እዩ። ምዝሓል ኣየር ብናይ ኣየር መዝሓሊ እዩ ዝፍጸም። ቀንዲ ዕላማ ናይ ኣየር
መዝሓሊ ካብቲ ኣየር ኮምፕረሰር ዝወጽእ ኣየር ዘሎ ሙቐትን ርስሓትን ምጉዳል እዩ። ብተለምዶ ዝጥቀሙሉ መዝሓሊ ኣየር ክልተ ዓይነት
ኣለዉ።
1. ብኣየር ዝዝሕል ኣየር መዝሓሊ።
2. ብማይ ዝዝሕል ኣየር መዝሓሊ።
ኣብ ኣየር ዝዝሕል ኣየር መዝሓሊ እቲ ውዑይ ኣየር ኣብ ሻምብቆታት ተዓጽዩ ዝሑል ኣየር ብሓገዝ ፋን ኣብ ልዕሊኡ ይግደድ እዚ ዝሑል
ኣየር ሙቐት ይወስድ ካብ ውዑይ ኣየር ጸቕጢ ከይነከየ። ኣብ ጉዳይ ብማይ ዝዝሕል ኣየር መዝሓሊ እቲ ሙቐት ብተዘዋዋሪ ርክብ ኣብ
መንጎ እቲ ካብ ኮምፕረሰር ዝመጽእ ውዑይ ኣየርን ዝሑል ማይን ክለዋወጥ እንከሎ። ኣዝዩ ዝተሓተ ሙቐት ብ a ካብቲ ብኣየር ዝዝሕል
ኣየር ዝዝሕል ብማይ ዝዝሕል ኣየር ዝዝሕል። ዝሑል ማይ ብብዝሒ ስለዝርከብ፡ ብማይ ዝዝሕል ኣየር መዝሓሊ ዋጋ ውጽኢታውን
ቅልጡፍን እዩ።

Storage reservoir:
A storage reservoir is an air pressure vessel used to store compressed air under high pressure.
This storage device ensures a smooth supply of pressurized air and eliminates fluctuations

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

caused due to loading and unloading of air demand. Storage reservoirs play an important role in
pneumatic systems as they ensure quick response to user demand. Storage reservoirs can store
both dry and wet air depending on demand. A storage reservoir must be strong, must have high
tensile strength, and must be durable.

መኽዘን ዕቋር ኣብ ትሕቲ ልዑል ጸቕጢ ንዝተጸቕጠ ኣየር ንምኽዛን ዝጥቀመሉ ናይ ኣየር ጸቕጢ ዕትሮ እዩ። እዚ መኽዘን
መሳርሒ ስሉጥ ቀረብ ጸቕጢ ዘለዎ ኣየር ዘረጋግጽን ብሰንኪ ምጽዓንን ምፍሳስን ጠለብ ኣየር ዝመጽእ ምልውዋጥ ዘወግድን
እዩ። መኽዘን ዕቑር ማያት ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓታት ንጠለብ ተጠቀምቲ ቅልጡፍ ምላሽ ስለዘረጋግጹ ዓቢ ተራ ኣለዎም።
መኽዘን ዕቋር ከከም ጠለብ ደረቕን ርጥብን ኣየር ክዕቅቡ ይኽእሉ። መኽዘን ዕቋር ድልዱል ክኸውን ኣለዎ፣ ልዑል ናይ
ስሕበት ሓይሊ ክህልዎ ኣለዎ፣ ከምኡውን ነዊሕ ዝጸንሕ ክኸውን ኣለዎ።

FRL unit:
The full form of FRL is ‘filter, regulator, and lubricator’ these three are generally used as one
unit in a pneumatic system, but can also be used as different individual units. FRL is an
important component of a pneumatic system as it reduces losses and increases the efficiency of
the system. The three basic functions of an FRL unit are as follows. To filter out the wastewater,
contaminants, and debris from the air coming out of the storage reservoir. This is done by filers
and is generally the first step in an FRL unit.

ምሉእ መልክዕ FRL 'ፍልተር፣ ረጉለተርን ሉብሪኬተርን' እዩ እዞም ሰለስተ ብሓፈሻ ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ከም ሓደ ኣሃዱ ይጥቀሙ፣
ግን ከም ዝተፈላለዩ ውልቃዊ ኣሃዱታት እውን ክጥቀሙ ይኽእሉ። FRL ክሳራታት ስለ ዝቕንስን ብቕዓት ናይቲ ስርዓት ስለ ዝውስኽን
ኣገዳሲ ኣካል ናይ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት እዩ። ሰለስተ መሰረታዊ ተግባራት ናይ ሓደ ኣሃዱ FRL እዞም ዝስዕቡ እዮም። ካብቲ መኽዘን
ዝወጽእ ኣየር ዝወጽእ ርስሓት ማይ፡ ብከላታትን ፍርስራስን ንምፍታሕ። እዚ ብፋይለራት ዝፍጸም ኮይኑ ብሓፈሻ ኣብ ሓደ ኣሃዱ FRL
ቀዳማይ ስጉምቲ እዩ።

Directional control valve:

Directional control valves are the most important device used in a pneumatic system. The
directional control valves or DVCs are used to control the direction and the amount of air
entering the actuators. The valves transfer the pressure energy of air to the actuators as per the
command given by the operator. The generally used valve in a pneumatic system is a solenoid
valve, also sometimes known as a spool valve. These valves are operated by the action of a
solenoid coil coupled with an electromagnet.

ኣንፈታዊ መቆጻጸሪ ቫልቭታት ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ዝጥቀሙሉ ኣገደስቲ መሳርሒ እዮም። እቶም ኣንፈት ዝቆጻጸሩ ቫልቭታት ወይ
ዲቪሲ ንኣንፈትን መጠን ናብቶም ኣክቱዌተራት ዝኣቱ ኣየርን ንምቁጽጻር ይጥቀሙ። እቶም ቫልቭታት ከምቲ ኦፕሬተር ዝሃቦ ትእዛዝ
ጸቕጢ ጸዓት ኣየር ናብቶም ኣክቱዌተራት የሰጋግሩ። ኣብ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ብሓፈሻ ዝጥቀመሉ ቫልቭ ሶሎኖይድ ቫልቭ ኮይኑ፡ ሓደ ሓደ
ግዜ ስፑል ቫልቭ ተባሂሉ እውን ይፍለጥ። እዞም ቫልቭታት እዚኣቶም ብተግባር ሶሎኖይድ ኮይል ምስ ኤሌክትሮማግኔት ዝተተሓሓዘ
እዮም ዝሰርሑ::

Actuators:
Actuators are devices that convert the pressure energy of fluid into mechanical movement. In the
case of a pneumatic actuator the fluid used is air. Actuators are the devices from which we get

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ

 the results of pneumatic systems. There are many types of actuators used in the industry. The
actuators are classified based on the motion achieved by them.

 Linear actuators
 Single-acting cylinders
 Double-acting cylinders
 Rotary actuators
 Vane type
 Rack and pinion type
ኣክቱዌተራት ንጸዓት ጸቕጢ ፈሳሲ ናብ መካኒካዊ ምንቅስቓስ ዝቕይሩ መሳርሒታት እዮም። ኣብ ጉዳይ ኒውማቲክ ኣክቱዌተር እቲ
ዝጥቀመሉ ፈሳሲ ኣየር እዩ። ኣክቱዌተራት ውጽኢት ኒውማቲክ ሲስተም እንረኽበሎም መሳርሒታት እዮም። ኣብቲ ኢንዱስትሪ ዝጥቀሙ
ብዙሓት ዓይነታት ኣክቱዌተራት ኣለዉ። እቶም ኣክቱዌተራት በቲ ዝበጽሕዎ ምንቅስቓስ መሰረት ይምደቡ።

1. መስመራዊ ኣክቱዌተራት
2. ሓደ ግዜ ዝሰርሑ ሲሊንደራት
3. ድርብ ስራሕ ዝሰርሑ ሲሊንደራት
4. ሮታሪ ኣክቱዌተራት
5. ዓይነት ቫን
6. ዓይነት ራክን ፒንዮንን

Difference between the Hydraulic System and the Pneumatic System:

Pneumatic system
The pneumatic system uses air as the working fluid.
እቲ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ኣየር ከም ናይ ስራሕ ፈሳሲ ይጥቀም።
This is an open-loop system.
እዚ ክፉት ሉፕ ስርዓት እዩ።
The construction of pneumatic systems is simple.
ህንጸት ኒውማቲክ ስርዓታት ቀሊል እዩ።
The cost of a pneumatic system is low
ዋጋ ኒውማቲክ ስርዓት ትሑት እዩ።
Pressure in the system is low hence the size is small.
ኣብቲ ስርዓት ዘሎ ጸቕጢ ትሑት ስለዝኾነ እቲ ስፍሓት ንእሽቶ እዩ::
Accuracy is less.
ልክዕነት ውሑድ እዩ።
The air inside the system is not flammable.
ኣብ ውሽጢ እቲ ስርዓት ዘሎ ኣየር ተቓጻጺ ኣይኮነን።
The system does not corrode easily.
እቲ ስርዓት ብቐሊሉ ኣይበስብስን እዩ።
The power to size ratio is less.
እቲ ሓይሊ ምስ ዓቐን ሬሾ ውሑድ እዩ።
Hydraulic system
The Hydraulic system uses oil as the working fluid.
እቲ ሃይድሮሊክ ስርዓት ከም ናይ ስራሕ ፈሳሲ ዘይቲ ይጥቀም።
This is a closed-loop system.
እዚ ዕጹው ስርዓት እዩ።
The construction of the hydraulic system is complex.
ህንፀት እቲ ሃይድሮሊክ ስርዓት ዝተሓላለኸ እዩ።
The cost of a hydraulic system is high
ዋጋ ሃይድሮሊክ ስርዓት ልዑል እዩ።
The system’s internal pressure is high; hence the size is bigger.
ውሽጣዊ ጸቕጢ ናይ’ቲ ስርዓት ልዑል’ዩ፤ ካብዚ ብምብጋስ ድማ እቲ ስፍሓት ዝዓበየ
እዩ።
Accuracy is high.
ልክዕነት ልዑል እዩ።
The oil inside the system is flammable.
ኣብ ውሽጢ እቲ ስርዓት ዘሎ ዘይቲ ተቓጻጺ እዩ።
The system corrodes easily.
እቲ ስርዓት ብቐሊሉ ይበላሾ።
The power to size ratio is more.
እቲ ሓይሊ ምስ ዓቐን ሬሾ ዝያዳ እዩ።

ጠቕላላ ስራሕቲ ጽገናን መሽጣን ኢሌክትሪካል ናውቲ ኣዱሊስ