Comparative Police System

GLOBALIZATION INTERPOL
 Effects to police service  Organizational setup
 Changing role and nature of the
police  Functions and programs
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME  Role in Anti-Transnational crime
 Terrorism  Criminal Intelligence Analysis


Drug Trafficking
Money Laundering
BILATERAL and
 Human Trafficking INTERNATIONAL CO-
 Cyber Crimes OPERATION
 Others
 UN convention against transnational crime
SELECTED POLICE MODELS
 Japan  Role of aseanapol
 Singapore
 Australian Federal Police PARTICIPATION OF PNP PERSONNEL IN
 U.S and Other European Countries
 Programs of selected police models
UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION
 Applications to Philippine Setting  Selection and qualifications
 Terms of Deployment
 What is comparative police
system?
It is the process of outlining the similarities
and differences of one police system to
another in order to discover insights in the
field of international policing.
What is GLOBALIZATION?

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world

in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers
to the integration of economics and societies all over the
world. Globalization involves technological, economic,
political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely
by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.
 GLOBALIZATION DEFINED
Marfleet and Kiely (1998:3)
• defined globalization in reference to a world in which
societies, cultures, politics and economics have in
some sense come closer together.
The reason as to why globalisation is linked to crime
rests on the facts that falling frontiers between states
brought about by:
• (i) ease of migration in terms of travel,
• (ii) audio visual and cyberspace communication are
bringing many benefits, but they are also making it
easier for criminal organizations to be active across the
globe and within states (Findlay, 2000; 59-73).
 Effects of Globalization
Negative Effects

• White Collar Crimes & Labor exploitation

• Job insecurity/ unstable due to increased competition
• International crimes like human trafficking
• World Terrorism, Cyber crimes, Drug trafficking
• Human rights violations on global scale
• Bad effects of foreign culture to local cultures
• Deadly diseases spread on global scale
• Price increase on commodities
• Local industries taken over by foreign multinationals
 EFFECTS TO POLICE SERVICE
Undeniably crime is goes global also.
• The crime that we have before is no longer
local but it goes global.
• Meaning it’s been globalized because some of
the local crimes now are being link globally
and sometimes has an international backing
from international criminal organization.
 Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement
(V. Delos Santos)
1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be
easily achieved.
2. There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation
among police organizations in the world is vital.
3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers
must include advance computer to prepare them as cyber
cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber
crimes.
4. Development of new strategies to deal with international
organized crimes is a must.
5. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations
related to modernization theories of crime.
 Threats on law enforcement
Some threats brought about by globalization are:
– Increasing volume of human rights violations
evident by genocide or mass killing
– The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security
– Conflict between nations
– Transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc
 Opportunities for law enforcement
While globalization brings the threats and many other threats
to law enforcement, opportunities like the following are
carried:
• Creation of International tribunals to deal with
human rights problems
• Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal
norms and link them to the enforcement power of
states
• Transnational professional network and
cooperation against transnational crimes
• Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions
across transnational issues
 Characteristics of Globalization
These include greater international movement of:
• Commodities - trading prices for oil, gold, silver, copper and more
• Money - generally accepted medium of financial exchange
• Information - is that which informs
• People -
• Technology -
• Organizations -
• legal systems -
• Infrastructures -
The actual existence of some of these trends is debated.
THE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Worldwide Net of Communication & Info -
worldwide availability of knowledge & info -new
chances to influence world society

Economy:world trade = “inland market”

new mobility of capital, goods, services

Society: the world as “global village” - migration + the

importance of cultures and identities

Security threatened by new dangers - increase of

private violence - “new wars” - grey zone: security
internal/ external - terrorism

Political: evidenced when governments create

international rules and institutions to deal with issues
such as trade, human rights, and the environment.
 What are the probable solutions to counter the effects
of globalization in the police service?

• Actually - there is quite a similarity in the duties and

methods of policing worldwide but that has more to do
with the universality of psychology and the human
condition and how criminals think, act, and are caught,
more than anything to do with policing with a global
mindset.
1. What makes a particular crime to
be considered a global problem?
A crime can be said to be a global problem if it
meets any one of the two criteria:
(i) If a particular crime has an accentuating
character in most nations on the globe.
This crime does not necessarily need to have
actors inducing it across frontiers.
(ii) the crime is occurring across frontiers and
there are social actors inducing who traverse
frontiers.
 The following are considered
as critical global crimes :
• Dealing In illicit drugs
• Illegal trafficking in weapons
• Illegal trafficking in human beings
• Money Laundering
• Corruption
• Violent Crimes including terrorism
• War crimes
What makes these crimes to merit concern is
that they have unwarranted effects.
These unwarranted effects bring us to examine
the effects of global crimes.
2. What are the criminogenic effects
of globalization?
• Global crime as a new phenomenon is seen to
profoundly affect international and national economies,
politics, security, and, ultimately, societies at large
(Eduardo, 2002)
• It has been seen that global crime groups have the
power to criminalize politics, business and the police,
developing efficient networks, extend their reach deep
and wide. All have operations extending beyond
national borders, and they are now developing strategic
alliances linked in a global network, reaping the benefits
of globalisation." (HDR, 1999: 5 and 42)
• Criminogenic: Producing or tending to produce crime or criminality
 3. What are the links between
globalization and crime?
• The reason as to why globalisation is linked to crime
rests on the facts that falling frontiers between states
brought about by
(i) ease of migration in terms of travel,
(ii) audio visual and cyberspace communication are
bringing many benefits, but they are also making it
easier for criminal organizations to be active across the
globe and within states (Findlay, 2000; 59-73).
• Whereas the scourge of organized crime is not new,
criminals have been taking advantage of fast moving
technological advances such as the Internet, overall
globalization and the freedom of circulation and
establishment of global markets.
 How to Deal with Globalization
The first phenomenon affecting local law enforcement is
globalization.
• History has taught that globalization has been an agent of
change for hundreds of years. Historical events such as the
discovery of America by Europeans and the opening of the Suez
Canal have changed our expectations, aspirations, and
capabilities. The Suez Canal, for instance, shortened the
European sea trade route to India by 5,800 miles, making the
world a smaller place.
• The only restriction that limits globalization is
government, which for criminals is an obstacle easily overcome.
overcome.
The Suez Canal
• The Suez canal is a
waterway
connecting the
Mediterranean Sea
to the Red Sea
through
the Isthmus of
Suez. It was
opened in
1869 after 10 years
of construction.
SUEZ Canal Details

• THE NORTHER and

SOUTHERN
TERMINUS
Changing relationship of
between Globalization
and crime
What do we need in changing relationship
between globalization and crime?

• Clearly, when it comes to people trafficking, the smuggling of

migrants, cocaine and heroine trafficking, firearms trafficking, the
smuggling of natural resources, the illicit trade in counterfeit goods,
maritime piracy and cyber crime, some kind of international
cooperation is required.
• Without any kind of international cooperation, it would be difficult
for criminals to be prosecuted, as it would be impossible to gather
enough evidence to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
What is International cooperation?
• International cooperation refers to a group of actions and/or
resources exchanged between actors from different countries,
voluntarily and according to their own interests and strategies
• The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing
various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.
Example of the relationship between
globalization and crime
• Drug trafficking is one example of the relationship between
globalization and crime, but there are certainly plenty of others and
often it is developing nations that bear the brunt of criminal
activity.
• Natural resources are stolen and taken to the West; poor
inhabitants are told a better life awaits them abroad when the
reality is very different, as they are forced into prostitution when
they arrive; guns end up in the wrong hands which fuels conflict.
END OF THE TOPIC GLOBALIZATION
 WHAT IS
Transnational Crime?
a crime perpetuated by organized criminal
groups which the aim of committing one or
more serious crimes or offenses in order to
obtain directly or indirectly, a financial or other
material benefits committed through crossing of
borders or jurisdictions.
 Definition:

• Criminologist use the term

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME to Refer to
criminal activities, transactions, or
schemes that violates the laws of
more than one country or have
direct impact on a foreign country.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

25
: TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Transnational or Borderless crime
According to the United Nations Convention of Transnational
Organized Crime, an offense is transnational if it:
• Is committed in more than one state;
• Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its
preparation, planning, direction or control takes
place in another state;
• Is committed in one state but involves
organized crime group that engages in criminal
activities in more than one state; or
• Is committed in one state but has subs effects
in another state.
 It specifically targets three types of criminals:
["those who operate in more than one country...,
[those] who do not travel at all but whose crimes affect other countries...;
and [those] who commit a crime in one country and flee to another"
Forms of Transnational Crime
in Asia Pacific Examples
Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational crime covers many different types of crime with varying
levels of gravity:
– Organized crime
– Corporate crime
– Professional crime
– Political crime
Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational organized crime includes:
– Drugs and arms trafficking
– Trafficking in human beings
– People smuggling
– Smuggling of foodstuffs and stimulants
(particularly tobacco products, alcohol and meat)
– Smuggling of growth promoting substances for
the livestock industry
– Credit card fraud
– Smuggling of nuclear materials
– Illegal car trading
Categories of Transnational Crime
• Transnational corporate crime includes:
– Tax evasion
– Social security fraud
– Dumping of goods (clothes and electronic
equipment) or products (foodstuffs of
inferior quality) on foreign markets
– Obtaining government subsidies by
fraudulent means
Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational corporate crime includes:
– Formation of illegal cartels or monopolies
– Infringement of intellectual property rights
– Industrial espionage
– Import and export of protected plants and animals
– Illegal dumping of toxic and other waste
in another country
Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational professional crime includes:
– Serious theft, fraud, kidnapping
– Illegal export and purchase of works of art
– The supply of fake brand name products
– Insurance fraud
– Production of counterfeit money and forged
papers
 Categories of Transnational Crime
Transnational political crime includes:
– Illegal activities by terrorist groups or
organizations
– Circumvention of sanctions imposed on countries
by the UN
 Players in Transnational Crime
Organized crime groups such as :
• Russian organized crime syndicates,
• Chinese triads,
• Japanese yakuza,
• Colombian cartels,
• Nigerian networks and
• Burmese narco-warlords
• Individuals
• Corporations
• Organizations
 Facilitators of Transnational Crime
• Corruption of officials makes it easier to commit a
punishable offence and to cover up the trail
• Money laundering via offshore banks or otherwise to
finance illegal operations and to prevent
governments getting their hands on proceeds of
crime
• Perpetrators in some instances willing and able to
use violence against authorities and innocent
bystanders
 Asian Organized Crime
Transnational organized crime in East Asia is
dominated by non state actors principally
Chinese triads, the Japanese yakuza and
Chinese and Vietnamese ethnic gangs who
operate independently and in association with
the triads and yakuza.
 Transnational Crime Types

 Aircraft Hijacking  Money Laundering

 Computer crime/cyber crime  Sea Piracy

 Corruption and Bribery of  Theft of art and artifacts

public and political officials
 Trafficking in persons
 Environmental crime
 Trafficking in human body
 Drug Trafficking parts

 Arms Trafficking  Terrorism and others

 Money Laundering
Rank #1 on the list because of its massive impact on the
economy of the entire world.
• Criminals who get their money from illegal actions, such as
prostitution, smuggling or computer fraud typically launder
their money in order not to attract the attention of
authorities.
Money laundering is done in three main ways:
1. disguising the source of the money
2. such as disguising a prostitution ring as a massage parlor,
changing the form
3. such as changing cash into a money order, or moving the
funds such as taking money from one large bank account
and putting it in several smaller accounts under different
names.
 Money Laundering Scheme

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6

40
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM.
 RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194
• This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Money
Laundering Act of 2001." • Creation of Anti-
Money Laundering Council (AMLC). – The
Anti-Money Laundering Council is hereby
created and shall be composed of the
Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas as
chairman, the Commissioner of the Insurance
Commission and the Chairman of the
Securities and Exchange Commission as
members.
 Terrorism
What is Terrorism?
Terrorism is destruction of people or property by people not acting
on behalf of an established government for the purpose of
redressing a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an
established government and aimed directly or indirectly at an
established government.
Not all cases of destruction of people or property are terrorism. The
important definitive characteristics of terrorism are:
1. the act of destruction is performed by a person or group of
persons not acting on behalf of an established government ,
2. the act of destruction is performed to redress a real or imaginary
injustice, and
3. the act is aimed directly or indirectly at an established
government, who is seen as the cause of the injustice.
 4 Key Elements of Terrorism
• Terrorism is premeditated
• It is political
• It is aimed at civilians
• It is carried out by sub – national groups
 OCG DISTINGUISHED FROM
TERRORISM:

• Organized crime groups are motivated by

- money
• Terrorists are motivated by -ideology
 TYPES OF TERRORISM
• DOMESTIC/NATIONAL TERRORISM based and
operate entirely within a certain country.
• TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM terrorist groups who operate across
national borders, whose actions and political aspirations may affect
individuals of more than one nationality.
• INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM foreign based and is directed
against a country by countries or groups outside that country.
 Characteristics of Terrorism

• Distinction between domestic and international terrorism, i.e.,

Oklahoma City – September 11, 2001.

• Political in aims and motives.

• Exploitation of fear (terror) through violence or the threat

of violence.

• Psychological effects (fear through intimidation).

• Perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity.

 Characteristics of Terrorism
(cont’d)

• Designed to create power when there is no power.

• To terrorists, there are no rules of warfare or codes of conduct.

• The goal is that through the publicity generated from their

violence, terrorists will have the leverage to effect political
change.

• Perpetrated by some organizational entity with an identifiable

chain of command capable of conspiratorial conduct.
 Terrorism Typologies
• Nationalist: seek to form a separate state for their own
national group, i.e., freedom fighters. Examples include:
IRA, Basque Fatherland and Liberty, and Kurdistan Worker’s
Party.

• Religious: use violence to further what they believe are

divinely commanded purposes – a spiritual rather than a
military objective. Examples include: Al-Qaeda, HAMAS,
Hezbollah, Aum Shinrikyo.
 Terrorism Typologies
(cont’d)

• State-Sponsored: Used by radical states as foreign

policy – provide a cost effective way to wage war covertly
through terrorists, i.e., U.S. embassy – Tehran (1979). States
considered to sponsor terrorism include: Cuba, Iran, Iraq,
Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria.
 Terrorism Typologies
(cont’d)

• Left-Wing, Right-Wing, and Anarchist: Left-wing

groups seek to destroy capitalism and replace it with a
communist social regime. Right-wing groups seek to create
fascists states. Anarchists are revolutionaries who seek to
overthrow all forms of government. Examples include: Left-
Wing (Red Brigade, Baader-Meinhof Gang, Japanese Red
Army); Right-Wing (Neo-Nazis, skinheads, white
supremacists); and, Anarchist (contemporary anti-
globalization groups).
 TERRORIST MAY USE
• weapons of mass destruction
• threats to create fear
• traditional weapons
Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) is a term
used to describe a massive weapon with the
capacity to indiscriminately kill large numbers
of people. NBC – Nuclear, Biological, and
Chemical Weapons
• Nuclear Weapons Kill… Destroy…Contaminate…
 THE HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF
2007 REPUBLIC ACT 9372
• Policy (Sec. 2) • Protect life, liberty and
property from acts of terrorism;
• Condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous
to the national security of the country and to
the welfare of the people
• Make terrorism a crime against the Filipino
people, against humanity and against the law
of nations
• the law took effect on 15 July 2007
 Terrorism (Sec. 3) Three-part
definition:
• predicate act,
• results/consequences and
• objective
• Predicate acts • Piracy and mutiny on high seas(Art. 122) •
Rebellion or insurrection (Art. 134) • Coup d’etat (Art. 134-A)
• Murder (Art. 248) • Kidnapping and Serious Illegal
Detention (Art. 267) • Arson (Art. 324*; PD 1613) • RA No.
6235 (Anti- Hijacking Law) • PD No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Law of 1974) • PD No. 1866 as amended by
RA 8294 & 10592(Illegal Possession of Firearms and
Ammunition)
 Results/Consequences
• thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among the populace
• Objective • in order to coerce the government to give in to an
unlawful demand
• Penalty • 40 years of imprisonment without the benefit of
parole
• Period of Detention Without Judicial Warrant of Arrest • within
a period of three (3) days counted from the moment the said
charged or suspected person has been apprehended. • Note:
fine of Php 500,000.00 per day of unlawful detention of
innocent person.
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Al-Qaeda • translation: "The Base” is a global
militant Sunni Islamist group founded by
Osama bin Laden sometime between August
1988 and late 1989.
• It operates as a network comprising both a
multinational, stateless army and a radical
Sunni Muslim movement calling for global
Jihad.
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Hezbollah • Hezbollah (Arabic: ‫حزبهالل‬ḥizbu-llāh(i),
literally "Party of God") is a Shi'a Muslim militant
group and political party based in Lebanon.
• Hezbollah first emerged in response to the 1982
Israeli invasion of Lebanon, during the Lebanese civil
war.
• Hezbollah Leader Hassan Nasrallah Founded 1982 –
1985 (officially) • Ideology Shia Islamism Religion Shia
Islam • Official colours Yellow, Green
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Arabic: • Islamiah Jemaah( ‫الجماعةاإلسالمية‬, meaning
"Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI), •
is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization
dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah
(regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast Asia
incorporating Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern
Philippines, Singapore and Brunei. • JI was added to
the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist
organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25
October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution
1267.
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) •
Status : Rebel group controlling territory •
Largest city: Mosul, Iraq •
• Government: Caliphate (self-declared) •
Caliph (self-declared): Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,
"Caliph Ibrahim" • Field Commander:Abu
Omar al-Shishani • Formation: 8 April 2013 •
Declaration of caliphate:29 June 2014
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Abu Sayyaf Group • Abu Sayyaf , ASG, Filipino:
Grupong Abu Sayyaf) also known as al-Harakat al-
Islamiyya is one of several military Islamist separatist
groups based in and around the southern
Philippines, where for almost 30 years various
Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency
for an independent province in the country. • The
name of the group is derived from the Arabic ‫ابو‬, abu
("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith"). The group
calls itself "Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyya" or the "Islamic
Movement".
 Famous Terrorist Groups
• Boko Haram ("Western education is
forbidden"), • Active: 2002–present •
Ideology : Sunni Islamic fundamentalism •
Leaders: Abubakar Shekau ;Mohammed Yusuf
† • Area of operations: Nigeria, Cameroon,
Niger and Chad • Strength: Up to 9,000+ •
Opponents: Nigeria, Cameroon
 DRUG TRAFFICKING

Copyright © 2009 LEA -6 61

 Drug Trafficking
•Drug trafficking refers to illegal
drugs being sold and distributed.
Global heroin flows from Asian points of origin

Copyright © 2009 Cengage 62

Learning. All rights reserved.
 Cont;
• This problem of drugs is not only restricted to
a few countries but is global.
• For instance, the September 11 attacks is
linked to political terrorism under the hand of
terrorist or armed organizations through drug
trafficking. According to TNI (2003) many
armed conflict taking place may be financed
by illegal sources, of which a part derives from
drugs.
 Drug Trafficking
• A report said the global drug trade generated an
estimated US$321.6 billion in 2005.
• With a world GDP of US$36 trillion in the same year,
the illegal drug trade may be estimated as slightly
less than 1% of total global commerce.
• Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally.
• Illicit drug trafficking in the Philippines remains
difficult to bring to a halt due to new modus
operandi and the involvement of persons of
authority.
 Copyright © 2009 Cengage
Learning. All rights reserved.

COMPUTER/CYBER CRIMES

65
 Cyber/Computer Crimes
Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that
involves a computer and a network. The computer may have
been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the
target.

Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors

engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft,
and other cross-border crimes.
Activity crossing international borders and involving the
interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to
as cyber warfare.

The international legal system is attempting to hold actors

accountable for their actions through the International Criminal
Court. 66
Copyright © 2009 LEA-6
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
 NETCRIME
Netcrime refers to criminal exploitation of the
Internet.
Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and
financial health. Issues surrounding this type of
crime have become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding cracking, copyright infringement,
child pornography, and child grooming. There
are also problems of privacy when confidential
information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or
otherwise.
 Law Enforcement
Challenges With cybercrime
• Law enforcement has also increased and
stepped their game up. Just as crime has
developed with the use of computers, it’s
been a bit challenging to actually find and
convict criminals.
• Computers can be used to help facilitate a
crime, be the actual target, or even an
instrument of the crime.
 Cyber-Crime
• Cyber-Crime:
“..a crime committed where the use or knowledge of
computers is required”.
(e.g., denial of service, attacking passwords)
• Computer-assisted Crime:
“a crime in which the computer is used to assist in
perpetrating the crime”.
(e.g., fraud, child pornography)
 Various categories and types of
cybercrimes
Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3
major categories:

1. Cybercrimes against persons.

2. Cybercrimes against property.

3. Cybercrimes against government.

ROLE OF COMPUTER IN CRIME
Professionals who involve in these
cybercrimes are called
a. Hacker Answer is: b. Cracker
b. Cracker
c. Cyber criminal crackers sole aim is to break into secure
systems, hackers are more interested in
d. Cyber pro gaining knowledge about computer systems
and possibly using this knowledge for playful
pranks.
Although hackers still argue that there's a big
difference between what they do and what
crackers do, the mass media has failed to
understand the distinction, so the two terms -
- hack and crack -- are often used
interchangeably
 Hackers
• Definitions:
– 1) “an expert at programming and
solving problems with a computer”.
– 2) “a person who illegally gains access to
and sometimes tampers with information in
a
computer system”.

Source: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

WHO ARE CYBER CRIMINALS?
Targets:
Imagine Planning for These Contingencies

ATM
Failures
Telephone
Power Outages Trade Center
Outages
Poisoned Water
Supply Bridges Airliner
Down Crash

City ISPs All

Offline

Oil Refinery System Down

Fire

Unrelated Events or Strategic Attack?

 The transnational character of computer
crimes creates new challenges for the law.
• More than any other international crime, the
speed, mobility, flexibility, significance and
value of transactions in and for which cyber
crimes are committed profoundly challenge
the existing rules of international criminal
law.
• The Philippines passed the Cybercrime
Prevention Act Republic Act No. 10175.
 Republic Act No. 8792
This Act shall be known as the “Electronic
Commerce Act”.
• Addressee refers to a person who is intended
by the originator to receive the electronic data
message or electronic document.
•The term does not include a person acting as an
intermediary with respect to that electronic
data message or electronic document.
 Corruption and Bribery of Public
Officials

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 80

 Definition of Corruption
• The most commonly used definition of
corruption refers to the abuse of a public
position for private gain
• Corruption is facilitated by bribery,
embezzlement and theft but also by nepotism
and cronyism
• Corruption affects both the public and private
sectors and is often subdivided into grand and
petty corruption
• It ranges from the provision of small gifts to the
misappropriation of public assets at the highest
levels
 Causes of Corruption
The three most important causes of corruption
for both high and low income countries are
estimated to be:
– Norms and values of public servants
– Lack of control, supervision, auditing
– Interrelationships – business, politics and state
 Scope of Corruption
The size and incidence of corruption might be
attributed to four key factors:
– The level of public benefits available
– The discretionary power of officials
– The level of risk associated with corrupt deals
– The relative bargaining power of the
corruptor and the corruptee
 Transnational Crime and Corruption

Corrupt acts include:

– Bribing or offering to bribe public officials
– Solicitation or acceptance by a public official,
directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage to
refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her
official duties
– OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-
– Foreign Bribery Convention and UNCAC
United Nation Convention Against Corruption-

– have focused on these forms of corruption

 Corruption

• Corruption is seen as the oldest

form of transnational crime
which is prevalent in all kind of
societies whether it is
democratic or under military
rule.
• Thus globalization can be held as
a main factor for the existence of
corruption in contemporary
societies which shows a strong
partnership between criminals
and white collar officials.
• Human Trafficking involves the recruitment,
transport, harboring, or sale of persons,
within or across national borders, for the
purpose of exploiting their labor.

• Trafficked persons are forced into

prostitution, domestic servitude, bonded
sweatshop labor, and other kinds of work
slavery-like practices.

• Trafficked persons are also victims of organ

removal and sale.
• Human trafficking is the acquisition of
people by improper means such as force,
fraud or deception, with the aim of
exploiting them.
• Smuggling migrants involves the
procurement for financial or other material
benefit of illegal entry of a person into a
State of which that person is not a national
or resident.
 Human Trafficking and Human Smuggling

• Trafficking in person
Usually involves coercion
Characterized by subsequent exploitation after
the illegal entry of a person into a foreign country.
Considered a human rights issue

• Human Smuggling
Usually does not involve coercion
Characterized by facilitating, for an illegal entry
of a person into a foreign country
Considered a migration concern
PHILIPPINE DOMESTIC LAWS
• Republic Act No. 9208-“Anti-trafficking in Persons
Act of 2003”.
• Republic Act No. 7610-“Special Protection of
Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act”.
• Republic Act No. 8042-“Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipino Act”
• Republic Act No. 6955-“An Act to Declare Unlawful
the Practice of Matching Filipino Women for
Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a Mail-Order Basis
and Other similar Practices…
• Republic Act No. 8239- “Philippine Passport Act of
1996”
 EUROPE

ASIA

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA
CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

• Poverty
• Uneven economic development
• Family orientation & values
• Weak enforcement of laws
• Corruption
• Immediate benefits of working abroad
 ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT
R.A. 8042

Illegal Recruitment shall mean any act

of canvassing, enlisting, contracting,
transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring of
workers which includes referring, contract
services, promising or advertising for
employment abroad, whether for profit or
not, when undertaken by a non-license or
non-holder of authority
Modus Operandi of Illegal
Recruiters
• Tourist Worker Scheme – workers leave the
country as tourists but are actually leaving for
employment abroad.
• Escort Services – workers are “escorted” at
the airports and seaports and allowed to leave
even without the required travel documents
• Blind Ads – advertisements for overseas
employment published in the dailies do not
indicate the name of the recruiter but
provides a P.O. Box to which applications may
be submitted.
• By Correspondence – applicants are encouraged to
submit their requirements through mail together
with seemingly minimal fee.
• Backdoor Exit – workers leave through the southern
ports of exit where immigration control is lax. They
usually leave on cargo ships or on boats.
• Assumed identity – workers leave under another
name either using the name of another worker or
through the “baklas system” or obtaining passports
through fake birth certificates and other documents.
Minors are usually deployed through this scheme.
• Direct hiring – workers are recruited directly by
the foreign employer and deployed either as
tourists or through any of the other illegal means.
• Trainee-Worker Scheme – workers are recruited
and deployed as trainees on a training agreement.
More often, HRM students leaving in the guise of
a traineeship program for hotels abroad but
eventually landing jobs in hotels/restaurants
abroad.
• Visa Assistance or Immigration Consultancy
Scheme – entities operating under the guise
of consultancy or offering services for visa
facilitation are actually engaged in
recruitment by offering placement abroad on
immigrant visa. Some of them also operate
through the conduct of orientation seminars,
which are actually
recruiting activities.
• Camouflaged participants/representatives in
seminars/sports events – workers leave as
participants in seminars or sports events
abroad but actually intend to work there.

• Mail Order Bride Scheme – marriage is

arranged by brokers between Filipino women
and foreigners. The Filipino wife ends up
being a domestic helper to her husband and
his family or in worst situations abroad.
• Tie-Up or Kabit System – unlicensed
recruiters tie-up with licensed agencies and
recruit workers through the facilities of the
latter. Workers are either deployed under the
job order of the licensed agency but actually
work for another employer abroad or the
foreign principal of the unlicensed recruiter is
registered or accredited under the licensed
agency’s name.
 ADOPTION METHOD
• Adoption of Children to smuggle out of the
country;
• Foreigners will pretend to adopt them; but
the reality, they will be sold to:
-labor markets
-Prostitution dens
 FAMILY TOURS
• Organized by unscrupulous travel agency
to have one “bogus family”;
• Somebody will pretend as parents; and
• Children will use tampered documents
to complete the bogus family.
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
BACKDOOR EXIT

MANILA – PALAWAN – KUDAT, MALAYSIA

BACKDOOR EXIT

MANILA – PALAWAN – CAGAYAN DE ORO –

TAWI-TAWI – SANDAKAN – KOTA
KINABALU
 PEOPLE SMUGGLING

• People smuggling or trafficking is another form of

transnational crime which is the fastest growing
crime in contemporary world .According to the
reports of Australian Institute of criminology.
• Thus it could be clearly pointed out that people
smuggling is a well organized crime like other crimes
which involves less risk and maximum gains.
• In order to understand human trafficking we need to
look at the broader aspect of people smuggling
which will further clear our doubts and questions
regarding why people smuggling takes place and
what are the impacts of this criminal activity
 People smuggling
• (also called human smuggling), under US law,
is "the facilitation, transportation, attempted
transportation or illegal entry of a person or
persons across an international border, in
violation of one or more countries' laws,
either clandestinely or through deception,
such as the use of fraudulent documents“.
 People Smuggling
• Internationally, the term is understood as and often
used interchangeably with migrant smuggling,
• which is defined in the Protocol against the
Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air,
supplementing the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime as the
procurement, in order to obtain, directly or
indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the
illegal entry of a person into a state party of which
the person is not a national".
People Smuggling
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 112
 Environmental Crime
• Environmental crime can be broadly defined as
illegal acts, which directly harm the environment.
• International bodies such as the G8, Interpol,
EU, UN Environment Program and the UN
Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
have recognized the following environmental
crimes:
• Interpol fights two types of environmental
crime:
• 1.pollution
2. wildlife
Copyright © 2009 SEReNNA
113
MISCHE
 Recognized Environmental Crimes
•Illegal wildlife trade in endangered species in contravention to the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and
Flora (CITES);

•Smuggling of Ozone depleting substances (ODS) in contravention to the

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer;

•Dumping and illicit trade in hazardous waste in contravention of the 1989

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes and their Disposal;

•Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in contravention to controls

imposed by various regional fisheries management organizations;

•Illegal logging and the associated trade in stolen timber in violation of

national laws.

Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. All

rights reserved. 114
 Sample of Environmental crimes

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

Learning. All rights reserved. 115
 Crime against nature

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

Learning. All rights reserved. 116
 Ozone Depleting Chemicals

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and

other halogenated ozone depleting
substances (ODS) are mainly
responsible for man-made chemical
ozone depletion. The total amount
of effective halogens (chlorine and
bromine) in the stratosphere can
be calculated and are known as the
equivalent effective stratospheric
chlorine (EESC).
 Wild Life Crime

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

Learning. All rights reserved. 118
 Wild Life Crime
• Illegal wildlife trade has exploded to meet
increasing demand for elephant ivory, rhino
horns, and tiger products, particularly in Asia.
Controlled by dangerous crime syndicates,
wildlife is trafficked much like drugs or
weapons.
• Wildlife criminals often operate with
impunity, making the trade a low-risk/high-
profit business. Today, it is the fifth most
profitable illicit trade in the world, estimated
at up to $10 billion annually.
 I am not a rug
Every part of the tiger—from whisker to tail—is traded in illegal wildlife
markets. Poaching is the most immediate threat to wild tigers. In
relentless demand, their parts are used for traditional medicine, folk
remedies, and increasingly as a status symbol in some Asian cultures.
 Environmental Crimes

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

Learning. All rights reserved. 121
 Global momentum in elephant conservation

• June 20, 2016 Elephants have been hit hard by

a global poaching epidemic that’s emptying
the planet of an array of wildlife.
• As many as 30,000 elephants are killed for
their ivory each year. But people and
governments are taking a stand for these
remarkable animals – and making a
tremendous impact.
 Environmental Crimes

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

123
Learning. All rights reserved.
 Trafficking of
Persons

Copyright © 2009 Cengage

124
Learning. All rights reserved.
 Definition:
Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings
for the purposes of reproductive slavery,
commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or
a modern-day form of slavery.
The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children (also referred to as the Trafficking
Protocol) was adopted by the United Nations in
Palermo, Italy in 2000, and is an international
legal agreement attached to the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime.
The Trafficking Protocol is one of three Protocols
adopted to supplem1 2 5ent the Convention.
Copyright © 2009 lea 6.
 Republic Act 9208
• Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003”
• “AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO
ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN,
ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE
PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF TRAFFICKED
PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS
VIOLATIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”
 The Trade in Women and
Children
• Based on supply
and demand from
sending and
receiving
countries, regions,
or cities
 Supply of Victims
• Easy recruitment of women and girls
– Poverty
– Unemployment
– War
– Lack of opportunity or a
promising future
– “Love” and security
– Eager for Western lifestyle
 Supply of Victims
Where will trafficking
occur?
• Where traffickers
operate
• Traffickers target
cities, regions based
on the ease of
recruiting victims
• Traffickers target
vulnerable women
and children -
anywhere
Is There a Demand for Trafficked Victims?
• There is a demand for commercial sex
acts, not for trafficked women
• No evidence that men attempt to distinguish
between “free” and “forced” or women and
girls
 The Demand Side of Sex Trafficking
• Sex trafficking process
begins with the demand for
victims
Receiving/destination countries,
regions, cities
– Legal or tolerated sex industries
and prostitution

• Few women will enter

prostitution if they have
other choices

• Pimps cannot recruit

enough local women
 Demand Factors
1) Men who purchase sex acts

2) Exploiters who make up

sex industry and
supporting services –
Profiteers

3) States (countries) that

profit, particularly the
destination countries

4) Culture that glamorizes,

eroticizes & romanticizes
the sex trade
 ARMS TRAFFICKING

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 133

SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS
ARMS SMUGGLING
• “Firearms - includes rifles, muskets, carbines,
shotguns, revolvers, pistols and all other
deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball,
shot, shall or other missile maybe discharged
by means of gun powder or other explosives.
The barrel of firearms shall be considered
complete firearms.” --- PD 1866:
• Illegal Arms Trafficking or Gunrunning
involves the act of smuggling contraband
weapons and ammunitions.
• “FIREARMS - Any barreled weapon that will
or is designed or may be readily converted to
expel a bullet or projectile by the action of an
explosive.” ….UN Firearms Protocol
• “SMALL ARMS - weapons designed for an
individual use…”

• “LIGHT WEAPONS - are designed to be

deployed and used by a crew of two (2)
or more...”
 Definition:
Arms trafficking, also known
as gunrunning, is the illegal
trafficking or smuggling of
contraband weapons or
ammunition.

Copyright © 2009 ARMS

138
TRAFFICKING
 Arms Trafficking
What constitutes legal trade in firearms varies
widely, depending on local and national laws.
• Illicit arms trafficking fuels civil wars,
contributes to sky-rocketing crime rates and
feeds the arsenals of the world's worst
terrorists.

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 139

 Sea Piracy
• "Piracy is the act of
boarding any vessel
with an intent to
commit theft or any
other crime, and with
an intent or capacity
to use force in
furtherance of that
act."

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 140

 SEA PIRACY

Piracy is often referred to as a

"movable crime" because new
hot spots tend to pop up all the
time while other locations return
to relative peace.
One thing for sure, for some time
now the 2 most dangerous areas
without peer are on either side of
the Strait of Malacca, between
Malaysia on one side and the
Indonesian Island of Sumatra on
the other.
Copyright © 2009 SEA PIRACY 141
 TYPES OF PIRATES
• The first type of pirate is your standard issue low-life
criminal. These are scum who find it more expedient to
just steal your finger, instead of taking the time to remove
your ring.
• The second pirate type is a more sophisticated organized
crime group such as the five gangs thought to control a
significant percentage of piracy in Southeast Asia or one
of the several triads believed to control this crime in
China.
• The third and perhaps the most troubling type is the
"Semi-Official Military Pirate," examples of which have
been seen in China, Indonesia & Somalia and elsewhere.

Copyright © 2009 TYPES OF

PIRATES 142
 Theft of Arts
• Art theft is usually for the purpose of resale or
for ransom (sometimes called artnapping).
• Stolen art is sometimes used by criminals to secure
loans. One must realize that only a small percentage
of stolen art is recovered. Estimates range from 5 to
10%.
• This means that little is known about the scope and
characteristics of art theft.
• According to UNESCO, and police statistics the
problem of art theft is number three in magnitude
after illicit trade in drugs and arms. However there is a
wide gap between these two (each over US$ 100
million, and art tyhrighet ©ft20: sAort Tmhefte US$ 6 million.
 The White Duck

• Jean-Baptiste
Oudry's The White
Duck, which was
stolen in 1990

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6. 144

Notable unrecovered works

• Jan van Eyck painting

"Ghent Altarpiece",
finished 1432.
• Detail: Just Judges
stolen panel
reproduction painted
by Vanderveken

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 145

 Notable unrecovered works

Johannes
Vermeer: The
Concert
(c.1658-1660)

Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 146

 TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BODY
PARTS
• Organ trade is the
trade involving human
organs for
transplantation.
• There is a worldwide
shortage of organs
available for
transplantation, possibly
a result of regulations
forbidding their
trafficking
Copyright © 2009 LEA 6 147
End of Transnational Crime

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

Paradigms of Democratic Policing

Fragmented System
Centralized System
Integrated System
Fragmented System: extremely decentralized

Characteristics:

1. Numerous Police Agencies

2. Severe limitations on police Authority
3. Tolerate a high degree of crime in exchange for
greater civil liberties

Examples: Belgium, Canada, The Netherlands,

Switzerland, and the United States
 United States
• The American system of policing is unique by world
standards. There are approximately twenty thousand
state and local police agencies in the United States
(Maguire, et al.; Reaves and Goldberg, 1999).
• Other English-speaking democracies have a much smaller
number: Canada has 461, England has forty-three, India
has twenty-two, and Australia has eight (Bayley).
• Furthermore, the majority of police agencies in the
United States are only loosely connected to one another.
• Many have overlapping jurisdictions at multiple levels of
government, including city or town, township, county,
state, and federal agencies.
 United States

Fragmented Systems of policing sometimes referred

to as « nonsystems » or as being « extremely
decentralized »

Three dominant features of policing in the United

States can be traced to its English heritage; These
features are:
 United States
1. Limited Authority: The power of the police is clearly
circumscribed by law, individual liberty is jealously
protected at the expense of social control.
2. Local control.
The responsibility for providing police services rests
primarily on local governments.
While there are numerous variations within the
United States regarding the organization of local,
state, and federal police agencies, for the most part
policing in the United States is highly decentralized
 United States
3. Fragmented law enforcement.
The responsibility for providing police services which is
borne predominantly by local agencies, is usually
divided among several different agencies
within an area.
This often leads to problems with
communication, cooperation, and control
am0ng agencies
Checks and balances/Separation
of powers
The constitution of the The Federal Government
United States (Sovereign over federal
law)

The constitution of the The State Governments

various States (Sovereign over state
law)
 Executive Authority
Every law enforcement agency has a Chief of police/police
chief executive official. commissioner/superintendent/sheriff
Deputy Chief of police/Deputy
The most common title is;
Commissioner/Deputy
• Police Chief Superintendent/undersheriff
• Sheriff Inspector/commander/colonel
Major/deputy inspector
• Director
Captain
• Superintendent Lieutenant
• Colonel Sergeant
Detective/Inspector/Investigator
• Commissioner Officer/Deputy Sheriff/corporal
• Martial
• Chief constable
 Centralized Systems
Police control under direct control of the National Government

• Characteristics:
1. National Government held accountable
for success or failure of law enforcement
2. Rights of society outweigh those of
individual citizens
Example: France, Italy, finland, Israel, Thailand, Taiwan, Ireland,
Denmark, and Sweden
 Police in France

1. Single System of law administration of justice

2. Servants of the Republic rather than
local governments
 Police in France
Law enforcement bodies
• In France, the State is responsible for protecting persons and
property, maintaining public order and enforcing the law.
These tasks are performed by two institutions, the Police
Nationale and the Gendarmerie Nationale.
• Other government institutions are responsible for law
enforcement in their particular sectors.
• Two main examples are the Direction générale des Douanes
et Droits indi-rects (Customs Office) and the Direction
générale de la Concurrence, de la Consom-mation et de la
Repression des Fraudes (Competition, Consumption and
Fraud Office), both of which are departments of the Ministry
of Finance.
 • Possible Role Models: Police
Structures in
Established
Democracies

JAPAN, USA, ENGLAND and France

 Possible Role Models: Police Structures in
Established Democracies
• Describing the police structures and police
reform in established democracies serves two
purposes. On the one hand, those states are
likely to serve as role models for states in
transition to democracy.
• On the other hand, it serves as a frame of
reference to asses whether the police
structures in the case studies are rather
centralized or decentralized by international
comparison.
 ENGLAND
• The police structures in England and Wales are
identical. In Scotland the local control is exercised
mainly through representatives of the judiciary and
less through local council members. In Northern
Ireland the centralized colonial policing model has
been kept until today. But a police reform is part of
the peace agreement of 2006.
• On some Channel Islands unpaid constables are still
part of the policing system (Mawby 1999: 33, 41-45,
BBC 2006).
 USA
• the characteristic of the US policing system
are police agencies on all state levels: the
municipality, the county, the state, and the
federal level.
• The system is clearly decentralized, when it
comes to preventive policing and emergency
response. But the federal level has increasing
competencies when it comes to the
investigation of trans-state crimes and
especially organized crime.
 Policing in France
• The main characteristic of the French police
structure remained the different centralized
police forces, which are accountable to
different national ministries.
 JAPAN
• This police structure is in existence in Japan
until today. In essence, it can be described
as centralized system, with minor
decentralized consultation mechanisms.
 The Police Kobans

Chuzaiso Kobans
 POLICE IN JAPAN
• The police in Japan stand out as an apolitical
body that function under the general
supervision of independent agencies free of
direct central government executive control.
The police are further checked by an
independent judiciary and monitored by a
free and active press.
National Public Safety Commission
(NPSC)
• The NPSC is a governmental body responsible mainly
for the administrative supervision of the police and
coordination of police administration.
• It also oversees matters relating to police education,
communication, criminal identification, criminal
statistics, and police equipment.
• Originally installed by the Occupation Forces to
“democratize” the Japanese police, the public safety
commissions emerged as a powerful institution
buffering the NPA and prefectural forces from public
scrutiny and political influence.
 National Police Organization
The National Public Safety Commission and the National Police
Agency constitute Japan’s national police organization.
National Public Safety Commission
• The National Public Safety Commission exercises administrative
supervision over the National Police Agency.
• While the Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Prime
Minister, the Prime Minister is not empowered to exercise direct
command or control.
• This ensures the Commission’s independence and its political
neutrality.
 NPSC
• The NPSC is composed of a Minister of State as its
chair, and five other members appointed by the prime
minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet.
• The Minister of State is positioned as the chairman of
the NPSC to facilitate a balance between ensuring
political neutrality and clarifying the cabinet’s
responsibilities regarding public safety .
• The remaining members of the NPSC can be members
of the public, lawyers, journalists etc.
• Retired police officers are only eligible if removed from
the police for over 10 years.
System of Public Safety
Commissions
 National Police Agency (NPA)
• The NPA is the central coordinating body for the entire
police system in Japan empowered under Article 13 of
the Police Law 1954 .
• It is responsible for determining general standards and
policies, as well as funding through its central office ,
while detailed direction of operations is left to the lower
echelons of the police in the prefectures.
• Only in case of a national emergency or a large-scale
disaster is the agency authorized to take command of
prefectural police forces.
 National Police Agency
Organization and Authority
• The NPA is headed by a Commissioner General
• who is appointed or dismissed by the Commission
with the approval of the Prime Minister.
• The Commissioner General, under the administrative
supervision of the Commission, administers the
agency’s operations, appoints and dismisses agency
employees and supervises and controls prefectural
police organizations within the agency’s defined
duties:
National Police Academy
NRIPS and IGH
 Regional Police Bureaus (RPB)
• The National Police Agency maintains regional police bureaus,
each responsible for a number of prefectures. There are seven
bureaus in the major cities, excluding Tokyo and the northern
island of Hokkaido. Each is headed by a Director General and
has an organizational set up similar to the central office.
• The RPB’s are responsible for certain duties given under Article
5 (2) of the Police Law. These RPBs are located in major cities
of each geographic region.
• Each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over
prefectural police within its jurisdiction as well as provides
them with support services under the authority and orders of
NPA’s Commissioner General. Attached to each RPB is a
Regional Police School which provides training to police
personnel for all prefectures that come under it.
 Organization in the Prefectures
• Each prefectural government is a local entity and comparable to a
state/provincial government in South Asia. The Police Law 1954
stipulates that each prefecture shall have its own Prefectural
Police (PP).
• The PP is supervised by the Prefectural Public Safety Commission
(PPSC), similar to the NPSC, and the PP’s are responsible for
carrying out all police duties within the boundaries of the
prefecture.
• These police are then sub-divided at the Police Station and Police
sub-station levels. This organization only differs on the island of
Hokkaido . The PP headquarters are under the supervision and
control of RPB’s of the NPA within defined duties under Article
5(2) of Police Law 1954
RPB
Organization in the Prefectures
THE LINE OF COMMAND
 Rank
Police officers are divided into nine
ranks:
1. superintendent general,
2. Superintendent supervisor,
3. chief superintendent,
4. senior superintendent
5. superintendent ,
6. Police inspector,
7. assistant police inspector,
8. police sergeant and
9. police officer.
 Promotion
The police promotion process differs according to
rank.
• Promotion up to police inspector is based on
written examination and professional
accomplishment. In each case, however,
knowledge, skill and experience are taken into
consideration.
• Promotion to superintendent or above is based
on an evaluation of ability, experience and work
record.
 Pay and Welfare
• Because police work is inherently dangerous, police officers are
paid under a special pay scale. Their initial salary in the case of
high school graduates is, on average, approximately 15% higher
than that of administrative service personnel.
• Police officers who engage in dangerous or difficult duties, such
as criminal investigation, traffic control and vehicle patrols, are
also paid special allowances.
Recruitment
• Recruitment procedures of NPA police officers differ from those
of the Prefectural Police Headquarters.
• The NPA recruits from those who have passed the National
Public Service Examinations conducted by the National
Personnel Authority.
• These officers are assigned either to the NPA or the PPH as key
members.
 Educational Training
• Newly recruited prefectural police officers undergo an initial
training program consisting of pre-service training course, on-
the-job training, pre-service progress course, and the actual
exercise course.
• Educated training for high school graduates is 21 months (15
months for university graduates).
• High school graduates first attend a ten-month pre-service
training course at the prefectural police school (6 months for
university graduates). During the course, they acquire basic
community policing knowledge and skills.
• After graduation, they are assigned to a police station for 3
months of on-the-job training under instruction of a senior
officer.
 Assessment
• The public safety model was applied in Pakistan through the ill-
fated Police Order 2002, where, similar to Japan, the public
safety commissions where divided at the national, provincial
and district level.
• “Pakistan is the only country in Asia other than Japan to have
instituted the transparent system of neutral oversight of its law
enforcement agencies”, Minister for Interior, Aftab Ahmad
Khan Sherpao stated in 2006 . Due to poor implementation, this
model has not been successful in Pakistan, and was seen simply
as a politically motivated move by the Musharraf government to
have greater federal control over provincial police.
 Cont;
• Perhaps the main difference lies in our societies.
• The Japanese, for well over a century have acquiesced to
observe the unceasing duty of balancing the conflicting
demands of traditional hierarchy, discretion, circumspection
and reticence on the one hand, with Western-style ambition,
logic and assertive argumentation on the other particularly in
the post-war period.
• The discipline and homogeneity of their population is the
probable reason for their success as compared to other Asian
and western counterparts

http://www.nipsa.in/newsletter/2010-2/october-2010/
 Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
• Peacekeeping is defined by the United Nations
as "a unique and dynamic instrument
developed by the Organization as a way to
help countries torn by conflict create the
conditions for lasting peace“.
 Duty of Peacekeepers
• Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace
processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-
combatants in implementing the peace
agreements they may have signed. •
Accordingly UN peacekeepers (often referred
to as Blue Beret because of their light blue
berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police
officers, and civilian personnel.
The PNP's international deployments
are:
• CAMBODIA: 1992-93 ♦United Nations
Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) •
HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present ♦Operation
Uphold Democracy in Haïti –
• International Police Monitors component
EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002 ♦UN Mission in East
Timor (UNAMET)
Selection and Qualifications Terms of
Deployment
COVERAGE of the UNSAT Prequalifying
Examinations will be as follows:
• 1st Stage Written Examination
• (Reading Comprehension, Listening
Comprehension, Report Writing)
• 2nd Stage • Driving Proficiency Test
• 3rd Stage Firing
• Proficiency Test.
 QUALIFICATIONS
• Age Requirement
• All applicants must not be less than twenty
five (25) years old or more than Fifty three(53)
years old upon actual deployment.
 Rank Requirement
• For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs):
• Only those with the rank of Police Senior
Inspector, Police Chief Inspector, or Police
Superintendent are allowed to apply. •
• For Police Noncommissioned Officers
(PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket
of Police Officer 3 to Senior Police Officer 4
are allowed to apply. • All applicants must
have been appointed in permanent status in
their respective present ranks.
 Service Requirement
• All applicants must have attained a minimum
of five (5) years of active police service
(excluding cadetship, officer
orientation/trainee course, and police basic
course) by the first day of the UNSAT
examinations.
• Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is
Police Director Rodolfo A Tor, who became the first
Filipino police commissioner of a UN operation.
• In 2006, he was tasked to head the UN Integrated
Mission in Timor-Leste, one of the largest civilian
police operations established by the UN.
• The PNP Contingent's first female member was
noncommissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A
Mardicas (deployed to East Timor in August 1999),
while its first female police commissioned officer was
Police Inspector Aurisa I Mitra (deployed to Kosovo
in July 2000).
 END of Topic

• INTERPOL is NEXT
• References
• http://www.studymode.com/subjects/effects-
on-globalization-to-law-enforcement-
page1.html
• http://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/stop-
wildlife-crime