A&P - Circulatory System (AB)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Circulatory
1. Heart: Structures & Pattern of Blood Flow
2. Heart: Tissue Layers & Blood Supply
3. Human Cardiac Cycle: Conduction System
System 4. Human Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds, Signal

Transduction & Electrocardiograms
5. Heart Function Measurements
6. Blood Vessels: Tissue Layers, Functions of Arteries &
Arterioles
7. Blood Vessels: Capillary System
8. Blood Vessels: Venous System
9. Blood Vessels: Portal Systems
10. Blood Clotting Cascade
11. Blood
12. Fetal Circulation: Pathway of Blood Flow
13. Fetal Circulation: Mechanisms of Blood Flow &
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
14. Lymphatic System
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Heart: 1. Right Heart

Structures & 2. Left Heart
Pattern of Blood Flow
Human Heart: Structures & Pattern of Blood Flow Bootcamp.com
Human Heart
How many chambers are in our hearts?
4 Chambers
to
rata find
Me
man
a g
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
Returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart
Superior: Blood from above the heart
Inferior: Blood from below the heart
find
MARANO
Me
ant
an
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
Receiving room for oxygen-poor blood
rata find
Me
ppm
pm
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
Right atrioventricular valve
find
AMARO
TRicuspid is on The Right
Prevent backflow
Mon
What helps to keep this closed?
Aaa ppm
Right Heart
1. Vena cava Mmmm
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
Right atrioventricular valve
TRicuspid is on The Right
Prevent backflow
What helps to keep this closed?

Design
Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
ANNA
Sending room for oxygen-poor blood ANNA
Man
Aaa
if
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
Arno
anomie
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
Three cusps
Ensures one way flow Man
im
ofot
Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve so
6. Pulmonary arteries
Carry blood to the lungs
What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Right Heart
1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve iNM
6. Pulmonary arteries
Carry blood to the lungs Me
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
put
Arteries: Away from heart
Veins: Towards the heart
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
Carry blood to the heart
so
Mayo
am
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
Receiving room for oxygen-rich blood
tyg
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
3. Bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
or
Left atrioventricular valve
Two cusps
im
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
3. Bicuspid valve
4. Left ventricle
to
Sending room for oxygen-rich blood
Most muscular chamber
Mr
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
3. Bicuspid valve
4. Left ventricle
go
5. Aortic semilunar valve
Three cusps
Left Heart
1. Pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
3. Bicuspid valve
4. Left ventricle
5. Aortic semilunar valve
6. Aorta
Largest artery in the body
Highest blood pressure of any vessel
Map It
Mini Quiz!
Which structure is in contact with oxygen-rich blood?
A) Pulmonary veins
B) Pulmonary arteries
C) Inferior vena cava
D) Right atrium
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Heart: 1. Right Heart

Structures & 2. Left Heart
Pattern of Blood Flow
Review Questions
What are some differences between the
right and left sides of the heart?
Why does the systemic circuit have

higher resistance than the pulmonary
circuit?
What are the names of each of the heart

valves, and how many cusps does each
have?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart.svg">Wapcaplet, Yaddah</a>, <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 6: Flow diagram <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart.svg">Wapcaplet,
Yaddah</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, &
Heart Cross Section <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_valves_*_V%C3%A1lvulas_cardiacas.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 7: Diagram <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart.svg">Wapcaplet,
illustration <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_tee_tricuspid_valve.jpg">Patrick J. Lynch, medical
illustrator</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5">CC BY 2.5</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Heart cross section <a
References:
Heart cross section <a
Slide 17: a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart.svg">Wapcaplet, Yaddah</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Heart: 1. Heart Layers

Tissue Layers & 2. Coronary Circulation
Blood Supply
Human Heart: Tissue Layers & Blood Supply Bootcamp.com
Heart Layers
How many layers does the heart have?
Endocardium
to within
Myocardium
Pericardium
Visceral
Parietal
Endothelial Cells
Heart Layers
How many layers does the heart have?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
Visceral
Parietal
Pericardium
Serous membrane
Serous fluid
What is the purpose of the fluid?

Lubrication
Feeding the Heart

Coronary Circulation
Coronary arteries-
Cardiac veins-
Which of these takes blood to the myocardium?

Coronary Circulation
Coronary arteries- Away from the heart
Cardiac veins- Back to the heart

Blood enters coronary sinus
Boo my
Mom
mama
Mini Quiz!
Which of the following is not a layer of the heart wall?
A) Endocardium
B) Myocardium
C) Visceral Pericardium
D) Coronary Sinus
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Heart: 1. Heart Layers

Tissue Layers & 2. Coronary Circulation
Blood Supply
Review Questions
What are the layers of the heart from
deep to superficial?
What is the function of the pericardium

and serous fluid?
Describe the pathway of blood from the

right atrium to the myocardium, and
back to the right atrium.
References:
Slide 2: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png">BruceBlaus. When using this image
in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014".
WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 3: Heart wall <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png">BruceBlaus. When using
this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical
2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Endothelial Cells <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_squamous_epithelium.svg">Kamil Danak</a>, <a
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serous_Membrane.jpg">Connexions</a>, <a
Slide 6: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serous_Membrane.jpg">Connexions</a>, <a
Slide 8: Right coronary circulation <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coronary_vessels.png">Servier Medical
Art</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
References:
Slide 9: Right coronary circulation (Anterior) <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coronary_vessels.png">Servier
Medical Art</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, &
Coronary sinus <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0261_CoronaryVessels_Posterior.png">BruceBlaus.
When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen
Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Cardiac Cycle

Conduction System 2. Systole & Diastole
Human Cardiac Cycle: Conduction System Bootcamp.com
Cardiac Cycle
The heart is a muscle
What are the muscle cells of the heart?

Cardiac Cycle
The heart is a muscle
What are the muscle cells of the heart?

Cardiomyocytes
Automaticity
No external nerves required
Sinoatrial Node
Pacemaker of the heart
Greatest automaticity
Where is the SA node located?

Right atrium
Autonomic Nervous System

How is the heart influenced by this system?
Sympathetic NS- Increases heart rate
Parasympathetic NS- Decreases heart rate
SA node wants to beat very fast

Parasympathetic NS slows it down
Heart Rate
Tachycardia- Heart rate over 100 bpm
Bradycardia- Heart rate under 60 bpm

Conduction
1. SA node
Athos
Myth
Barataria
Conduction
1. SA node
2. Atrioventricular node
Adds a brief delay between contraction of atria & ventricles
Athan
Myth
mortuary
Conduction
1. SA node
3. Bundle of His
Interventricular septum
good
youtube.by no
Conduction
1. SA node
3. Bundle of His
4. Left & right bundles
At a
maximum
Mfg mom
Conduction
1. SA node
3. Bundle of His
4. Left & right bundles
5. Purkinje fibers
Walls of ventricles
Coordinate ventricular contraction
ta
minor
Systole & Diastole

Overall cardiac cycle generally defined by ventricular contraction
Systole Diastole
Mini Quiz!
Cells from which of the following have the greatest automaticity?
A) SA Node
B) AV Node
C) Left Ventricle
D) Bundle of His
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Cardiac Cycle

Conduction System 2. Systole & Diastole
Review Questions
What is automaticity?
What is the result of the

parasympathetic nervous system acting
on the heart?
If the ventricles are filling, is the heart in

systole or diastole?
References:
Slide 2: Bicep Curl <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bicep_curl_with_deadlift_with_barbell_1.svg">Everkinetic</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Heart Anatomy <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png">BruceBlaus. When using this image in external
sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of
Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.</a>, <a
Slide 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reizleitungssystem_1.png">J. Heuser</a>, <a
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reizleitungssystem_1.png">J. Heuser</a>, <a
Slide 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 8:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_pin.jpg">Piotrek91</a>, <a
Slide 9: Heart conduction system without the heart <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png">Madhero88</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, and Atria contract <a
References:
Slide 10: <a
Heart diagram <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conduction_system_(CardioNetworks_ECGpedia).svg">CardioNetworks:
Drj</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Heart diagram <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conduction_system_(CardioNetworks_ECGpedia).svg">CardioNetworks:
Drj</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 13: Ventricular contraction <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_systole.svg">Wapcaplet, Reytan,
Mtcv</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
References:
Slide 14: Systole <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_systole.svg">Wapcaplet, Reytan, Mtcv</a>, <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Diastole <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reizleitungssystem_1.png">J. Heuser</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds, Signal 2. Signal Transduction
Transduction & 3. Electrocardiograms
Electrocardiograms
Human Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds, Signal Transduction & Electrocardiograms Bootcamp.com
Heart Sounds
lub
Closing heart valves
Heart Sounds: Lub

Atrioventricular valves audibly snap shut
Heart Sounds: Dub

Semilunar valves audibly snap shut
Heart Sounds
Systole occurs between _____ & _____ sounds.
Diastole occurs between _____ & _____ sounds.
Systole Diastole
Heart Sounds
Systole occurs between lub & dub sounds.
Diastole occurs between dub & lub sounds.
Systole Diastole
Signal Transduction
What connects cardiomyocytes together?
Signal Transduction
What connects cardiomyocytes together?
Intercalated discs
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Small proteins that adhere cardiomyocytes together
Gap Junctions
Protein tunnels that connect cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes
Cardiac Syncytium
Network of connected cardiomyocytes
Crucial to coordination of heart function
Electrocardiogram
Measures electrical activity in the heart
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
Atria depolarize
oh
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
2. Q wave
Depolarization through interventricular septum
P
at
a home
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
2. Q wave
3. R wave
Depolarization through ventricles
R
P
at
a
Ap
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
2. Q wave
3. R wave
4. S wave
Completion of ventricular depolarization R
P
at
a g
Ao
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
2. Q wave
Q a
3. R wave
4. S wave
QRS Complex R
Broad view of ventricular depolarization
p
not
Q s
too
Electrocardiogram
1. P wave
2. Q wave
Ex
3. R wave
4. S wave
QRS Complex R
5. T wave
Ventricular repolarization
P T
not
Q s
too
Mini Quiz!
d
A) Right Atrioventricular Valve
B) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
C) Bicuspid Valve
D) Tricuspid Valve
REVIEW OUTLINE
Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds, Signal 2. Signal Transduction
Transduction & 3. Electrocardiograms
Electrocardiograms
Review Questions
Between which sounds does systole
occur?
What is cardiac syncytium?
Label an ECG with all of the parts we

discussed today?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Systolevs_Diastole.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a
Slide 9: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1020_Cardiac_Muscle.jpg">OpenStax</a>, <a
References:
Slide 10: Intercalated disc: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1020_Cardiac_Muscle.jpg">OpenStax</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & stictches <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ladder_stitch.svg">User:Mvolz, Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons:
Orem)</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5">CC BY 2.5</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 13: ECG <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_Sinus_Rhythm_Unlabeled.jpg">Andrewmeyerson</a>,
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Patient <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ekg_NIH.jpg">National Heart Lung and Blood Insitute (NIH)</a>, Public domain,
via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 14: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_Intervals.svg">Drricksanchez</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Heart Function 1. Heart Rate

Measurements 2. Stroke Volume
3. Cardiac Output
4. Total Peripheral Resistance
5. Blood Pressure
Heart Function Measurements Bootcamp.com
Heart Rate
What is a typical heart rate?
60-100 beats per minute (bpm)
Tachycardia: HR greater than 100 bpm
Bradycardia: HR less than 60 bpm

Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat
How would you determine this?

EDV ESV = SV
EDV: End-diastolic volume

ESV: End-systolic volume
mm imma
me
win
am
Cardiac Output
CO = HR X SV
What does this tell us?

Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
Total Peripheral Resistance

Total resistance blood faces while flowing through vasculature
What does vasoconstriction do to TPR?

Vasoconstriction: Increases TPR
Vasodilation: Decreases TPR
Vasoconstriction Normal Vasodilation

Blood Pressure
Systolic blood pressure (SBP): Highest pressure in your arteries
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP): Lowest pressure in your arteries
ft mmHg
What is a better indicator of blood pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure

Average arterial pressure during one complete cardiac cycle
MAP= CO x TPR
What is another way to find MAP?

MAP= (SV x HR) x TPR
Auscultation
Systolic and diastole blood pressures measured by listening
Sphygmomanometer
Stethoscope
Mini Quiz!
Which of the following can be used to find mean arterial pressure?
A) HR x SV
B) ESV x EDV
C) EDV - ESV
D) CO x TPR
REVIEW OUTLINE
Heart Function 1. Heart Rate

Measurements 2. Stroke Volume
3. Cardiac Output
Review Questions
4. Total Peripheral Resistance
What is systolic blood pressure?
5. Blood Pressure
What is the range of a healthy heart
rate?
What is stroke volume and how can it be

calculated?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_pin.jpg">Piotrek91</a>, <a
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_healthy_pumping_heart_en.svg">LadyofHats</a>, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 13: File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Vessels: 1. Tissue Layers

Tissue Layers, Arteries 2. Arteries
& Arterioles 3. Arterioles
4. Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
Blood Vessels: Tissue Layers, Arteries & Arterioles Bootcamp.com
Blood Vessels
What are blood vessels?
Hollow tubes that transport blood to and from the heart
Tissue Layers
Lumen: Central pore
Tunica intima
What cells make up this?
Tunica intima
Tissue Layers
Lumen: Central pore
Tunica intima
What cells make up this?

Endothelial cells
Tunica intima
Tissue Layers
Lumen: Central pore
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Tunica intima
Vasoconstriction Normal Vasodilation
Tunica media
Tissue Layers
Lumen: Central pore
Tunica intima
Tunica media Tunica externa
Tunica externa
Connective tissue
Collagen Tunica intima
Elastin
Nerve fibers
Tunica media
Tissue Layers
Identify all three layers.
Tissue Layers
Identify all three layers.
Arteries & Arterioles

What do these have in common?
Carry blood away from the heart
Highly elastic
What makes them highly elastic?
Vasodilation Normal
Arteries & Arterioles

What do these have in common?
Carry blood away from the heart
Highly elastic
What makes them highly elastic?

Thick tunica media
High amounts of elastin
Arterioles
Smaller than arteries
Resistance vessels
When might an arteriole experience vasoconstriction?
Aaaaa
ANAGOGE
Thermoregulation
How might arterioles assist in thermoregulation?
Vasoconstriction & vasodilation of vessels in the integument
Mini Quiz!
Endothelium is found in which of these layers?
A) Myocardium
B) Tunica externa
C) Tunica media
D) Tunica intima
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Vessels: 1. Tissue Layers

Tissue Layers, Arteries 2. Arteries
& Arterioles 3. Arterioles
4. Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
Review Questions
List each of layers of a blood vessel, as
well as characteristics of each.
What are arterioles?
How does vasoconstriction assist in

thermoregulation?
References:
Slide 2: Body Circulation Diagram, https://pixabay.com/vectors/human-body-circulatory-system-311864/, Clker-Free-Vector-
images, Pixabay
Slide 3: Body Circulation Diagram, https://pixabay.com/vectors/human-body-circulatory-system-311864/, Clker-Free-Vector-
images, Pixabay, & Cross section <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasoconstriction_-
_Constricted_blood_vessel.jpg">http://www.scientificanimations.com</a>, <a
Slide 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasoconstriction_-
Slide 5: Cross section vessel <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasoconstriction_-
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Endothelium <a
Slide 6: Cross section vessel <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasoconstriction_-
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Endothelium <a
References:
Slide 9: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_40_03_07.jpg">CNX OpenStax</a>, <a
Slide 10: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_40_03_07.jpg">CNX OpenStax</a>, <a
Slide 11: <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulation_diagram_labeling_the_different_types_of_blood_vessels.png">David
Nascari and Alan Sved</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia
Commons
Slide 12: <a
Commons
Slide 13: Cross section <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0055_ArteryWallStructure.png">BruceBlaus. When using this image in
external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014".
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Circuit <a
Commons
References:
Slide 14: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2105_Capillary_Bed.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 15: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2105_Capillary_Bed.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 16: Snow <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_flake_icon.png">Zeus Box (Kuswanto)</a>, <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, sun <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_7.jpg"> </a>, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, & blood through vessels
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasodilation.jpg">www.scientificanimations.com</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Vessels: 1. Function

Capillary System 2. Structure
3. Hydrostatic Pressure
4. Osmotic Pressure
Blood Vessels: Capillary System Bootcamp.com
Capillaries
What is a capillary?
Smallest diameter blood vessels
Connect arterioles and venules
Site of nutrient exchange
MUMand
Capillaries
Only made of tunica intima & basement membrane
Why is a capillary wall so thin, and why are capillaries so small?

Thin walls & large surface area ideal for simple diffusion
Basement membrane
Capillaries
Fenestra- pores
Capillaries
Capillary hydrostatic pressure: generated by fluid pressure within a
vessel
Nutrients to tissues
Opposed by IFHP
Which force is greater?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Capillaries
Plasma osmotic pressure: Pulls plasma back into the capillary
Why does this happen?

High oncotic pressure in the vessel
dot that
Capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end
Osmotic pressure pulls fluid back into capillaries at the venule end
Mini Quiz!
Which of these is never found in a capillary?
A) Endothelium
B) Tunica intima
C) Fenestra
D) Tunica media
REVIEW OUTLINE

Capillary System 2. Structure
3. Hydrostatic Pressure
Review Questions
4. Osmotic Pressure
Describe the structure of a capillary.
Why is a capillary suited for delivering

nutrients to tissues?
Describe the flow of fluid from a

capillary to tissues, then back to the
capillary. Be sure to talk about why the
fluid moves the way it does.
References:
Slide 2: <a
Commons
Slide 3: Circuit <a
Commons, & capillary <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capillary.svg">Kelvinsong</a>, <a
Slide 5: Capillary <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capillary.svg">Kelvinsong</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Artery <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasodilation.jpg">www.scientificanimations.com</a>, <a
Slide 6: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 11: <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrostatic_pressure_and_protein_osmotic_pressure_along_the_length_of_a_ca
pillary.png">David Nascari and Alan Sved</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA
4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Vessels: 1. Veins & Venules

Venous System 2. Skeletal Muscle Pump
3. Respiratory Pump
Blood Vessels: Venous System Bootcamp.com
Venules & Veins

Return blood to the heart
Hold most of the body’s blood at one time
Capacitance vessels
How do veins hold more blood than arteries?

Venules & Veins

Return blood to the heart
Hold most of the body’s blood at one time
Capacitance vessels
How do veins hold more blood than arteries?

Relatively thin smooth muscle layer
What is the smooth muscle layer called?

Tunica media
Venules & Veins

Veins- lowest blood pressure
How is return possible?

Venules & Veins

Veins- lowest blood pressure
How is return possible?

Valves- ensure one way flow
Skeletal Muscle Pump

Respiratory Pump
aka Abdominothoracic pump
Inhalation:
Increases abdominal pressure
Decreases thoracic pressure
Mini Quiz!
Which of the following is a characteristic of a vein?
A) Thick tunica media
B) Valves
C) Fenestra
D) Resistance vessel
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Vessels: 1. Veins & Venules

Venous System 2. Skeletal Muscle Pump
3. Respiratory Pump
Review Questions
Describe the structure of a vein.
How does venous blood return to the

heart?
Which vessels have the lowest

pressure?
References:
Slide 2: <a
Commons
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artery_Vein_Capillary_Comparison.png">Christinelmiller</a>, <a
Slide4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artery_Vein_Capillary_Comparison.png">Christinelmiller</a>, <a
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 6: Vein anatomy <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Varicose_veins.jpg">National Heart Lung and Blood
Institute.</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & vein figure <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venous_valve.png">made by Was a bee.</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons
REVIEW OUTLINE

Portal Systems 2. Hepatic Portal System
3. Hypophyseal Portal System
Blood Vessels: Portal Systems Bootcamp.com
Portal Systems
What is a portal system?
Capillary bed → portal vein → capillary bed
Why are these important?

Allows for shunting of concentrated blood from
one area of the body to another
mom
mom
É
m
a
Hepatic Portal System

Shunts blood from digestive tract to the liver
mom
mom
n
I
Hypophyseal Portal System

Shunts hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis
A 006
or
Mini Quiz!
All of the following are part of a portal system EXCEPT?
A) Hepatic capillaries
B) Duodenal capillaries
C) Hepatic arteries
D) Hepatic portal vein

REVIEW OUTLINE

Portal Systems 2. Hepatic Portal System
3. Hypophyseal Portal System
Review Questions
What is a portal system and what is its
purpose?
Where are the two portal systems in

your body?
Why are portal systems considered to

be venous systems?
References:
Slide 3: Systemic circuit <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & portal vein diagram <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_venous_system.png">Keilana</a>, <a
Slide 4: Systemic circuit <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & portal vein diagram <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_venous_system.png">Keilana</a>, <a
Slide 5: Illustration <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portalvein.png">Henry Vandyke Carter</a>, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & Systemic Circuit
Slide 6: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg">OpenStax College</a>,
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Clotting Cascade 1. Blood Clotting Cascade

2. Vitamin K
Blood Clotting Cascade Bootcamp.com
Blood Vessel Damage

What mechanisms does our body have to protect blood vessels?
Blood Vessel Damage

What mechanisms does our body have to protect blood vessels?
Blood clotting cascade
Blood Clotting Cascade

Positive feedback mechanism
What is going to start this cascade?

Tissue damage releases a signal to attract platelets
Platelets release signals to attract more platelets

1. Tissue damage: exposes collagen

2. Platelet activation
Forms platelet plug

3. Activated platelets release thromboplastin
Converts prothrombin into thrombin

3. Activated platelets release thromboplastin
4. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin polymerizes with other fibrin strands
Formation of hemostatic plug
Vitamin K
Important for creating clotting factors
Produced and modified by symbiotic bacteria in the large intestines
Who might be at increased risk for Vitamin K deficiency?

Newborns
Mini Quiz!
Activated platelets release which of the following?
A) Vitamin K
B) Collagen
C) Thrombin
D) Thromboplastin
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood Clotting Cascade 1. Blood Clotting Cascade

2. Vitamin K
Review Questions
Describe the steps of how a hemostatic
plug forms.
What is the role of thromboplastin in the

clotting cascade?
What is the precursor of fibrin, and what

is responsible for its conversion to
fibrin?
References:
Slide 2: Eye <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Subconjunctival_hemorrhage_eye.JPG">Daniel Flather</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & Flat tire <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flat_tire_2.jpg">Stian Martinsen</a>, <a
Slide 11: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cry-baby.jpg">Beth</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood 1. Components of Blood

2. Blood Types
Blood Bootcamp.com
Components of Blood
What’s in blood?
Plasma
Leukocytes & platelets
Erythrocytes
Blood Bootcamp.com
Plasma
Contains water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones
Blood Bootcamp.com
Leukocytes
White blood cells
What are these important for?

Important for immune function
Blood Bootcamp.com
Platelets
Cell fragments that do not contain a nucleus
Anucleate
Originate from megakaryocytes
Blood Bootcamp.com
Erythrocytes
What are these?
Red blood cells
Deliver oxygen
Anucleate
Flexible
Blood Bootcamp.com
Erythrocytes
Contain millions of hemoglobin molecules
Quaternary protein with four subunits
Each subunit associated with a heme group
Blood Bootcamp.com
Erythrocytes
Have antigens on their surface
Why are these important?

They give us our blood types
can
Blood Bootcamp.com
Blood types
A & B surface antigens
Blood Bootcamp.com
Blood types
Rhesus factor (Rh)
Rh positive Rh negative
BE
Blood Bootcamp.com
Blood types
Eight blood types
A+ & A-
B+ & B-
AB+ & AB-
O+ & O-
Blood Bootcamp.com
Blood transfusions
Agglutination: Clumping together of erythrocytes
What do you think these two terms mean?

Universal donor: Person who can donate to anyone. Type O-
Universal acceptor: Person who can receive from anyone. Type AB+
Blood Bootcamp.com
Mini Quiz!
A person with only A antigens and Rhesus factor can donate to which
of the following blood types?
A) Type O-
B) Type A+
C) Type AB-
D) Type B+
REVIEW OUTLINE
Blood 1. Components of Blood

2. Blood Types
Review Questions
What are the three components of
blood?
Describe the components of an

erythrocyte.
Which blood types make antibodies

against Type B?
Blood Bootcamp.com
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Components_of_blood.png">Alan Sved</a>, <a
Slide 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convalescent_plasma_collected_during_COVID-
19_pandemic.jpg">Whoisjohngalt</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via
Wikimedia Commons
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0909_WhiteBloodCells.png">BruceBlaus. When using this
image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014".
Slide 6: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0909_WhiteBloodCells.png">BruceBlaus. When using this
image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014".
Slide 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platelets_by_budding_off_from_megakaryocytes.jpg">パタゴニア
</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 9: RBC illustration <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:201304_red_blood_cell.png">DBCLS 統合TV</a>,
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & RBCs slide <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_red_blood_cell.jpg">Naz Amann</a>, <a
Slide 10: 3d Hemoglobin <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HemoglobinConformations.png">Lenov</a>, <a
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & heme group <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MbAction.png">Smokefoot</a>, <a
Blood Bootcamp.com
References:
Slide 11: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rh_blood_cells_drawing.svg">Sophiedionne14</a>, <a
Slide 13: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_types.png">Shahinsahar</a>, <a
Slide 14: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_types.png">Shahinsahar</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Fetal Circulation: 1. Pathway of Oxygen-rich blood

Pathway of Blood Flow 2. Pathway of Oxygen-poor blood
Fetal Circulation: Pathway of Blood Flow Bootcamp.com
Fetal Circulation
How does a fetus get oxygen?
From its mother
Me
go
Fetal Circulation
1. Placenta
Highly vascularized organ in a pregnant woman’s uterus
no
MA
Fetal Circulation
1. Placenta
2. Umbilical cord
Do we travel through the umbilical arteries or vein?

Umbilical vein
ra
Mo
Fetal Circulation
1. Placenta
2. Umbilical cord
3. Towards the liver
Most blood enters ductus venosus
Why is this blood shunted away from the liver?

The liver is not fully functional yet
The liver does not need this blood
Fetal Circulation: Pathway of Blood Flow
zz
x B
Bootcamp.com
Fetal Circulation
1. Placenta
o.br
2. Umbilical cord
3. Towards the liver
4. Heart
Right atrium→ foramen ovale → left atrium
Why bypass the pulmonary circuit?

The lungs are not functional yet
to
Fetal Circulation
What about the oxygen-poor blood from the superior vena cava?
Only a small volume mixes in the right atrium
The majority is pushed into the right ventricle
Won’t this blood just end up in the left atrium anyways?
annMonto
arms MÉE
wa
Fetal Circulation
What about the oxygen-poor blood from the superior vena cava?
Only a small volume mixes in the right atrium
The majority is pushed into the right ventricle
Won’t this blood just end up in the left atrium anyways?

Blood can “sneak” out the ductus arteriosus
up
nonterosootAs
Fetal Circulation
Slightly oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood mix in descending aorta
Generates very slightly oxygen-rich blood
Nourish the rest of the body’s tissues
Eventually returns to the placenta via umbilical arteries
Fetal Circulation
Describe the path of blood flow from the placenta to the fetus and back.
At
Mini Quiz!
Which of the following is in contact with oxygen-poor blood?
A) Ductus arteriosus
B) Ductus venosus
C) Foramen ovale
D) Umbilical vein
REVIEW OUTLINE
Fetal Circulation: 1. Pathway of Oxygen-rich blood

Pathway of Blood Flow 2. Pathway of Oxygen-poor blood
Review Questions
Describe the flow of blood from the
placenta, to the fetus, back to the
placenta.
What is the purpose of the ductus

arteriosus?
What is the difference between

umbilical arteries and veins?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2916_Fetal_Circulatory_System-02.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
References:
Slide 14: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2139_Fetal_Circulation.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
Slide 15: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2139_Fetal_Circulation.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Fetal Circulation: 1. Bypassing the Lungs

Mechanisms of 2. Placenta
Blood Flow & 3. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Fetal Circulation: Mechanisms of Blood Flow & Erythroblastosis Fetalis Bootcamp.com
Bypassing the Lungs

Which shunts allow for this to occur?
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
What physical principles allow this bypass to occur?

Bypassing the Lungs

What physical principles allow this bypass to occur?
Lung arterioles & capillaries are very constricted
Causes high resistance
BP is much higher in the pulmonary arteries of a fetus than an
adult
a
Placenta
Why does blood flow back to the placenta?
Placenta has low resistance
Me
at
Placenta
Maternal and fetal blood do not mix
Due to the embryonic chorion
How does this harm the second fetus? umbilical arteries
umbilical veins
Et
in
Bht
Some antibodies are allowed to cross the placenta
Including antibodies against Rhesus factor umbilical veins
2nd Anti Rh antibodies
Baby
Fetus
no
Bht
Some antibodies are allowed to cross the placenta
Including antibodies against Rhesus factor umbilical veins
St
Baby
Fetus
É
Rho
Mini Quiz!
A fetus would be at risk of erythroblastosis fetalis in which of the following situations?
Assume that each second born was preceded by a Rh (+) first born.
A) Rh (–) first born & Rh (-) mother
B) Rh (-) second born & Rh (+) mother
C) Rh (+) first born & Rh (-) mother
D) Rh (+) second born & Rh (-) mother

REVIEW OUTLINE
Fetal Circulation: 1. Bypassing the Lungs

Mechanisms of 2. Placenta
Blood Flow & 3. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Review Questions
What mechanisms allow for blood to
bypass fetal lungs?
What draws fetal blood back towards

the placenta?
When is a fetus at risk for

erythroblastosis fetalis?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neonatal_Heart_Circulation.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a
Slide 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neonatal_Heart_Circulation.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a
Slide 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2910_The_Placenta-02.jpg">OpenStax College</a>, <a
REVIEW OUTLINE
Lymphatic System 1. Lymphatic Capillaries

2. Lacteals
3. Lymph Nodes
4. Lymphatic Ducts
Lymphatic System Bootcamp.com
Capillaries
• Not all of the fluid is reabsorbed
• Interstitial fluid
What happens to this fluid?

Capillaries
• Not all of the fluid is reabsorbed
• Interstitial fluid
What happens to this fluid?

• Enters lymphatic capillaries
• Lymph
Lymphatic System
• Lymph
• Lymph vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Adenoids
• Spleen
• Thymus
Lacteals
• Lymphatic capillaries that absorb fat in the villi of the small intestine
t
Artery
Vein
p
Lacteal
A
Lymph Nodes
• “Police checkpoints” with immune cells
• Lymphocytes
Return to the Circulatory Veins

• Right upper torso: Right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein
• The rest: Thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein
Lymphatic System
Is the lymphatic system more similar to veins or arteries?
• Veins
• Low pressure system
• Utilizes the skeletal muscle pump
• Lymphatic vessels typically follow veins
Moppet
B
__t_
Mini Quiz!
Lymph from your right foot will pass through which
of the following on its way back to the heart?
A) Venules in the foot
B) Right subclavian vein
C) Right lymphatic duct
D) Thoracic duct
REVIEW OUTLINE
Lymphatic System 1. Lymphatic Capillaries

2. Lacteals
3. Lymph Nodes
Review Questions 4. Lymphatic Ducts
• What are the functions of the lymphatic

system?
• What are lacteals?
• What are some things that may affect

the amount of lymph?
References:
Slide 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_a_lymphatic_capillary_CRUK_023.svg">Cancer
Research UK</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png">BruceBlaus. When
using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical
2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.</a>, <a
Slide 5: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphatic_system_and_lipid_absorption.jpg">SGUL lymres</a>, <a
Slide 6: Lymph nodes <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_lymph_nodes_in_the_pelvis_CRUK_040.svg">Cancer Research
UK</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons, & police <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Police_car_right_side_low_polygon_animation.png">Kurt Kaiser</a>, CC0, via
Wikimedia Commons
Slide 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2203_Lymphatic_Trunks_and_Ducts_System.jpg">OpenStax
College</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">CC BY 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 8: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system.jpg">SGUL lymres</a>, <a
Slide 9: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system.jpg">SGUL lymres</a>, <a

A&P - Circulatory System (AB)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

System 4. Human Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds, Signal

Human Heart: 1. Right Heart

What helps to keep this closed?

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

C) Inferior vena cava

Human Heart: 1. Right Heart

Why does the systemic circuit have

What are the names of each of the heart

Human Heart: 1. Heart Layers

What is the purpose of the fluid?

Feeding the Heart

Which of these takes blood to the myocardium?

Cardiac veins- Back to the heart

Human Heart: 1. Heart Layers

What is the function of the pericardium

Describe the pathway of blood from the

Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Cardiac Cycle

What are the muscle cells of the heart?

What are the muscle cells of the heart?

Where is the SA node located?

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic NS- Decreases heart rate

SA node wants to beat very fast

Bradycardia- Heart rate under 60 bpm

Systole & Diastole

Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Cardiac Cycle

What is the result of the

If the ventricles are filling, is the heart in

Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds: Lub

Heart Sounds: Dub

Diastole occurs between _____ & _____ sounds.

Diastole occurs between dub & lub sounds.

A) Right Atrioventricular Valve

B) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Human Cardiac Cycle: 1. Heart Sounds

What is cardiac syncytium?

Label an ECG with all of the parts we

Heart Function 1. Heart Rate

Tachycardia: HR greater than 100 bpm

Bradycardia: HR less than 60 bpm

How would you determine this?

EDV: End-diastolic volume

What does this tell us?

Total Peripheral Resistance

What does vasoconstriction do to TPR?

Vasoconstriction Normal Vasodilation

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP): Lowest pressure in your arteries

Mean Arterial Pressure

What is another way to find MAP?

Heart Function 1. Heart Rate

What is stroke volume and how can it be

Blood Vessels: 1. Tissue Layers

What cells make up this?

What cells make up this?

Vasoconstriction Normal Vasodilation

Tunica media Tunica externa

Arteries & Arterioles

What makes them highly elastic?

Arteries & Arterioles

What makes them highly elastic?

Diastole occurs between _ & _ sounds.