GROUP - 1

METALS
 INTRODUCTION
Metals are characterized by malleability, ductility, high
electrical and thermal conductivity and a shiny surface
that reflects light. Metallic bonding where valence
electrons are shared by the entire solid gives rise to the
"free" electrons responsible for the metallic electrical,
thermal and optical properties.
 TODAY'S AGENDA

Stainless Steel Cast Iron

Galvanized Iron Black Iron

Mild Steel
 THE TEAM

Atienza, Morriz De Villa, Marvin Odo, Koji

 THE TEAM

Rivera, Jester Velasco, Hanna

STAINLESS STEEL COMPOSITION
Stainless steel is a composition 72% of iron
(Fe), 17-19% of Chromium Cr and 7-9% of
nickel Ni with carbon (C), silicon (Si) and
manganese (Mn)

USES/FUNCTION
Stainless steel is popularly used for
cookware, kitchen utensils and cutlery. This is
because it's hardwearing, corrosion resistant,
and it doesn't affect the flavour of the food
when used for food storage or production.
 STAINLESS STEEL TYPES

TYPE 304
304 stainless steel is the most common form of
stainless steel used around the world, due to its
excellent corrosion resistance and value. It
contains between 16 and 24 percent chromium
and up to 35 percent nickel—as well as small
amounts of carbon and manganese.
 STAINLESS STEEL TYPES

TYPE 316
Stainless steel is a steel alloy that contains at
least 10% chromium, making it corrosion
resistant. The addition of chromium to stainless
steel creates a thin film of metal oxide over the
metal's surface that protects against corrosive
materials.
 AMERICAN (ASTM)
STANDARDS FOR STAINLESS
STEELS FOR GENERAL
APPLICATIONS
 Stainless Steel

APPLICATION LIFE SPAN

There are so many industries that use stainless steel so Stainless steel refers to any kind of steel
we’ve concentrated on five key ones: construction,
containing a chromium content greater than
aerospace, medical technology, food & catering and
architectural design.
10.5% and with a lifespan of over fifty years.

TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED
CAPACITY LOAD
Technological innovations enabled the manufacture of stainless
The strength standard value of stainless steel
steel on an unprecedented scale. A critical milestone was the
introduction of the Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD)
materials should be 201 MPa to 205 MPa, according
process, which facilitated the production of low carbon content to the test data of stainless steel.
stainless steel, thereby enhancing its corrosion resistance.
GALVANIZED IRON COMPOSITION
The generic composition of a steel to be
galvanized that will produce an
acceptable coating will be carbon less
than 0.25%, phosphorous less than 0.05%
and manganese less than 1.3%.

USES/FUNCTION
The hot dip galvanizing process is
relatively simple. It involves cleaning steel
and immersing it in molten zinc to obtain a
coating. Hot dip galvanizing is the process
of coating iron or steel with a layer of zinc
by immersing the metal in a bath of molten
zinc at a temperature of around 450 °C
(842 °F).
 AMERICAN (ASTM)
STANDARDS FOR GALVANIZED
IRON FOR GENERAL
APPLICATIONS
 GALVANIZED IRON TYPES

HOT DIPPED GALVANIZED

SHEET
mainly produced by the continuous galvanizing
process. That is, the zinc coating is applied by
continuously immersing the steel coil in the
molten zinc bath at temperatures of 450
degrees.
 GALVANIZED IRON TYPES

ELECTRO-GALVANIZED SHEET
often uses cold rolled steel as the base metal. Then
the zinc coating of the electro-galvanized sheet is
applied by electro-deposition.
DIFFERENT TYPES
There are primarily two types of
galvanized iron: hot-dip galvanized
(HDG) and electro-galvanized (EG).
Both types offer corrosion
protection, but the choice depends
on factors like the intended use,
environmental conditions, and cost
considerations.
USES/ FUNCTION
Typical uses for galvanized iron and steel
included:
Cornices and other wall ornaments
Door and window hoods
Decorative formed shingles and pantiles
designed to imitate
other materials
Roof ornaments such as crestings and finials
Typical uses today include:
Sheet metal for flashing, and gutters and
downspouts.
Hot-dipped galvanized steel nails.
 APPLICATION
Galvanized iron is manufactured and
used for wide variety of purposes but
its primary use is for sheet metal
roofing and other building materials,
such as metal framing studs, metal
roof shingles and fencing.
LIFE SPAN
Therefore, using the TFM chart, hot-dip
galvanized iron (>1/4-inch thick)
provides 72-73 years of life to first
maintenance even in the most
corrosive atmosphere, industrial.
TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED CAPACITY LOAD

While the fundamental processes of

The typical yield strength is between
galvanizing iron, such as hot-dip galvanizing
(HDG) and electro-galvanizing (EG), remain
520 to 610 MPa. The typical tensile
consistent, advancements in technology strength is between 530 to 620 MPa.
continually improve efficiency, environmental
impact, and the properties of galvanized
iron. Here are some innovations: High-Tech
Coating Methods and Nano-coating
Technology.
 Cast Iron
Cast iron is a strong, brittle, and hard iron
alloy that contains a higher proportion of
carbon than steel.
How its made
Cast iron diferent types
Uses, Function and application
Technology involve
Life span
Capacity
 BLACK IRON

COMPOSITION DIFFERENT FORMS/TYPES

Fe3O4; Iron (Fe): ~72.36%, Oxygen (O): Synthetic and Natural.
~27.64%

HOW IT IS MADE USES/FUNCTION

It occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. Or Iron Oxide Fe3O4 commonly known as iron oxide black,
it can be formed through an industrial process. magnetite, and black iron oxide, can be used in many different
fields.
 Composition
Fe3O4; Iron (Fe): ~72.36%, Oxygen (O):
~27.64%
 How its made
It occurs in nature as the mineral
magnetite. Or it can be formed through
an industrial process.
 BLACK IRON

COMPOSITION DIFFERENT FORMS/TYPES

Fe3O4; Iron (Fe): ~72.36%, Oxygen (O): Synthetic and Natural.
~27.64%

HOW IT IS MADE USES/FUNCTION

It occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. Or Iron Oxide Fe3O4 commonly known as iron oxide black,
it can be formed through an industrial process. magnetite, and black iron oxide, can be used in many different
fields.
 BLACK IRON

APPLICATION LIFE SPAN

Biomedical Applications, Environmental (Fe3O4) takes a long time to last with good
applications and Energy. environment.

TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED
CAPACITY LOAD
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Magnetic
Fe3O4 nanoparticles have a high surface area
Materials and Devices
and can adsorb pollutants, heavy metals, and
organic compounds from water and soil.
 MILD STEEL

COMPOSITION HOW IT IS MADE

In modern manufacturing, three steps

Mild steel is made up of an iron (Fe)
are involved in manufacturing mild steel
base with the addition of small
out of pure iron. In this leg of the
amounts of carbon.
steelmaking process, the iron ore is
mixed with coal and lime and heated in a
blast furnace
 DIFFERENT TYPES
Mild steel can be found in various forms like:
Sheet and Plate, Structural Sections, Bars and
Rods, Pipes and Tubes, Wire, Forgings,
Welded Components, Castings. - Mild steel is
typically classified by its carbon content and
mechanical properties, with common grades
including ASTM A36, BS 4360 Grade 43A, and
IS 2062 Grade A.
USES/ FUNCTION
Mild steel is widely used in machinery
and automobile manufacturing. The
primary function of mild steel is to
provide structural support and stability in
various applications, including buildings,
bridges, and machinery.
 APPLICATION
Mild steel finds widespread application
in industries such as construction,
automotive manufacturing, machinery
fabrication, and infrastructure
development, where its combination of
strength, ductility, and affordability is
highly valued
LIFE SPAN
With proper care and protection
against corrosion, mild steel structures
can last for several decades to over a
century.
TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED
Mild steel is processed and fabricated
using technologies such as hot and
cold rolling, welding, heat treatment,
and machining to produce various
forms including sheets, bars, pipes, and
structural components.
CAPACITY LOAD
Mild steel has a high capacity for
bearing loads and withstanding stress,
making it suitable for a wide range of
structural and mechanical applications.
THANK
YOU!