Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Financial Market#
PROFESSOR
Name: Maria Mylin S. Miranda
Academic Department: Department of Business and Accountancy
Consultation Schedule:
Email Address: msmiranda@ccc.edu.ph
Contact Number: 09985463470
VI. Module Outcomes After the study of all the lessons, you are expected to:
• Understand key concepts under mortgage markets
• Describe the uses of derivatives for hedging and speculation
• Recognize what hedging and speculation are
• Describe how do the primary stock market and secondary stock markets
work
• Differentiate and apply technical and fundamental analysis in stock
trading
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe what are mortgages
2. Explain how mortgage markets differ from stock and bond markets
3. Enumerate and explain the characteristics of a mortgage
4. Enumerate and explain the important factors that affect the interest rate on the loan
5. Distinguish between:
• futures contracts
• forward contracts
• options
Getting Started:
Here are some useful resources about the 2008 financial crisis.
1. YouTube video title: The Causes and Effects of the Financial Crisis 2008
By Vivien Yeow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9YLta5Tr2A
Discussion:
Introduction
For one perspective, the mortgage markets form a subcategory of the capital markets because mortgages involve long-
term funds. But the mortgage markets differ from the stock and bond markets in several ways.
First, the usual borrowers in the capital markets are businesses and government entities, Whereas the usual borrowers
in the mortgage markets are individuals.
Second, mortgage loans are made for varying amounts and maturities, depending on the borrowers’ needs, features
that cause problems for developing a secondary market.
Mortgages are long-term loans secured by real estate. Both individuals and businesses obtain loans to finance real
estate purchases.
• In another definition, mortgages are loans to individuals or businesses to purchase a home, land or other real
property. The property purchased with a loan serves as collateral backing the loan.
A developer may obtain a mortgage loan to finance the construction of an office building, or a family may obtain a
mortgage loan to finance the purchase of a home. In both cases, the loan is amortized. The borrower pays it off overtime
in some combination of principle and interest payments that result in full payment of the debt by maturity.
Amortized – A mortgage is amortized when the fixed principal and interest payments fully pay off the
mortgage by the maturity date.
One of the most important factors in the decision of the borrower of how much and from whom to borrow is the
interest rate on the loan.
There are three important factors that affect the interest on the loan. These are:
Going back to our earlier lesson on interest rates and risk, the longer term the duration of the loan, the higher
the interest rates will be. This is because there is a likelihood that a borrower’s ability to pay might deteriorate
and market conditions may not be unfavorable.
These are originated by banks or other mortgage lenders but are not guaranteed by government or government-
controlled entities. Most lenders though now insure many conventional loans against default, or they require the
borrower to obtain private mortgage insurance on loans.
Insured Mortgages
These mortgages are originated by banks for other mortgage lenders but are guaranteed by either the governments or
government-controlled entities.
Fixed-rate Mortgages
• In fixed-rate mortgages, the interest rate in the monthly payment did not vary over the life of the mortgage.
• A mortgage that locks in the borrower’s interest rate and thus the required monthly payment over the life of the
mortgage, regardless of how market rates change.
The interest rate on adjustable rate mortgage is tied to some market interest rate, (e.g., Treasury bill rate) and therefore
changes over time. ARMs usually have limits, called caps, on how high (or low) the interest rate can move in one year and
during the term of the loan.
These mortgages are useful for home buyers who expect their incomes to rise. The GPM has lower payments in the first
few years, then the payments rise. The early payment may not even be sufficient to cover the interest due, in which case
the principal balance increases. As time passes, the borrower expects income to increase so that higher payment will not
be too much of a burden.
In a SAM, the lender lowers the interest rate in the mortgage in exchange for a share of any appreciation in the real
estate (if the property sells for more than a stated amount, the lender is entitled to a portion of the gain).
In EPM, an outside investor shares in the appreciation of the property. This investor will either provide a portion of the
purchase price of the property or supplement the monthly payment. In return, the investor receives a portion of any
appreciation of the property. As with the SAM, the borrower benefits by being able to qualify for a larger loan than
without such help.
Second Mortgages
These are launched that are secured by the same real estate that is used first mortgage. The second mortgage is junior to
the original loan which means That you know default occurs the second mortgage Holder will be paid only after the
original loan has been paid off if sufficient funds remain.
In a RAM, the bank advances funds to the owner on a monthly schedule to enable him to meet living expenses thereby
increasing the balance of the loan which is secured by real estate. The borrower does not make payments against the
loan and continues to live in his home. When the borrower dies, the estate sells the property to pay the debt.
In addition to primary instruments such as receivables, payables and equity instruments, financial instruments also include
derivatives such as financial options, futures and forwards, interest rate swaps and currency swaps. Derivatives are useful
for managing risks. They can effectively transfer the risk inherent in an underlying primary instrument between the
contracting parties without any need to transfer the underlying instruments themselves (either at inception of the contract
or even, where cash settled, or termination).
the development of powerful computing and communication technology has aided the growth of derivative use. The
technology provides new ways to analyze information about markets as well as the power to process high volumes
of payments.
• Derivatives are financial instruments that “derive” their value on contractually required cash flows from some
other security or index. For instance, a contract allowing a company to purchase a particular asset (say gold,
flour, or coffee bean) at a designated future date, at a predetermined price is a financial instrument that derives its
value from expected and actual changes in the price of the underlying asset.
• Any security whose value is determined by, or derived from, the value of another asset.
• Underlying asset – the asset from which the derivative gets its value.
• The value of the instrument depends upon the value of something else.
Characteristics of Derivatives:
A derivative is a financial instrument:
• whose value changes in response to the change in specified interest rate, security price, commodity price, foreign
exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or similar variable
• that requires no initial net investment or little net investment relative to other types of contracts that have a
similar response to changes in market conditions; and
Example: A tomato sauce company may require 10 tons of tomato in six months’ time. To protect itself from
potential future price increase, it can buy tomatoes at today’s prices for delivery and payment at a future date.
Prices of tomato fluctuates depending on market conditions, so the tomato dealer and the tomato sauce company
may agree to set the price of the tomato using a futures contract, regardless of how much it may cost in the
future during the delivery date.
Note that hedging in this case will only be favorable to one party (either the seller or the buyer). A rise in the
price of tomato will be unfavorable to the seller and favorable only to the buyer because the agreed price on the
futures contract has already been locked in. On the other hand, a drop in prices becomes favorable to the seller
because they are protected from the loss by locking in the price on the contract.
2. For Speculation
Speculation – n. investment in stocks, property, or other ventures in the hope of gain but with the risk of loss
Investors may buy or sell an asset in the hope of generating a profit from the asset’s price fluctuations. usually this
is done on a short-term basis in assets but are liquid or easily traded.
Example: an investor notices a company’s share prices going up and buy some option on the share. an option
gives a right to the Holder to buy shares at a future date. If share prices do rise, the investor can profit by buying
at a fixed option price and selling at the current higher price. If share prices fall, the investor can sell the option
or let it lapse, losing a fraction of the value of the asset itself.
Futures Contracts
A futures contract is an agreement between a seller and a buyer that requires that seller to deliver a particular commodity
(say corn, gold or soya beans) at a designated future date, at a predetermined price. These contracts are actively treated on
regulated future exchanges and are generally referred to as “commodity Futures contract”. When the “commodity” is a
financial instrument such as a Treasury bill or commercial paper, the agreement is referred to as a financial futures
contract. Futures contracts are purchased either as an investment or as a hedge against the risks of future price changes.
Forward Contracts
A forward contract is similar to a futures contract but differs in three ways:
1. A forward contract calls for delivery on a specific date whereas a futures contract permits the seller to decide later
which specific day within the specified but it will be the delivery date (if it gets as far as actual delivery before it
is closed out).
2. Unlike a futures contract, a forward usually is not traded on a market exchange.
3. unlike a futures contract, a forward contract does not call for a daily cash settlement for price changes in
the underlying contract. Gains and losses on forward contracts are paid only when they are closed out.
Example:
Please refer to this YouTube video: Understanding Forward contracts. What are forward contracts used for?
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5XWCy21lyo
Options
Options give its holder the right either to buy or sell an instrument, say a treasury bill, at a specified price and within a given
time period. Options frequently are purchased to hedge exposure to the effects of changing interest rates. options
serve the same purpose as futures in that respect but are fundamentally different. Importantly, though, the option
holder has no obligation to exercise the option. on the other hand, the holder of a futures contract must buy or sell
within a specified. Unless the contract is closed out before delivery comes due.
Example:
Please refer to this YouTube video: Bill Poulos Presents: Call Options & Put Options Explained In 8 Minutes
(Options For Beginners)
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfmTWu2yn5Q
Foreign loans are frequently denominated in the currency of the lender. when loans must be repaid in foreign currencies,
a new element of risk is introduced. this is because if exchange rates change, the peso equivalent of the foreign currency
that must be repaid differs from the peso equivalent of the foreign currency borrowed.
To hedge against “foreign exchange risk” exposure, some firms buy or sell foreign currency futures contracts. These are
similar to financial futures except specific foreign currencies are specified in the futures contracts rather than specific
debt instruments. They work the same way to protect against foreign exchange risk as financial futures protect against fair
value or cash flow risk.
Example:
Please refer to this YouTube video: Fundamentals and FX Futures by CME Group
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XVPdXiroB0
Interest Rate Swaps
There are contracts to exchange cashflows as of a specified date or a series of specified dates based on a notional
amount and fixed and floating rates.
These contracts exchanged fixed interest payments for floating rate payments or vice versa, without exchanging the
underlying principal amounts. For example, suppose you owe PhP 100,000 on a 10% fixed-rate home loan. You envy
your neighbor who is also paying 10% on her PhP 100,000 mortgage, but hers is a floating rate loan, so if the market
rates fall, so will her loan rate. To the contrary, she is envious of your fixed rate, fearful that rates will rise, increasing her
payments. A solution would be for the two of you to effectively swap interest payments using an interest rate swap
agreement.
The way a swap works you both would continue to make your own interest payments but would exchange the net cash
difference between payments at specified intervals. So, in this case, if market rates (and thus floating payments) increase, you
will pay your neighbor; if rates fall, she pays you. The net effect is to exchange the consequences of rate exchanges.
In other words, you have effectively converted your fixed-rate debt to floating rate debt; your neighbor has done the
opposite.
For more resources about interest rate swap, please refer to this YouTube video: Interest Rate Swap Explained
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIdcips9vPU
Pretend that you are going to buy a house and lot worth PhP 2M. What will you choose – a 15-year loan with a 3%
interest or a 30-year loan with 8% interest? There are no right or wrong answers. Please state your choice and do your
best to explain why.
• Derivative is any security whose value is determined by, or derived from, the value of another asset.
References:
1. Financial Markets and Institutions by Ma. Elenita Balatbat Cabrera, 2020 Edition
2. Vivien Yeow. (2012, July 23). The Causes and Effects of the Financial Crisis 2008 [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9YLta5Tr2A
3. Amadeo, K. (2020, May 29). Causes of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Investopedia.
https://www.thebalance.com/what-caused-2008-global-financial-crisis-3306176
4. FINMAESTRO. (2017, November 20). Understanding Forward contracts. What are forward contracts used
for? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5XWCy21lyo
5. Profits Run. (2013, December 10). Bill Poulos Presents: Call Options & Put Options Explained In 8
Minutes (Options For Beginners) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfmTWu2yn5Q
6. CME Group. (2018, April 6). Fundamentals and FX Futures [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XVPdXiroB0
7. Xpono VF. (2012, June 25). Interest Rate Swap Explained [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIdcips9vPU
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand what the stock market is
2. Differentiate the primary stock market from the secondary stock market
Getting Started:
Why Do We Need A Stock Market
By: John Mangun (Business Mirror)
Governments view the stock market as a crazy attack dog on a leash. When the market is going up, it is used at tool again
political opponents to show how well things are going. went down and the dog is chewing on government’s legs, they
want to ignore it
Publicly listed companies view the market as a great method to raise cash, but would prefer that shareholders simply give
them the money and not ask too many questions. Dig deep enough, and most shareholders think the market is a casino
and are often convinced the companies want their money without offering much in return.
Politically left-leaning elites use the market to bash both government and business as increasing stock prices
supposedly do not benefit the poor. Business would really prefer you buy their products and services rather than invest.
Banks think you should keep your money in deposits instead of investing.
The stock market is generally viewed like your balikbayan uncle who has bad breath, but who sometimes sends nice
cash gift at Christmas time. We like the benefits but ultimately do not want to get too close.
So why do we even bother with the stock market?
The stock market is the most important institution in a capital driven economic system. Oh, I know that “capitalism” is
a dirty word today. The trend is that ideas and innovation belong to everyone free of charge. To put up those ideas and
innovations into a useful and practical application to benefit the people should be the obligation and duty of the
government. And because individual creative ideas really belong to the people, no one person should profit from the
innovation.
However, the interesting thing is that government, including here in the Philippines, already controls a great amount of
the national wealth. Who owns the most amount of land in the Philippines? National and local government units. Who is
the largest employer in virtually all countries? The governments. Who has unlimited money available to spend as it
wishes? Governments.
That is not to say that government does not have an important role in supporting private enterprise. But it should support.
not replace.
So where does the stock market figure into the great scheme of things? Even the most rabid anti-American, anti-capitalist
must accept that everything from the paper clip to the automobile was a product of capitalism particularly American
capitalism.
American historian Ron Chernow wrote, “there is no country in the world where it’s as easy to find venture capital in the
stock market as the United States”. it is the private capital that allows research, development, and production. And the
great thing about private capital is that it helps the winners to succeed and almost guarantees the bad ideas will disappear.
Government money sometimes works the opposite way.
Companies use the stock market to raise money from investors. Investors benefit from participating in the hopefully
bright corporate future. In 1976 Ronald Wayne sold his 10% shareholding in Apple Corporation for US$ 801. Today he
shares would be worth nearly US$ 50 billion.
I am never going to own a bank, property company, Department store or a snack food factory. But I can be a partial owner
of those companies operated by knowledgeable and successful people that are owners. And here is the best part. If those
companies do not make money, I can sell out instantly.
While governments cannot claim any direct credit for what happens both good and bad in the stock market, it is an
important clue as to local financial sentiment. If 10,000,000 Filipinos suddenly show up to get their money from the
banks you probably have a crisis in confidence of the banking system. The same applies to the stock market.
As far as the stock market not helping the economy and the people, that is total nonsense and is an ignorant thought.
The local property companies have raised billions in the last two years to build projects. Apparently those developments
are going to be constructed with robots and not real employed workers.
the Stock Exchange is a marketplace for a business capital; nothing more and nothing less in the same way the wet
market saves you from the trouble of buying directly from the piggery. It is a business where people come together to
make business.
Ordinary equity shares/common shares and preferred shares were discussed in Lesson 6. For this lesson, more details
will be discussed t
Stock Market
• Refers to the collection of markets and exchanges where regular activities of buying, selling, and issuance
of shares of publicly-held companies take place.
• This is a market in which corporations raise funds through new issues of stocks. the new stock securities are sold
to initial investors (suppliers of funds) in exchange for funds (money) that the issuer (user of funds) needs.
A primary market sale may be a first time issue by a private firm going public. This means that the company is allowing
its equity, some of which was held privately by managers and venture capital investors, to be publicly traded in stock
markets for the first time.
• Public offerings must be registered and approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission
Registration requires the firm to disclose a great deal of information before selling any securities.
• An important financial institution that assists in the initial sale of securities in the primary market is the
investment bank. It does this by underwriting securities. It guarantees a price for a corporations securities and then
sells them to the public.
Examples of famous/biggest IPOs:
1. Facebook
Funds raised: US$ 16 Billion
2. Saudi Aramco
Funds raised: US$ 29.4 Billion
Examples of Philippine IPOs in 2020:
2. Converge
Listing Date: Oct 12, 2020
For the two local IPOs mentioned above, both Merry Mart and Converge published their prospectuses so the investing
public may discern if the investing in their IPOs would be worthwhile.
Once the company’s shares are listed on a stock exchange and trading in it commences, the price of these shares will
fluctuate as investors and traders assess and reassess their intrinsic value
• These are the markets in which stocks, once issued – that is, bought and sold by investors. In the Philippines, the
Philippine Stock Exchange is an example.
• Once shares are issued to investors (through the primary market), they can now be traded at the secondary
market through stock brokers.
A stock is a portion of ownership in a company.
2. Cash Dividends – a common way for companies to return capital to their shareholders in the form of periodic
cash payments (can be quarterly, annual or semiannual basis).
Stock Broker
Stockbroker or broker is a professional individual who executes the buy and sell orders on behalf of clients for stocks
and other securities in a listed market or over the counter, usually for a fee or commission.
• COL Financial
• AB Capital Securities
• AAA Equities
• Philstocks
• BPI Trade
• Alpha Securities
• BDO Nomura
• Eagle Equities
Stock exchanges are secondary markets, where existing owners of shares can transact with potential buyers. It is important
to understand that the corporations listed on stock markets do not buy and sell their own shares on a regular basis
(companies may engage in stock buybacks or issue new shares, but these are not day-to-day operations and often occur
outside of the framework of an exchange). So when you buy a share of stock on the stock market, you are not buying it
from the company, you are buying it from some other existing shareholder. Likewise, when you sell your shares, you do
not sell them back to the company—rather you sell them to some other investor.
PSE is the only stock exchange in the Philippines and one of the oldest in Asia. It currently maintains a trading floor at the
PSE Tower in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City.
The PSEi is different from the PSE. This is a fixed basket of thirty (30) common stocks of listed companies, carefully
selected to represent the general movement of the stock market. In other words, it is the benchmark measuring the
performance of the Philippine stock market.
• First, it is important to know what is the minimum number of shares that you can buy.
• Lot size/Board lot – this is the minimum number of shares that you may purchase, and it is also the number
of increments in which you are allowed to buy
For example: The last traded price of NOW Corporation is 2.95. From the board lot table, this means that you can
only purchase the stock in increments of 1000 shares.
• Place your orders through your stock broker (for online platforms you can do this yourself).
The prices of shares on a stock market can be set in a number of ways, but most the most common way is through
an auction process where buyers and sellers place bids and offers to buy or sell.
an offer (or ask) is the price at which somebody wishes to sell. When
the bid and ask coincide, a trade is made.
This is the bid and ask board which shows the current buyers (bid size) and sellers (ask side) of the stock.
To give an example, we’ll read the first order: There are 8 people/entities who are willing to buy a total number of
151,000 shares at PhP 3.90 per share. (First row at the top, left side)
For a second example, we’ll read the third ask order: There are 3 people/entities who wish to buy 9,000 shares at PhP 3.93
per share.
The bid and ask board provides a good way to strategize on trading because you can identify at which prices got the
amount of volume. Here, you can identify the support and resistance on a given stock. Secondly, you can also see how
much shares you can buy or sell at a certain time. From the example above: If you are planning to buy 500,000 shares
of this stock, you can immediately get filled by posting a buy order at PhP 3.91.
The stock market works in the best interest of the aggressive buyer and seller.
Referring again to the image above, let’s say you placed a buy order at PhP4.00, but your order got filled at PhP 3.92.
This means that if you can buy shares lower than PhP4.00, then the broker automatically executes your order. This
works on your best interest because you were able to buy shares lower than what you bid for.
The same way also happens when you try to sell your shares. If you posted a sell order at PhP 3.60, your order here may
get filled for something higher than that, given that there are bids who are willing to buy shares higher than your asking
price. The broker executes this trade in your favor. This can be more profitable for you because you were able to sell
your stocks higher than your expected price.
2. Fundamental Analysis
• Analysis of a stock or company through the use of economic factors, company growth, financial ratios
and other different factors that can a business.
• The most common framework for fundamental analysis utilizes the following approach:
• First you study about the general economic conditions/indicators (GDP, foreign exchange rate, inflation,
interest rates).
• Next you study the thriving or flourishing industries within the economy (mining, property, services,
holdings, etc)
• This explains why the diagram above is an inverted triangle – as an investor you narrow down your
stock/company picks as you go along in studying them fundamentally.
Here is a video on fundamental analysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQm5gTyWnQI&t=2s
Video: InvestaUniversity: Fundamental Analysis vs. Technical Analysis (FOR BEGINNERS)
By: InvestaTV
You may have heard of the phrase “we have a bullish market” or “we are in a bear market cycle”. The
term bullish signifies a strong upward market where prices are continuously rising. It opposite,
bearish, is a term for a market going down or prices are gradually declining.
Application:
Do the following activity. Answer these on a separate sheet:
Find about the Philippine Stock Exchange market crash during the pandemic which started in March.
• By what percentage was the drop of the index from the previous trading day?
• The stock market is a market where shares of publicly-held companies take place.
• The primary stock market issues shares to investors through Initial Public Offering.
• The secondary stock market provides an avenue for buying and selling shares of stock. Trades
are made between shareholders of the company.
• The two ways to earn money in the stock market are price appreciation and through cash
dividends.
• The two approaches to studying companies prior to buying stocks are fundamental analysis and
technical analysis.
References:
1. Mangun, J. (Ed.). (2013). Why Do We Need A Stock Market. In Outside The Box (pp.
169–171). Business Mirror.
Learning
Module on
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3. InvestaTV. (2020, August 19). InvestaUniversity: Fundamental Analysis vs.
Technical Analysis (FOR BEGINNERS) [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQm5gTyWnQI&t=2s
4. Winck, B. (2020, July 7). Here are the 11 largest IPOs of all time. Business Insider.
https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/ipos-top-largest-initial-public-offerings-all-
time-ranked-cash-2020-7-1029373999
5. Murphy, C. (2020, April 10). Prospectus. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/prospectus.asp
6. Hayes, A. (2020b, July 13). How Does the Stock Market Work?
Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/082614/how-stock-
market-works.asp
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