laLdkj jkstxkj jk"Vªokn yksdfgrokn

HkkfV;k vkJe] lwjrx<+

¼bZekunkj iz'kklu] laosnu'khy iz'kklu] ldkjkRed ncax iz'kklu] tkfrokn jfgr iz'kklu½
jktLFkku jkT; ,oa v/khuLFk lsok,¡ la;qDr çfr;ksxh ¼eq[;½ ijh{kk&2021
Paper- III
20 Qjojh 2022] jfookj
mRrjdq¡th
vad&200 le; & 3 ?k.Vs
PAPER-III GENERAL STUDIES & GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
(Total Marks : 200 Marks)
(Total 48 Question)
Unit-I (75 Marks)
Part-A Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 15 words each. Each question
carries 2 marks.
1- mu nks izeq[k oknksa ds uke fyf[k, tks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps ls lacfa /kr FksA
mŸkj %& 1- ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; okn ¼1973½ & blesa loksZPp U;k;ky us lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds vf/kdkj
ij ,dek= izfrca/k yxk;k fd blds ek/;e ls lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps dks {kfr ugha igq¡puh pkfg,a
2- feuokZ feYl cuke Hkkjr ljdkj okn ¼1980½ & U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu ds fl)kUr dks lafo/kku dk vk/kkHkwr y{k.k
crk;k x;kA
3- 'kadjh izlkn dsl ¼1951½ 4- xksydukFk dsl ¼1967½
5- bafnjk usg: xka/kh dsl ¼1975½ 6- okeujko dsl ¼1981½
2- vf/kdkj i`PNk fjV dk D;k vk'k; gS \
mŸkj %& vf/kdkj i`PNk dk 'kkfCnd lanHkZ esa vFkZ ^^izkf/kÑr ;k okjaV ds }kjk^^ gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr }kjk yksd
dk;kZy; ds voS/k vukf/kdkj xzg.k djus dks jksdrk gSA fjV dks iwjd lkoZtfud dk;kZy;ksa ds ekeys esa rc tkjh
fd;k tkrk gS tc mldk fuekZ.k laoS/kkfud gksA
3-dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx vkSj jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds orZeku v/;{kksa ds uke fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx ds orZeku v/;{k & ;'ko/kZu dqekj flUgk
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds orZeku v/;{k & v:.k dqekj feJk
4- th&77 D;k gS \
mŸkj %& th&77 fo'o ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk ,d lewg gSaA ;g laxBu gkykafd la;qDr jk"Vª ds 'ks"k lewgksa dh
vis{kk de etcwr gS fdUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fgr dks vkxs j[kus okyk la;qDr jk"Vª esa ;g lcls cM+k lewg gSA
vHkh lwM+ku bl laxBu dk usr`Ro dj jgk gSA Hkkjr Hkh bldk lnL; gSA LFkkiuk 15 twu 1964] eq[;ky; & tsuos kA
5- ukxfjd lekt laxBu ^izFke* gky gh esa ppkZ esa D;ksa jgk \
mŸkj %& ukxfjd lekt laxBu izFke dks 'kkafr] fu%'kL=hdj.k ,oa fodkl gsrq o"kZ 2021 dk bafnjk xka/kh vUrjkZ"Vªh;
iqjLdkj fn;s tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA ^izFke^ f'k{kk dh xq.kork esa lq/kkj gsrq lefiZr laxBu gSA

-1-
 Part-B Marks : 25
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 50 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.
6- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& ^^ge Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d lEiw.kZ izHkqRo lEiUu] lektoknh] /keZfujis{k] yksdrkaf=d x.kjkT; cukus
ds fy, vkSj blds leLr ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] /keZ] fo'okl o
mikluk dh Lora=rk] izfr"Bk bkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djkus ds fy, rFkk O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk
rFkk v[kaMrk lqfuf'pr djus okyk] ca/kqRo c<+kus ds fy, n`<+ ladfYir gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk esa vkt fnukad
26 uoEcj 1949 dks ,rn~ }kjk bl lafo/kku dks vaxhÑr] vf/kfu;fer vkSj vkRefiZr djrs gSaA
7- dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft,A
mŸkj %& dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dsUnz ljdkj] esa Hkz"Vkpkj jksdus ds fy, ,d izeq[k laLFkk gSA lu~ 1964 esa dsUnz
ljdkj }kjk ikfjr ,d izLrko ds varxZr ldk xBu gqvk FkkA Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy, lq>ko nsus gsrq cukbZ xbZ
laFkkue lfefr ¼1962&64½ dh flQkfj'k ij bldk xBu gqvk FkkA
lajpuk & dsunzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx ,d cgqlnL;h; laLFkk gS] ftlesa ,d dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;qDr ¼v/;{k½ o nks ;k
nks ls de lrdZrk vk;qDr gksrs gSaA budh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d rhu lnL;h; lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij gksrh gSA
budk dk;Zdky 4 o"kZ vFkok 65 o"kZ rd] tks Hkh igys gks] rd gksrk gSA
dk;Z &
1- dsUnz ljdkj ds funsZ'k ij ,sls fdlh fo"k; dh tkap djuk ftlesa dsUnz ljdkj ;k blds izkf/kdj.k ds fdlh
deZpkjh }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1998 ds rgr~ dksbZ vijk/k fd;k x;k gksA
2- dsUnz ljdkj ds ea=ky;ksa o izkf/kdj.kksa ds lrdZrk iz'kklu ij utj j[kukA
3- dsUnz ljdkj vkSj blds izkf/kdj.kksa dks ,sls fdlh ekeys esa lykg nsukA
8- U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks ysdj D;k&D;k vk'kadk, O;kIr gSA fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks ysdj vk'kadk,¡ &
U;k;fon misUnz cD'kh us ml Hk; dk ftØ fd;k gS tks U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls mRiUu gksrk gSA ;s Hk; izdkj gS &
1- fopkjkRed Hk; & D;k os fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ;k ukxfjd lekt dh vU; Lok;Ÿk laLFkkvksa dh 'kfDr gM+i jgs
gSaA
2- ehekalkRed Hk; & D;k os vFkZ'kkL= esa eueksgu flag] oSKkfud ekeyksa esa ijek.kq ÅtkZ izfr"Bku ds ize[q kks]a rFkk
oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ ds dIrkuksa ds Lrj dk Kku j[krs gSaA
3- izca/ku laca/kh Hk; & bl izdkj ds oknksa dk vfrfjDr dk;Z Hkkj ysdj D;k os U;k; dj ik jgs gSaA ,d ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa tcfd igys ds cdk;k ekeyksa dk <sj lkeus gSA
4- oS/krk laca/kh O;; & D;k os vius izkf/kdkj dh gh {kfr ugha dj jgs gSaA
5- yksdra= lac/a kh Hk; & tufgr ;kfpdk okLro esa yksdra= dk iks"k.k dj jgh gS ;k lekIr dj jgh gSA
9- jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd izfrLi)kZ ds fofHkUu pj.k fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd izfrLi)kZ ds pkj izeq[k izfreku ns[ks tk ldrs gSa &
1- 'kh"kZ usr`Ro ds mFky&iqFku dk nkSj ¼1949&54½ & 1949 esa O;kl dh txg 'kkL=h th iz/kkuea=h cus buds ckn
osdaVkpkjh eq[;ea=h cus varr% O;kl eq[;ea=h cusA bl izdkj 6 o"kZ dh vof/k esa 5 eq[;ea=h cusA
2- LFkkf;Ro dk nkSj ¼1954&77½ & 1954 ls lq[kkfM+;k th 17 o"kZ rd eq[;ea=h jgsA ¼viokn 1967 jk"Vªifr 'kklu½
bl O;oLFkk dk var 1977 esa jkT; esa yxs nwljs jk"Vªifr 'kklu us fd;kA
3- xBca/ku ljdkjksa dk nkSj ¼1977&93½ & 1977 ls 10oha fo/kkulHkk rd xBca/ku nkSj pykA
4- f}nyh; iz.kkyh dk nkSj ¼1998 ls orZeku½ & 11oha fo/kkulHkk ls jkT; jktuhfr esa dkaxzsl & Hkktik nks nks nyksa
ds e/; fleV dj jg xbZA
f}nyh; jktuhfr &
1998&2003 & dkaxzsl
2003&2008 & Hkktik
2008&2013 & dkaxzsl
2013&2018 & dkaxzsl
2008&orZeku & dkaxzsl

-2-
10- usiky ds lanHkZ eas Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dks Li"V dhft,A
mŸkj %& usiky Hkkjr ds lkFk lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfr ,oa vkfFkZd laca/kksa ds dkj.k
gekjh fons'k uhfr esa fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA o"kZ 1950 dh ^Hkkjr & usiky 'kkafr vkSj fe=rk laf/k& nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp
ekStwnk fo'ks"k lac/a kksa dk vk/kkj gSA tks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp eqDr vkoktkgh] j{kk] fons'kh ekeys esa lg;ksx] usiky dks
Hkkjr ls gfFk;kj [kjhnus ds lkFk usiky dks Hkw&vkc) ns'k gksus ds dkj.k dbZ fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa es l[ke cukrh gSA
nksuksa ns'kksa esa lg;ksx ds {ks= &
 nksuksa ns'kksa esa ckS) o fgUnw /keZ ds fodkl o jkek;.k lfdZV dh ;kstuk lkaLÑfrd o /kkfeZd laca/kksa dh izrhd
gSA
 lkekftd&nksuksa ns'kksa esa eqDr vkoktkgh ds lkFk fookg o ikfjokfjd lac/a kksa dh uhao dks ^jksVh&csVh^ dk fj'rk^
uke fn;k x;k gSA
 vkfFkZd {ks= & Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa dk usiky esa fofHkUu vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa lyaXu gksuk] usiky }kjk dksydkrk
canjxkg dk mi;ksxA
 volajpuk fodkl {ks=] j{kk lg;ksx {ks=] vkink izca/ku] lapkj {ks= ¼Hkkjr ds jDlkWy&dkBekaMw bysfDVªd jsy
;kstuk½ tSls fons'kh uhfr ds O;kid {ks= gSA
gkfy;k dkykiuh fookn] phu dh ifj;kstuk dks ysdj Hkkjr dh ^fcx cznj^ dh Nfo mHkjuk] vf/kd phuh ds lkeus
Hkkjr dh ped dk Qhdh iM+uk tSsls eqíks ij Hkkjr dk dwVuhfrd gy gh t:jr gSA Hkkjr dh] igys iM+kSl dh
uhfr^ vkSj usiky ds lkFk vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd lg;ksx phuh izHkko ds eísutj usiky dh Hkwfedk dks vkyksfdr djrs
gSaA
Part-C Marks : 40
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 100 words each. Each question
carries 10 marks.
11- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa jktuhfrd xR;kRedrk dh n`f"V ls fuEu dk foospu dhft,A
1- oxZ dh Hkwfedk 2- Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk
mŸkj %& izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa oxksZa vkSj Hkk"kk dh mifLFkfr ,d lkoZHkkSfed lR; gSA oxZ vkSj Hkk"kk dk lekt
vkSj laLÑfr esa fo'ks"k LFkku gSA
1- jktuhfr esa oxZ dh Hkwfedk &
 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa oxZ dh de egrk gksus ij Hkh cgqr ls jktuhfrd nyksa dk fuekZ.k oxZ ds vk/kkj ij
gqvkA mnkgj.kr% lkE;oknh ikfVZ;ksa }kjk fuekZ.k ds vk/kkj ij ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk vkSj loZgkjk oxZ dk
leFkZu djukA
 izR;kf'k;ksa ds p;u esa Hkh jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk oxhZ; n`f"Vdks.k j[kk tkrk gSA
 er O;ogkj & if'pe caxky] dsjy] vka/kzizns'k] fcgkj o >kj[k.M tSls dqN jkT;ksa esa oxZ vk/kkfjr er
O;ogkj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
 ljdkj ds fu.kZ; o jktuhfrd in dk ykHk fdlh oxZ ds fgr ls lacaf/kr gks ldrk gSA
2- Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk &
 Hkk"kk;h fopkj Hkh yksxksa ds ernku O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA pquko ds nkSjku jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dh
Hkk"kk;h Hkkouk,¡ mHkkjdj muds fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
 Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu ¼1965 vkSj ckn esa Hkh½ gksuk Li"V :i ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa Hkk"kk;h
dkjd dk egRo n'kkZrk gSA
 rfeyukMq esa Mh,e ds rFkk vka/kzizns'k esa VhMhih tSls nyksa dk mn; fuf'pr :i ls Hkk"kkokn ds vk/kkj ij
gqvk gSaA
mi;qZDr fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfr esa Hkk"kk o oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks le>k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu
Hkk"kk;h eqís jktuhfrd nyksa dks ykHk igq¡pk ldrs gSa rFkk jktuhfr esa oxZ vk/kkfjr izHkko Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
mRrj 2 & jktuhfrd xR;kRedrk ls rkRi;Z ,sls dkjdksa ls gS tks jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gS] o orZeku izo`fr;ksa
dks Li"V djrs gSA ;s jktuhfr esa gksus okys cnyko dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA

-3-
jktuhfrd xR;kRedrk dh n`f"V ls oxZ dh Hkwfedk &
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa /keZ o tkfr us jktuhfr dks dkQh izHkkfor fd;k gSA vis{kkÑr oxZ dk izHkko de jgk] ijUrq
orZeku es oxZ psruk dk mn; e/;e oxZ] mPPk e/;e oxZ o fuEu oxZ esa gqvk gSA loZizFke oxZ fgr ; oxZ vk/kkfjr
jktuhfr ij /;ku dkyZ ekDlZ us dsfUnzr fd;k] mlus crk;k fd leku oxZ ds fgr leku tkfr ls vf/kd lekurk
j[krs gSA
orZeku esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr eas Hkh oxZ psruk vknZz gSA fofHkUu oxZ fcuk tkfr o /keZ ds vius fgrksa ds fy, vkokt
mBkus yxs gSaA orZeku esa blds dkQh mnkgj.k gSa & mPp e/;e oxZ tks orZeku esa ljdkj ds uhfr lac/kh ifjorZuksa
dk leFkZu djrk gS] tcfd fuEu ;k e/;e oxZ vk'kafdr eglwl djrk gS] D;ksfa d buds fgrksa esa varj gSA
jktuhfrd xR;kRedrk dh n`f"V esa Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk &
Hkk"kk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS] ftlesa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dks le; ij ,d Lo:i iznku fd;k gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ls gh
Hkk"kk;h vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dh ekax mBus yxh] ftlls Hkkjrh; ekufp= o jktuhfr dkQh ifjofrZr gqbZA
izkra ksa ds iquxZBu ds fy, /kj lfefr] tschih lfefr o Qty vyh vk;ksx yk, x, o 1956 esa jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu
dkQh gn rd Hkk"kk;h vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA ijUrq fofo/krk dh n`f"V ls ,d jkT; ,d Hkk"kk dks viukuk laHko ugha
;k vr% ;g leL;k fujarj tkjh gSA {ks=h; ikfVZ;ka bl vk/kkj ij vius pqukoh dSaisuksa dks vk;ksftr djrh gSA
tu&lkekU; ds fy, Hkh Hkk"kk ,d cM+k eqík gSA bldk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ds f[kykQ nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
vkanksyu gS] tks bls fgUnh dks Fkksius dh lkft'k ds :i esa ns[krs gSA
12- Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks jcM+ dh eksgj dgk tkrk gS A vki bl er ls lger gS ;k
vlger gS A mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& lafo/kku esa ljdkj dk Lo:i lalnh; gS QyLo:i jk"Vªifr dsoy dk;Zdkjh iz/kku gksrk gSA eq[; 'kfDr;k¡
iz/kkuea=h ds usr`Ro okys eaf=e.My esa fufgr gksrh gS vr% jk"Vªifr viuh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx iz/kkuea=h ds
usr`Ro okys eaf=e.My dh lgk;rk o lykg ls dj ldrk gS tks vuqPnsn 53 esa fyf[kr gS blhfy;s jk"Vªifr dks jcM+
dh eksgj dgk tkrk gSA
;|fi ;g dguk mfpr gksxk D;ksafd jk"Vªifr ds ikl dksbZ laoS/kkfud foosd Lora=rk ugha gSA ijUrq mlds
ikl dqN ifjfLFkfrxr foosd tU; Lora=rk,¡ gSA jk"Vªifr fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuh foosd Lora=rk dk iz;ksx
dj ldrk gSA
1- yksdlHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny ds ikl Li"V cgqer us gksus ij vFkok tc izHkko'kkyh dh vpkud e`R;q gks tk;s rFkk
mldk dksbZ Li"V mŸkjkf/kdkjh u gks] og iz/kkuea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
2- og eaf=e.My dks fo?kfVr dj ldrk gS] ;fn og lnu esa fo'okl er fl) u dj ldsA
3- og yksdlHkk dks fo?kfVr dj ldrk gS ;fn eaf=e.My us viuk cgqer [kks fn;k gksA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s vDVwcj 1997 es]a dsUnzh; eaf=e.My us jk"Vªifr ds vkjñ ukjk;.ku~ dks mŸkj izns'k esa
jk"Vªifr 'kklu ¼A356 ds vUrxZr½ yxkus dh flQkfj'k dh jk"Vªifr us ekeys dks iqufoZpkj ds fy;s ykSVk fn;k] rc
eaf=e.My us ekys dks vkxs u c<+kus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl izdkj chtsih dh dY;k.k flag ds usr`Ro okyh ljdkj cp
xbZA
13- ukxfjd lekt D;k gksrk gS \ Hkkjr esa ukxfjd lekt }kjk fd, x, jktuhfrd
vkanksyuksa vkSj mlds izHkkoksa dks fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& ukxfjd lekt dh ns'k ds fodkl vkSj dY;k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS] tks lŸkk dks fu;af=r o
turkUeq[kh cukrk gSA
ukxfjd lekt ls rkRi;Z ljdkj o O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ls brj ,sls lkekftd laxBuksa ls gS tks LosPNk rFkk
lkekftd dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls turk dh lsok djrs gS] xSj ljdkjh laxBu] miHkksDrk laxBu] i;kZoj.kh; lewg rFkk
lkekftd mís'; ls fufeZr lgdkjh laxBu ukxfjd lekt ds mnkgj.k gS &
v:.kk jkW; ds funsZ'ku esa 2005 esa pyk vkanksyu ftlus lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks lqfuf'pr fd;kA ogha
lqUnjyky cgqxq.kk dk fpidks vkanksyu Hkh ukxfjd lekt ds jktuhfrd vkanksyu dk mnkgj.k gSA ;g vkanksyu ,d
yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dk ykxw djkus esa budh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
jktuhfrd vkanksyuksa lq'kklu dh LFkkiuk] ikjnf'kZrk o ljdkjh uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa dh dfe;ksa dks turk dks] voxr
djkdj tokcnsfgrk dks Hkh c<+krs gSaA blds vykok xSj ljdkjh laxBu ds :i esa ljdkj dh dbZ ;kstukvksa dk
dq'ku fØ;kUo;u dj ;s iz'kklu dh xq.koŸkk Hkh c<+krk gSA Li"V gS fd lq'kklu esa ukxfjd lekt dh Hkwfedk vR;ar
egRoiw.kZ gSA
-4-
mRrj 2 & ukxfjd lekt dk rkRi;Z ljdkj rFkk O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ls brj ,sls lkekftd laxBuksa ls gS tks
LosPNk o lkekftd dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls turk dh lsok djrs gSA xSj ljdkjh laxBu] miHkksDrk laxBu] i;kZoj.kh;
lewg rFkk lkekftd mís'; ls fufeZr lgdkjh laxBu blds eq[; mnkgj.k gSA
Hkkjr esa ukxfjd lekt vkanksyuksa esa ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu] tu yksdiky fcy vkanksyu] v:.kk jk; ds usr`Ro eas
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds fy, vkanksyu izeq[k ukxfjd lekt vkanksyu gSA
ukxfjd lekt vkanksyuksa ds izHkko &
1- bu vkanksyuksa ls izz'kklu esa tu&lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kok feykA
2- iz'kklfud e'khujh ij tokcnsgh iz.kkyh ykxq dj ds] iz'kklu esa fujadq'krk o Hkz"Vkpkj ij yxke dlhA
3- LFkkuh; 'kklu dks l'kDr cukus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
4- ukxfjd lekt vkanksyuksa us lq'kklu dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA
5- ,d yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks ykxw djus esa bldh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
6- lgdkjh ;kstukvkas dk dq'ky fØ;kUo;u o iz'kklu dh xq.koRrk c<+kus esa Hkh budk eq[; ;ksxnku jgkA
ukxfjd lekt vkanksyu turk esa psruk tkx`r dj mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d cukrs gSa o ,d mRrjnk;h
iz'kklu dh LFkkiuk djrs gSaA
14- ;wØsu leL;k us fo'o esa iqu% 'khr;q) ln`'k okrkoj.k mRiUUk dj fn;k gSA dFku dh
leh{kk dhft,A
mŸkj %& :l&;wØus lhek ij ruko oSf'od ifjn`'; esa Hkh cM+k izHkkoh gSA lksfo;r la/k ds fgLls ds :i esa ;wØus :l
ds ckn lcls 'kfDr'kkyh x.kjkT; Fkk] ;g 'kfDr larqyu if'peh ns'kksa ds fy, lksfo;r cQj tksu ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA
ftl izdkj 'khr;q) ¼1945&1991½ esa vesfjdk o :l ds e/; v'kkafr o )a) dk okrkoj.k cu x;k Fkk]
;wØus leL;k us iqu% mls iquZthfor dj fn;k gS D;w¡fd &
 ;wØu s us mŸkjh vVykafVd laf/k laxBu ¼ukVks½ ls xBca/ku esa vius ns'k dh lnL;rk esa rsth ykus dk vkxzg
fd;k gSA
 :l us bl rjg ds ,d dne dks jsM+ ykbu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k gS vkSj vesfjdk ds usr`Ro okys lSU; xBca/kuksa
rd bldh igq¡p ifj.kkekvksa ds ckjs esa fpafpr gSA
 dkyk lkxj cqYxkfj;k] tkftZ;k] jksekfu;k] :l] rqdhZ vkSj ;wØu s ls f?kjk gSA ;s lHkh ukVks ns'k gSA
 ukVks ns'kksa vkSj :l ds chp bl Vdjko ds dkj.k dkyklkxj lkefjd egRo dk {ks= gS vkSj ,d lEHkkfor
leqnzh ¶yS'kikWbVa gSA
:l vesfjdk ls vk'oklu ekax jgk gS fd ;wØus dks ukVks esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk, gkykafd vesfjdk ,slk
dksbZ vk'oklu nsus dks rS;kj ugha gSA
:l ds f[kykQ vesfjdk ;k ;wjksih; la?k }kjk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh lSU; dk;Zokgh fo'o ds le[k ,d cM+k
ladV mRiUu dj nsxhA
fLFkfr dk ,d O;kogkfjd lek/kku feULd 'kkafr izfØ;k dks iquthZfor djuk gSA vr% blds fy, vesfjdk o
vU; if'peh ns'kksa dks nksuksa i{kksa dks ckrphr fQj ls 'kq: djus rFkk lhek ij lkis{k 'kkafr cgky djus ds fy,
feULd le>kSrs ds vuqlkj viuh izfrc)rkvksa dks iwjk djus gsrq izsfjr djuk pkfg,A
mRrj 2 & ;qØsu :l ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k lksfo;r x.kjkT; gS o ;g j.kuhfrd] vkfFkZd o lkaLÑfrd :i
ls dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSA :l] ;wØsu esa 'kfDr larqyu dk vius i{k esa j[kus ds iz;kl o ;wØsu dks ukVks esa 'kkfey
gksus ls jksdus gsrq iz;kljr gS tks fookn dk eq[; dkj.k gSA
orZeku esa bl leL;k us 'khr;q) ln`'k okrkoj.k mRiUu dj fn;k gSA tks fodklksa ls n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS &
1- blus iqu% :l o la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dks vkeus &lkeus [kM+k dj fn;k gSA
2- :l o la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk la?k"kZ vc Hkh fopkj/kkjk laca/kh erHksn /kkj.k fd, gq, gSA
3- eq[; la?k"kZ dk mís'; ns'kksa dks vius /kM+s esa 'kkfey djuk gS] tks 'khr;q) dk eq[; Lo:i FkkA
4- 'khr;q) dk eq[; y{k.k Fkk vkeus&lkeus dh yM+kbZ u yM+rs gq, cQj ns'kksa dk mi;ksx djuk] ;gh ;qØsu dh
Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx vkilh la?k"kZ dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA
5- 'khr ;q) dk eq[; y{; 'kfDr larqyu dk vius i{k esa djuk Fkk] o vc Hkh eq[; mís'; ;gh gSA
vr% mijksDRk vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku ifjfLFkfr 'khr;q) ln`'k gS] gkykafd ifjfLFkfr;ka o
le; vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.k ifj.kke vyx izkIr gks ldrs gSaA
-5-
1991 ds ckn ls varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dkQh ifjofrZr gks x;h gS] vc ns'k /kM+ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh ctk; O;fDrxr
laca/kksa fo'ks"kr% O;kikfjd lac/a kksa ij T;knk /;ku nsrs gSa tks vU; fooknksa dks de djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA
Unit-II (65 Marks)
Part-A Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 15 words each. Each question carries 2 marks.
1- izR;k;kstu o fodsUnzhdj.k esa dksbZ nks varj fyf[k,A
mŸkj %&
izR;k;kstu &
1- ;g ,d lhfer iz'kklfud vo/kkj.kk gSA
2- blesa v/khuLFk dks fu;e fuekZ.k o fu.kZ; dh Lora=rk ugha gksrh gSA
3- blesa vafre mŸkjnkf;Ro izR;k;kstd dk gksrk gSA
4- ;g laxBu dh vkarfjd dk;Z iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr gSA
5- izR;k;kstu lhfer vkaf'kd vYikof/k o fof'k"V gksrk gSA
fodsUnzhdj.k &
1- ;g ,d O;kid yksdrkafd= vo/kkj.kk gSA
2- blesa v/khuLFkksa dks fu;e fuekZ.k o fu.kZ;u dh Lora=rk gksrh gSA
3- blesa vafre mŸkjnkf;Ro v/khuLFk laLFkk dk gksrk gSA
4- ;g 'kklu iz'kklu laxBu turk dh lEiw.kZ dk;Z iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr gSA
5- fodsUnzhdj.k O;kid iw.kZ LFkk;h o lkekU; izÑfr dk gksrk gSA
2- ifjorZu izca/ku dk D;k vk'k; gS \
mŸkj %& ifjorZu izc/a ku ,d O;olk; ifjorZu dh izHkkoh izfØ;k gS tSls fd dk;Zdkjh usrk] izca/kd vkSj lhekorhZ
deZpkjh izkS|ksfxdh ;k laxBukRed ifjorZuksa dks lQyrkiwoZd ykxw djus ds fy, dke djrs gSaA ifjorZu izca/ku esa
,d pkyw laxBu esa u, rjhdksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa dk izHkkoh izc/a ku 'kkfey gSA
3- Lora= ikVhZ ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft,A
mŸkj %& Lora= ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk pØorhZ jktxksikykpkjh us dh FkhA ;g ikVhZ HkwriwoZ jktkvksa ds fgrksa dks egRo nsrh
FkhA izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ;g jktLFkku esa dkQh lQy jghA egkjkuh xk;=h nsoh blh ikVhZ ls t;iqj dh lkaln jghA
4- ftyk fu"iknd lfefr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
mŸkj & ftyk fu"iknd lfefr dk v/;{k ftyk dyDVj gksrk gS ;g ,d izdkj ls leLr ftys ds foHkkx izeq[kksa dh
ehfVax gksrh gS ftlesa ftys dh leL;kvksa ij ppkZ dj mudk rRdky fuLrkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
5- fuEu iqLrdksa ds ys[kdksa ds uke fyf[k,A
1- jktuhfr o iz'kklu 2- fizafliYl vkWQ ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku
3- QaD'ku vkWQ nh ,fXtD;wfVo 4- n LVMh vkWQ ,MfefuLVªs'ku ysd
mŸkj %& 1- Ýsd
a ñtsñ xqmukÅ 2- foyksch 3- psLVj cukZMZ 4- oqMjks foYlu
Part-B Marks : 25
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 50 words each. Each question
carries 5 marks.
6- uohu yksd iz'kklu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
mŸkj %&uo yksdiz'kklu dk tue 1968 esa gqvkA blds fy;s nks izeq[k ckrsa dgh & ^okYMks^ dk yksdiz'kklu fjO;w esa
Nik izfl) ys[k ^Økafrdky esa yksdiz'kklu^A
uo yksdiz'kklu dk tUe 1968 esa gqvkA ikjEifjd yksd iz'kklu ds f[kykQ ,d ldkjkRed fojks/khA
rduhd fojks/kh vkSj inkuqØe fojks/kh izfrfØ;k gSA turk dh yxkrkj cnyrh t:jrksa ds tokc esa ,d izpfyr
fl)kUr vkSj laLFkku vkSj iz'kklu mUgsa dSls gy ldrs gSaA

-6-
 u;k yksdiz'kklu 1968 esa MokbV~ okYMks ds laj{k.k esa vk;ksftr igys feuksczqd lEesyu esa viuh mRifr dk
irk yxrk gSA okYMks us crk;k fd ljdkj vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ds izfr turk ds fo'okl ds iqufuekZ.k ds fy;s lsok {ks=
ds fy, uSfrd nkf;Roksa dks lq/kkjus dk vkg~oku vko';d gS Fkk] ftlesa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj nwljksa ds ladh.kZ u;k yksd
iz'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ &
1- tokcnsgh 2- xzkgd dsfUnzrrk 3- iz'kklu esa lajpukRed ifjorZu
4- tkx:drk 5- lajpuk ifjorZu
7- yksd iz'kklu ds fuEu fl)krksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft,&
1- oSKkfud izca/ku dk fl)kar 2-eSDl oscj dk ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar
mŸkj %&
1- oSKkfud izca/ku dk fl)kUr & F.W. Taylor }kjk fn;k x;kA Vsyj ds vuqlkj izca/ku lPpk foKku gS] D;ksfd
;g Li"V :i ls fu/kkZfjr dkuwuksa] fu;eks]a fu;eksa o fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr rFkk gj izdkj ds laxBuksa ij lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls ykxw gksrk gSA lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa dgk tk, rks ^dk;Z djus ds Js"B rjhdksa dh [kkst^A
2- eSDl oscj dk uKSdj'kkgh fl)kUr & oscj us ukSdj'kkgh dks vfuok;Z rFkk LFkk;h ekuk gSA oscj ds vuqlkj
ukSdj'kkgh ,d izHkqRo gSA rFkk ;g lkekftd laxBu ds leku gSA vkSj oscj ds }kjk bls ¼ukSdj'kkgh½ dks lkoZtfud
ifj?kVuk ekuk x;k gSA D;ksfa d /khjs&/khjs ukSdj'kkgh ds y{k.k laxBu esa vkus yxrs gSaA oscj ds }kjk ukSdj'kkgh dks
iz'kklu dh rdZiw.kZ O;oLFkk ekuk x;k gSA
8- ,d mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ds rkSj ij fo'ks"kK dh vis{kk lkekU;K D;ksa csgrj gksrk gS \
mŸkj %&lkekU;K yksd lsod og gS] ftldh fo"k; fo'ks"kKrk dh i`"BHkwfe ugha gksrh gS fdUrq og iz'kklfud
izfØ;kvks]a fu;eksa rFkk fofu;eksa dk vPNk Kku j[krk gSA mls iz'kklu ds fdlh {ks= esa Hkh fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA nwljh vkSj] fo'ks"kK yksd lsod og gS ftls iz'kklu ds fo'ks"k {ks= esa fo'ks"krk Fkk dkS'ky izkIr gks ;g O;olkf;d
fuiq.k gksrk gSA lkekU;Kksa ds i{k esa rdZ ;g gS fd
1- lkekU;K viuh {kerk] ;ksX;rk vkSj O;kid vuqHko ds dkj.k mPp izc/a ku Lrj ds dk;ksZa ds fu"iknu esa fo'ks"kKksa dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd mi;qDr gSA
2- lfpoky; esa deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Zdky dh iz.kkyh ftyk ;k QhYM Lrj ds vuqHko dh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA tksd
lkekU;Kksa iz'kkldksa ds i{k esa tkrh gSA
3- iz'kklu ds lHkh Lrjksa ij izca/kdh; dk;Z djus ds fy,] lkekU;rK yksd lsodksa dk gksuk vko';d gSS D;ksfa d fo'ks"k
fdlh ,d gh {ks= esa fo'ksf"kr gksrs gSaA
9- jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk o.kZUk dhft,A
mŸkj %& iz'kklu esa dkuwu ds fuekZ.k] la'kks/ku ,oa fØ;kUo;u ds laca/k esa viukbZ xbZ i)fr iz'kklfud laLÑfr
dgykrh gSA jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr ds ewyHkwr xq.k/keZ lR;fu"Bk] bZekunkjh] yksdfgrokn] mŸkjnk;h]
ikjnf'kZrk bR;kfn esa fufgr gSA orZeku ifjizs{; esa yksd&iz'kklu] tulgHkkfxrk] ikjLifjd laokn] lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh]
lapkj rduhdksa us iz'kklfud laLÑfr ls uokpj LFkkfir fd, gSA iz'kklfud laLÑfr ds {ks= ds lkekftd] /kkfeZd]
vkfFkZd] okrkoj.k] fopkj/kkjk] turk dh tkx:drk ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
mRrj 2 & jktLFkku dh orZeku ç'kklfud dk;Z laL—fr fodkl dh ,d vuojr çfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA Lora=rk
çkfIr ds le; fczfV'k gqdwer ds çR;{k fu;a=.k esa uk gksus ds dkj.k jktLFkku dk ;g {ks= ns'kh fj;klrksa ds :i esa
FkkA fczfV'k 'kklu dh dk;Zç.kkyh ;gka fodflr ugha gks ikbZ Fkh blhfy, ,dh—r jktLFkku ds fuekZ.k ds le; vU;
jkT;ksa ls Js"B fof/k;ksa vkSj ijaijkvksa dks fy;k x;kA ç'kklu esa vkjaHk ls gh uokpkj Hkh fd, x, çFke jkT; ys[kk
lsok dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tks vkt rd Hkh dsoy dqN gh jkT;ksa esa lapkfyr gS bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd jkT; ds
çR;sd foHkkx esa ,oa mlls lacaf/kr dk;kZy;ksa esa ys[kk vf/kdkjh o deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tkus yxh ftlls
ç'kklu esa fofÙk; :i ls fo'ks"khdj.k vkjaHk gqvk ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk dh jktLFkku esa ç'kklfud ra= esa vkt
rd dksbZ Hkkjh foÙkh; vfu;ferrk ugha feyh vr% jktLFkku dk ç'kklu vius 'kS'ko dky ls gh bZekunkj jgk gSA
blesa ;ksxnku ;gka ds usr`Ro drkZvksa dk Hkh jgk gS vkt rd jktLFkku ds fdlh Hkh eq[;ea=h ij ?kksVkyksa ds xaHkhj
vkjksi ugha yxs vkSj oSlh gh laL—fr ç'kklu esa fodflr gksrh jgh blds vfrfjä jktLFkku ds ç'kklu esa fuHkZ;rk
ds rRo 'kq: ls gh fn[kkbZ nsus yxs lu 1954 1955 1956 esa tc jkT; esa Hkw jktLo dkuwu tkxhjnkjh mUewyu
fcLoknkjh mUewyu ds fy, Hkwfe dh gncanh] pdcanh ds dkuwu cuk, x, ftlls jtokM+h lkearh ,oa tkxhjnkjh tSlh
dqçFkkvksa dk mUewyu gqvk blhfy, jktLFkku ds ç'kklu esa fdlh çdkj dk ncko ;k lkearh çHkko fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk
-7-
gS tSlk fd ;wih ,oa fcgkj tSls vU; jkT;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
jktLFkku dk ç'kklu vkjaHk ls gh yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dk ifjpk;d jgk gS lu 1959 esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk
Jhx.ks'k dj jktLFkku lewps ns'k esa çFke jkT; cukA blds lkFk lkFk jkT; esa ySafxd lekurk dh vuwBh felky Hkh
çLrqr dh iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa tgka efgykvksa ds fy, lafo/kku us ,d frgkbZ LFkkuksa ds vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh
xbZ Fkh ogh jktLFkku esa efgykvksa ds fy, iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa fiNys nks dk;Zdky ls 50% LFkku vkjf{kr gSa
blds lkFk lkFk jktdh; lsokvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, voljksa dks Hkqukus ds fy, orZeku esa 30% LFkku vkjf{kr fd,
x, gSa ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mPp f'k{kk esa tgka iwjs ns'k esa 52% yM+ds 48% yM+fd;ka ukekafdr gSa ogha jktLFkku
esa 53% yM+fd;ka rFkk 47% yM+ds ukekafdr gSa tks fd jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls Hkh cgqr vkxs gS blds lkFk lkFk jktLFkku dk
ç'kklu lq/kkj mUeq[k ç'kklu jgk gS lu 1975 ls vkjaHk gq, 20 lw=h dk;ZØeksa esa vc rd 45 lkyksa esa 40 lkyksa rd
buds lapkyu ds fy, jktLFkku çFke iqjLdkj çkIr djrk jgk gSA yksd tqafc'k ifj;kstuk dk lapkyu dj çkS<+
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ns'k esa dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vaR;ksn; ;kstuk ds lQy fØ;kUo;u dks ns[kdj vU; jkT;ksa us
Hkh jktLFkku ds ç'kklu ls lh[k yh FkhA
jktLFkku dk ç'kklu ,d ikjn'khZ ç'kklu gS lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks 'kq: djus okys çFke jkT;ksa esa ls jktLFkku
,d gS blds lkFk lkFk tu mUeq[k ç'kklu gS ukxfjd vf/kdkj i=] yksd lsok xkjaVh dkuwu ykxw djus okyk ns'k
dk vxz.kh jkT; gSA bruk gh ugha yksd lsokvksa esa tu lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj nsus okyk ns'k dk ,dek= jkT; Hkh gSA
ç'kklu xkaoksa dh vksj ,oa ç'kklu 'kgjksa dh vksj tSls yksd mUeq[k dk;ZØe foxr 20 lkyksa ls Hkh T;knk le; ls
çR;sd ljdkj }kjk jkT; esa pyk, tk jgs gSa ftlls Li"V gksrk gS dh jktLFkku dh ç'kklfud dk;Z laL—fr ,d
fuHkhZd] ikjn'khZ laosnu'khy] vuq fØ;k'khy yksdrkaf=d vkSj fodsæa h—r ç'kklu dh gS ;|fi ukSdj'kkgh dh tUetkr
dqN cqjkb;ka jktLFkku ds ç'kklu esa tkfrokn HkkbZ Hkrhtkokn vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds :i esa O;kIr gS ijarq ns'k ds vU;
jkT;ksa ls rqyuk djus ij jktLFkku dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ,oa dk;Z laL—fr larks"ktud gS ;|fi ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa
fodflr ç'kklfud dk;Z laL—fr csgrj gSA jktLFkku dk ç'kklu bl vHkh"V ds fy, ç;kljr gSA
10- jkT; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mŸkj %& jkT; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx & ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1993 ds vUrxZr ,d Lo'kklh mPpkf/kdkj
izkIr ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh fuxjkuh laLFkk gSA ;g ,d cgqlnL;h fudk; gS ftlesa ,d v/;{k rFkk nks vU; lnL;
gksrs gSaA ftudh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk ,d lfefr dh vuq'kalk ij dh tkrh gSA
jkT; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dsoy lafo/kku dh jkT; lwph ,oa leorhZ lwph ds varxZr okys ekeyksa dh tkap
dj ldrk gSA
Part-C Marks : 35
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 100 words each. Each question
carries 10 marks.
11- ^orZeku Hkkjr feUukscqzd f}rh; ls izHkkfor gks jgk gSA* dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A
mŸkj %& feUuksczqd f}rh; us yksd iz'kklu ds pkj fl)kUr lq>k, tks orZeku le; esa Hkkjr dks izHkkfor dj jgs gSa &
1- Mh&xouZeVsa & blesa cuk;k x;k fd ljdkjh dk;ksZa dk ,d fgLlk futh {ks=ksa dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k tk;sA
orZeku Hkkjr esa blds dbZ mnkgj.k gS tSsls fd Air India dk futhdj.k] fgUnqLrku ftad ¼Zinc½ dk 45 izfr'kr
Hkkx futh dEiuh dks cspk x;kA
2- Mh&C;wjksØl s h & blesa dBksj dk;ns dkuwuksa dk ljyhdj.k djuk rFkk ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgrk ykukA
rhu rykd jís djus ds fy, dkuwu cukuk] vkjVhvkbZ ,DV bZ xoZjusl a vkfn ij Hkkjr esa Mh C;wjksl
s h dk izHkko fn[k
jgk gSA ik'oZ izfof"V ¼Lateral Entry½ Hkh bldk ,d egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k gSA
3- Mh & bUoslVesaV & orZeku le; esa Hkkjr ljdkj vesfjdk dh vgLr{ksi dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k dj jgh gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj us gky gh esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd os ljdkjh rsy vkSj xSl lgk;d BPCL esa fofuos'k djsaxAs
4- Mh&lsUVªykbts'ku & Hkkjr ljdkj us O;kikfjd ,oa okf.kfT;d fo"k;ksa dks vyx dj fn;k gS rFkk okf.kfT;d
fo"k;ksa dks futh laxBuksa dks lkSai dj O;kikfjd eqíksa dks vius ikl j[kk gSA
orZeku le; esa Hkkjr iz'kklfud fo"k;ksa esa vesfjdk ds fl)kUrksa ds ekxZ ij py jgk gSA ijUrq blls cM+s Lrj ij
Hkkjr ds ewY;ks]a laLÑfr vkfn ij foijhr izHkko iM+ jgk gSA

-8-
12- funs'kky; vkSj lfpoky; dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A
mŸkj %& izR;sd jkT; dk viuk lfpoky; gksrk gS tks jkT; iz'kklu ra= dk dsUnz gksrk gSA blesa jkT; ljdkj ds
dbZ foHkkx gksrs gSaA foHkkxksa ds jktuhfrd izeq[k ^ea=h^ vkSj iz'kklfud izeq[k ^lfpo^ gksrs gSaA eq[; lfpo iwjs jkT;
lfpoky; dk iz/kku gksrk gS] tcfd lfpo ,d ;k nks foHkkx@foHkkxksa dk izeq[k gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS
fd lfpo iwjs jkT; ljdkj dk lfpo gksrk gS] u fd fdlh ea=h fo'ks"k dk fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lfopky; esa foHkkxksa dh
la[;k vyx&vyx gS] tks 15 ls 35 ds chp gksrh gS tSls & lkekU; iz'kklu] Ñf"k] flapkbZ vkSj fctyh] x`g] dkuwu]
Je vkSj jkstxkj] jktLo LokLF; vkfnA
dk;Z &
1- jkT; ljdkj dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe rS;kj djukA
2- jkT; ljdkj dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds e/; rkyesy cuk, j[kukA
3- jkT; dk ctV rS;kj djuk rFkk lkoZtfud O;; ij fu;a=.k j[kukA
4- QhYM ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds dk;kZUo;u ij /;ku nsukA
5- uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ds ifj.kkeksa dh leh{kk djukA
6- lsok laca/kh fu;eksa vkSj muesa la'kks/kuksa dk vuqeksnu djukA
funs'kky; & dk;Zdkjh izeq[k ds dk;kZy; dks funs'kky; dk uke fn;k x;k gSA funs'kky; jkT; lfpoky; ds v/khu
dk;Z djrk gSA funs'kky;ksa dks dk;Zdkjh foHkkx Hkh dgrs gSaA
dk;Z &
1- eaf=;ksa dks rduhdh lykg nsukA
2- foHkkx dk ctV rS;kj djukA
3- v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa ijfu;ekuqlkj vuq'kklfud 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djukA
4- foHkkx ds ftyk Lrjh; LVkQ }kjk dk;kZfUor dk;Z dk fujh{k.k djukA
5- foHkkx dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, foHkkxh; vuqla/kku vkSj iz;ksxkRed dk;ZØe pykukA
13- iz'kklu ij fo/kk;h] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;kf;d fu;=a.k ds lk/ku fyf[k,A
mŸkj %&
fo/kk;h dk;Zikfydk U;kf;dk
1- fof/k fuekZ.k 1- uhfr fuekZ.k }kjk fu;a=.k 1- vk/kkj
2- iz'u dky 2- iznr fuekZ.k }kjk fu;a=.k 2- i)fr;k¡
3- 'kqU;dky 3- ctV&iz.kkyh }kjk fu;a=.k 3- U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu
4- vYidkfyd cgl 4- yksder ls vihy 4- oS/kkfud vihy
5- vU; cglsa 5- fu;qfDr rFkk fu"dklu }kjk 5- ljdkj ds foL) nkos
fu;a=.k
6- /;kukd"kZ.k 6- yksd lsok lafgrk 6- ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) nkos
7- LFkxu izLrko 7- ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk fu;a=.k 7- vlk/kkj.k mipkj
8- vfo'okl izLrko 8- fo'ks"k foHkkx
9- ctV iz.kkyh 9- v/;kns'k
10- ys[kk ijh{k.k i)fr
11- lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr
12- foHkkxh; LFkk;h lfefr
13- vk'oklu lfefr
14- lkoZtfud miØe
lfefr
15- izkDdyu lfefr

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 Unit-III (Section-A) (20 Marks)
Part-A Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 15 words each. Each question carries 2 marks.
1- jktLFkku jkT; ØhM+k ifj"kn ds nks dk;Z fyf[k, \
mRrj & 1- [ksy ifj"kn jkT; esa [ksydwn izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls [ksy izfrHkkvksa vkSj [ksyksa dks c<+kok nsus
o gksugkj [ksy izfrHkkvksa dks rjk'kus gsrq fofHkUu [ksy xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djrh gSA
2- ifj"kn~ }kjk izR;sd ftyksa eq[;ky;ksa ij o"kZ i;ZUr fofHkUu [ksyksa esa izf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fu%'kqYd izf'k{k.k ,oa [ksy
midj.k miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSA
2+- Hkkjrh; [ksy uhfr dh nks fo'ks"krka, fyf[k,A
mRrj & orZeku esa jk"Vªh; [ksy uhfr&2001 dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEukuqlkj gS&
1- [ksyksa dks foLr`r vk/kkj iznku djuk rFkk mRÑ"Vrk gkfly djuk
2- efgykvksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dh lgHkkfxrk c<+kukA
3- [ksy lao)Zu us dkWiksZjsV {ks= dks 'kkfey djukA
4- jk"Vªh; [ksy ifjla?kks vkSj vU; [ksy fudk;ksa ds lkFk gh [ksyksa esa oSKkfud lqn`<+hdj.k vkSj dksfpax lgk;rkA
3- okMk D;k gS \ Li"V dhft,A
mRrj & fo'o Mksfiax jks/kh ,tsla h dukMk esa fLFkr varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr }kjk ys[kksa esa MªXl ds f[kykQ
yM+kbZ dks c<+kok nsus ] leUo; djus vkSj fuxjkuh djus ds 'kq: dh xbZ ,d uhoa gSA bldk xBu 1999 esa gqvkA
bldh izeq[k xfrfof/k;ks esa oSKkfud vuqla/kku] f'k{kk] Mksfiax jks/kh {kerkvksa dk fodkl vkSj fo'o Mksfiax jks/kh
lafgrk dh fuxjkuh 'kkfey gSA
4- lw;Z ueLdkj esa 'olu dh rhu fØ;k,a dkSu&dkSulh gksrh gSA fyf[k,A
mRrj & lw;Z ueLdkj esa 'olu dk vR;ar egRo gSA 'olu dk jDr 'kqf) ,oa jDr lapkj ls lh/kk laca/k gSA
'olu dh rhu fØ;k,a & 1- iwjd & 'okl ysuk 2- jspd & 'okl NksM+uk 3- dqaHkd & 'okl jksdukA
5- oUnuk dVkfj;k dh miyfC/k;ka fyf[k,A
mRrj & Hkkjrh; efgyk gkWdh Vhe dh f[kykM+h oanuk dVkfj;k us 31 tqykbZ] 2021 dks VksD;ks esa bfrgkl jpkA
mUgksaus VksD;ks vksyafid esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ds f[kykQ eSp esa gSfVªd yxkbZA og vksyafid ds 125 o"kZ ds bfrgkl
esa gkWdh eas gSfVªd yxkus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk f[kykM+h cuhA
Part-B Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 50 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.
6- dksey mRrd pksVsa D;k gSa \ buds cpko fyf[k,A
mRrj & dksey mRrd pksVsa & 1- jxM+ ¼Ropk dk fNyuk½ 2- xqepksV ¼vkarfjd½ 3- fonkj.k ¼Ropk ds [kqys
?kko ;k ekal QVus ls½ 4- phjk ¼rh[kk dVko½ 5- eksp ¼vfLFk jTtw dk f[kapko ;k QVuk½ 6- f[kapko
cpko ds mik; & 1- leqfpr okeZ vi 2- leqfpr vuqdwyu 3- leqfpr rduhdh tkudkjh
4- LokLF; izn vkgkj 5- lqj{kk fu;eksa dk ikyu djsa 6- leqfpr dwfyax Mkmu
7- lqj{kk midj.kksa dk iz;ksx 8- vfr izf'k{k.k rFkk vfr iz;ksx 9- rduhdksa dk n{krkiwoZd iz;ksx
10- fu"i{k vf/kdkjh x.k
7- fuEu ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft,&
1- xq# of'k"B iqjLdkj 2- vksyfEid pkVZj
mRrj &1- xq# of'k"B iqjLdkj & 1987 ls vkjEHk] nks izf'k{kdksa dks loZJ"s B izf'k{k.k gsrq fn;k tkrk gSA lEeku
ds :i esa 1 yk[k :i;s] xq: of'k"B dh dkaL; izfrek] iz'kfLr i=] Cystu o VkbZ HksaV fd, tkrs gSaA ¼jktLFkku
jkT; ØhM+k ifj"kn~ ds }kjk½
2- vksyafid pkVZj & vksyafid pkVZj eas [ksy ds mís'; of.kZr gSaA 1894 bZ- esa ladfyr bl pkVZj ds vuqlkj [ksy
ds mís'; bl izdkj gSa &
1- [ksyksa ds fy, vko';d 'kkjhfjd ,oa uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
2- fo'o 'kkafr dks vkSj l'kDr cukus ds fy, [ksyksa ds ek/;e ls ;qokvksa esa vkilh ln~Hkko vkSj fe=rk c<+kukA
3- lai.w kZ fo'o esa vksyafid fl)krksa dk izlkj djds varjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkko mRiUu djukA
4- fo'o ds lHkh f[kykfM+;ksa dks izfr pkj o"kZ ckn ,d LFkku ij ,df=r djukA
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 Unit-III (Section-B) (20 Marks)
Part-A Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 15 words each. Each question carries 2 marks.
1- iz'kklu esa lkaosfxd cqf) dh mi;ksfxrk dks fyf[k, \
mRrj & O;fDr lekt esa izpfyr ekU;krkvks]a fo'oklksa o fofHkUu ekudksa ds vuq:i O;ogkj djus dh dyk
lakosfxd cqf) ls lh[krk gSA bldk lkekftdj.k dh izfØ;k ls fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkaofs xd cqf)erk ds vk/kkj iz'kkld esa fuEu xq.k gksrs gSa &
1- Lofo'okl dk fuekZ.k 2- fu.k;Z {kerk dk fodkl 3- lEizs"k.k {kerk dk fodkl
4- usr`Ro {kerk dk fodkl 5-lkekftd le> dk fodkl 6- drZO; loksZifj
2- O;fDrRo ds pkj fu/kkZjd rRo fyf[k,A
mRrj & 1- vkarfjd rRo ¼oa'k Øe½ & NksVk dn] 'kjhj esa nqcZyrk
2- cká rRo ¼ifjos'k½ & lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] HkkSfrd ,oa ckSf)d
3- Le`fr ds nks izk:iksa ds uke fyf[k,A
mRrj & 1- Le`fr dk voLFkk ekWMy
2- izØe.k Lrj mikxe % ,dy Le`fr fLFkfr
4-vkarfjd o cká vfHkizsj.kk dks le>kb,A
mRrj & 1- vkarfjd vfHkizsj.kk & euq"; dh tUetkr :fp;ksa ij vk/kkfjrA O;fDr dh vko';drk bPNk] :fp
ls lacaf/krA bls izkÑfrd vfHkizsj.kk Hkh dgrs gSaA blds rhu izdkj gSa &
1- 'kkjhfjd vfHkizsj.kk 2- LoHkkfod vfHkizsj.kk 3- laox
s kRed vfHkizsj.kk
2- ckgjh vfHkizsj.kk & iz'kalk ;k iqjLdkj ds fy, dk;Z djuk] n.M ls cpus ds fy, dk;Z djuk vkfnA bls
vizkÑfrd vfHkizsj.kk Hkh dgrs gSaA
5- lkekftd lek;kstu ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
mRrj & lkekftd lek;kstu dk rkRi;Z ,d n'kk ls gS ftlesa ge lkekU;r% nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lek;kstu
djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ml lewg ds lkFk] ftlls ge tqM+s gksrs gSaA lkekftd :i ls lek;ksftr
O;fDr lkekftd lac/a k cukus esa dq'ky gksrk gSA mldh nwljksa ds ckjs esa ldkjkRed lksp gksrh gSA
Part-B Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 50 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.
6- O;fDrRo vkdyu dh fof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj & O;fDrRo vkdyu dh fof/k;ka dh eq[;r% nks fof/k;k¡ gSa 1- vizs{ki.k fof/k;k¡ 2- iz{ksi.k fof/k;k¡
tks fuEu :i ls vkxs foHkkftr gSa &
viz{ksi.k fof/k;k¡ iz{ksIk.k fof/k;k¡

vkRefu"B fof/k;k¡ oLrqfu"B fof/k;k¡ euksfo'ys"k.kkRed fof/k;k¡

1- vkRedFkk ys[kd 1- fujh{k.k fof/k 1- eqDr lkgp;Z fof/k 1- jks'kkZ L;kgh /kCck ijh{k.k
2- iz'kukoyh 2- lektfefr fof/k 2- LoIu fo'ys"k.k 2- izklafxd varcksZ/k ijh{k.k
3- O;fDr bfrgkl 3- fu/kkZj.k ekiuh 3- cky varcksZ/k ijh{k.k
4- ifjlwfp;k¡ 4- fu"iknu ijh{k.k 4- 'kCn lkgp;Z ijh{k.k
5- lk{kkRdkj 5- ifjfLFkfr ijh{k.k 5- okD; iwfrZ ijh{k.k
6- fp= dq.Mh ijh{k.k
7- [ksy o ukVd fof/k
7- vf/kxe dh 'kSfy;kas dk o.kZu dhft,A
Describe about the styles of learning.
mRrj & vf/kxedrkZ lh[kh tkus okyh izfØ;k ij /;ku dsfUnzr dj ubZ o tfVy fØ;k dks lh[kus ds fy,
ekufld varfØ;k djrk gSA
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;g rhu izdkj gksrh gSa &
1- izR;{k vf/kxe & tc O;fDr viuh KkusfUnz;ksa ds mi;ksx ls izR;{k vuqHkwfr o laosnukvksa ls lh[krk gSA tSls & n`f"V] xa/k] Jo.k
vkfnA
2- lwpuk vf/kxe & tc okrkoj.k ls fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk bR;kfnA
3- O;fDrRo vk/kkfjr vf/kxe & fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk vius okrkoj.k ds lkFk dh xbZ varfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fd;k x;k vf/kxe
D;ksfa d izR;sd O;fDr vius O;fDrRo ds vuqlkj okrkoj.k ls var%fØ;k djrk gSA
Unit-III (Section-C) (20 Marks)
Part-A Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 15 words each. Each question carries 2 marks.
1- lke.M ds vuqlkj fof/k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
mRrj & fof/k ls rkRi;Z ukxfjd fof/k ls gS tks fdlh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds izfr ykxq gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ ukxfjd fof/k ^jkT; fof/k* gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn&13 Hkh fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
2- cky Je dkuwu ds rgr vijk/k esa 'kkfey ugha dh xbZ Jsf.k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mRrj & 1- ifjokj rFkk ikfjokfjd O;olk; esa Ldwy ds ckn cPpk lg;ksx dj ldrk gS ;fn [krjukd u gksA
2- JO;&n`'; m|ksx ¼fQYe m|ksx½ ;fn og lqj{kk ds lHkh ekud ijs djsaA
3- [ksy&xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysukA
3- iksDlks vf/kfu;e ds varxZr fof'k"V U;k;ky;@U;k;k/kh'k ds nkf;Ro fyf[k,A
mRrj & iksDlks vf/kfu;e ds varxZr fof'k"V U;k;ky;@U;k;k/kh'k ds eq[;% nkf;Ro fyf[k,&
1- 1 o"kZ esa izfØ;k dk fuiVkjk
2- cPps ds lkFk fe=or~ O;ogkj
3- e;kZnk dks O;ofLFkr j[kuk
4- can dejs esa lquokbZ
4- ^bZ&esy LiwfQax* D;k gksrk gS \
mRrj & fdlh nwljs 'k[l ds bZ&esy HkRrs dk bLrseky djrs gq,] xyr edln ls nwljs dks bZ&esy Hkstuk blds rgr vkrk gSA
bldk edln bZ&esy ikus okys dk /kks[kk nsdj mldh xksiuh; tkudkfj;k¡ gkfly dj ysuk gksrk gSA
5- fuEu ij fVIi.kh dhft,&
1- btjk 2- tksgM+ ik;ru
mRrj & 1- btjk & /kkjk 5 ¼18½ esa Bsdk ¼btjk½ ls rkRi;Z yxku dh olwyh ds fy, fn, x;s QkWeZ ;k iV~Vs ls gksxk % og {ks=
ftlds laca/k esa gS btjk {ks= dgyk;sxk rFkk Bsdsnkj ls rkRi;Z ml O;fDr ls gksxk ftls Bsdk fn;k tk;sxkA
2- tksgM+ ik;ru & xzkeh.k {ks= ds lkoZtfud rkykc ftudk mi;ksx ihus ds ikuh ;k i'kq/ku ds ihus ds ikuh ds fy, mi;ksx esa
ykrs gSaA
Part-B Marks : 10
Note:- Attempt all questions. Answer the following questions in 50 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.
6-ekrk&firk vkSj ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k rFkk dY;k.k vf/kfu;e 2007 ds rgr Hkj.k iks"k.k
vf/kdj.k ds xBu o tk¡p dh laf{kIr izfØ;k fyf[k,A
mRrj &
xBu & jkT; ljdkj] bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk dh rkjh[k ls 6 ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj] jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk] mi[k.M esa
/kkjk&5 ds v/khu LFkkfir djsxhA
& vf/kdj.k dh v/;{krk & mi[k.M vf/kdkjh
& ,d ls vf/kd vf/kdj.k gks ogk¡ jkT; ljdkj] fo'ks"k vkns'k ls dk;Z forfjr dj fn;k tk,xkA
tk¡p dh izfØ;k & vf/kdj.k /kkjk&5 ds v/khu tk¡p djsxk tks jkT; ljdkj ds fdUgh fu;eksa ds v/khu gksxkA
vf/kdj.k Hkj.kiks"k.k ds nkos dk U;k; fu.kZ;u djus gsrq] lgk;rkFkZ ,sls fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k vf/kd dks pqu ldsxk] ftuds ikl
tk¡p dh fo"k; oLrq dk Kku gksA
7- jktLo U;k;ky; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
mRrj & jktLo U;k;ky; dks jkTkLFkku dk'rdkjh vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ¼35½ esa mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gS ] ftlds vuqlkj jktLo
U;k;ky; ;k izkf/kdkjh ls gksxk tks Ñf"k iV~Vks]a ykHkksa rFkk Hkwfe laca/kh vU; ekeyksa vFkok Hkwfe esa fdlh vf/kdkj ;k fgr ds fo"k; esa
,sls nkoksa ;k vU; dk;Zokfg;ksa dks ftlesa mPp U;k;ky; ls U;k;kuqdwyu dk;Z djuk misf{kr gks] xzg.k djus dk {ks=kf/kdkj j[krk
gks] mlesa jktLo e.My vkSj mldk izR;sd lnL;] jktLo vihyh; izkf/kdkjh] dysDVj] mi[k.M vf/kdkjh] lgk;d mi[k.M
vf/kdkjh] rglhynkj ;k dksbZ vU; in:is.k vf/kdkjh lfEefyr gksxkA
jkTkLo U;k;ky; dh dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk vf/kdkfjrk dk mYys[k jktLFkku dk'rdkjh vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 206 ls 221 esa fd;k x;k
gSA

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