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-Beginning of Gothic
-Traditional Bury Site for Kings
-12th c. Abbot Suger Reconstructed Church to make it more modern (facade and choir)
St. Dennis Abbey Church 1137-1144 (monastic Church)
-Rose Window
-Inspired other cathedrals ex. St. Étienne de Caen
-French King Louis the 6th/ Kings Realm

EARLY FRENCH GOTHIC -St. Dennis

Abbot Suger
West façade, ambulatory and radiating chapels,
Church of Saint-Denis, France
ca. 1135

Romanesque Period 10th to mid-12th centuries (mid-1100s)

1194-1300 OR 1200-1270 France, rib vaults from ceiling to floor, larger window spaces, choirs,
High Gothic
compound piers, more sculpture, AMIENS, CHARTRES

--> in the 12th century, he built the Church of Saint Denis, the premier model of Gothic
architecture
Abbot Suger
→ c. 1122 elected abbot of St. Dennis
Abbot Suger → Church beings being rebuilt c. 1137 and after
→ Suge builds a new East end and Facade on St. Dennis (actual st. dennis is depicted as
carrying his head..)
--> He was one of the earliest patrons of Gothic architecture, and is widely credited with
popularizing the style.

-Destroyed by fire twice, 1020 and 1194

-Set Standard for Stained Glass

Charles Cathedral mostly built 1194-1220, North Tower 1134-
1507, South Tower 1145, West Portals 1145 (right after St.
Dennis)
-Contains the the tunic of the Virgin (what she wore when she gave birth to christ)
→ People come from all over to see it, religious tourism
-20ft longer and 10ft taller than Notre Dame
- Tympanum depicts the last judgement, signs of zodiac and each labor of the month
-Central tympanum = Christ in Majesty, 4 evangelists symbolic as animals,
→ archivolts: angels elders at the Apocalypse
-Nave is taller, 3 stories
-No gallery anymore

Arch. Test 1
 1.) Height given to Nave ( 3 story eleveation replaces 4 story Gallery disappears, height given
to the nave)
2.) Triforium passage way

3.) More unified, articulation of nave piers.

-Subtle alternation of details

Principal Innovations in Chartres 4.) 6 part vaults become 4 part

5.) 10ft taller than Notre Dame de Paris

6.) perfected stain glass (most of original)

Laterally sketched rectangular portions were unique to notre dame

-quadripartite system

-3 stories
-similar to Chartres but proportions very different, nave much bigger

→ pillars very unified (very thin columettes)

--> very slight differentiation but still extremely unified
→ pointier, dematerialized

→ 5 portals and 5 vesicles of space

Bourges Cathedral (St. Etienne) 1195-mid 13th c. → destroyed during religious wars in 16th century→ protestants thought the tympanum was
idolatry

___________
Chartres nave: 46 feet
Bourges nave: 65 ½

-Cathedral of Paris
Notre Dame de Paris 1163 (Bishop Maurice de Sully) Choir -of all the cathedrals, Notre Dame most clearly points the way to "High Gothic"
and Nave: 1163-1200, West Facade: 1200-1250 -completed in the late thirteenth century
-

1194-1300 France, rib vaults from ceiling to floor, larger window spaces, choirs, compound
High Gothic
piers, more sculpture, starts at Notre Dame, culminates at AMIENS --> CHARTRES

Saint-Martin-Du-Canigou, French Pyrenees, 1001-1026 Romanesque

Typical Romanesque
Saint-Front, Périgueux (southwest France), begun 1047; Model based on monastery plan (c. 820), found in St.
rebuilt 1160- 70, plus later additions Gall

Benedictine abbey at Cluny (Burgundy) (founded in 910 - South transept, finished not long before 1st Gothic church at Saint-Denis
early 10th century) 3rd church, rebuilt c.1080)

Ste.- Foy Conques, begun 1040; tympanum sculpture c.1130

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the
tympanum
church.

French Romanesque Tympanum often depicts the last judgment

Arch. Test 1
 - Norman Romanesque
-Important for the Gothic: 2 towers, 3 portals & rib vaults (but still heavy) 1120-1130
Crowns of towers completed in 13th cen (Gothic)

The Abbey of Saint-Étienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey") by contrast
with the Abbaye aux Dames ("Ladies' Abbey"), is a former Benedictine monastery in the French
city of Caen, Normandy, dedicated to Saint Stephen. It was founded in 1063[1] by William the
Conqueror and is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Normandy.

St. Etienne, Caen, beg 1068
Caen, Normandy,
The concurrent founding of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne to the West of the Caen Castle and the
Abbey of Sainte-Trinité (Abbaye aux Dames) to its East seems to be a direct result of the
reconciliation process of William, Duke of Normandy (soon after to become William I, King of
England), and Pope Leo IX. William fell out with the pope when he married his cousin Matilda
of Flanders after 1049 despite Leo's interdiction. Lanfranc of Pavia, Prior of Bec Abbey, who
himself had initially expressed concerns regarding the marriage, acted on William's behalf to
secure Leo's forgiveness. For this successful service, Lanfranc was made abbot of Saint-
Étienne.

ine towers and spires were added in the 13th century. The interior vaulting shows a similar
progression, beginning with early sexpartite vaulting

Bourges Cathedral , rebuilt from 1195

Chartres Cathedral, rebuilt after 1194 Nave arcade height: 46 feet tall
Chartres Vs. Bourges
Bourges Cathedral, rebuilt from 1195 Nave arcade height: 65 1⁄2 feet tall

Nave vaults, Chartres: 125 ft high; Reims 131 ft Arcades: Chartres: 46 ft high; Reims: 52 ft high
Chartres vs. Reims
(nave width: 9 feet narrower)

-Reims, b 1211; nave vaulting finished 1299; shelled & fire

1914
-Reims, Facade beg 1230s (towers: fin 1300s, follow 13th
cen design); rose window by c.1260
-W façade: sculp 1230s & 40s

-In the middle of the 12th century, Archbishop Samson

demolished the facade and adjoining tower in order to
build a new cathedral with two flanking towers, likely in
imitation of the Abbey of Saint Denis in Paris,
-on the site of a Gallo-Roman bath
-Jean d'Orbais
Jean-le-Loup
Gaucher of Reims
Reims Cathedral
Bernard de Soissons

-Fire and rebuilt substantially larger nave

- riots regarding taxes and legal shit, clergy people
killed
-Work on the west facade took place in several phases,
which is reflected in the very different styles of some of
the sculptures. The upper parts of the facade were
completed in the 14th century, but apparently following
13th century designs, giving Reims an unusual unity of
style.

-nave was not roofed until 1299 (when the French King
lifted the tax on lead used for that purpose

Arch. Test 1
 Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travelers. It
remains so to the present, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come
to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at
Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's
architecture and historical merit.

Chartres Cathedral
Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale
Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church in Chartres, France, about 80 km (50
miles) southwest of Paris. Mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, it stands at the site of at
least five cathedrals that have occupied the site since Chartres became a bishopric in the 4th
century. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque styles.
**Flamboyant

As with any medieval bishopric, Chartres Cathedral was the most important building in the
town - the centre of its economy, its most famous landmark and the focal point of many
activities that in modern towns are provided for by specialised civic buildings. In the Middle
Ages, the cathedral functioned as a kind of marketplace, with different commercial activities
centred on the different portals, particularly during the regular fairs. Textiles were sold around
the north transept, while meat, vegetable and fuel sellers congregated around the south
Cathedrals *** porch. Money-changers (an essential service at a time when each town or region had its own
currency) had their benches, or banques, near the west portals and also in the nave itself.
[citation needed] Wine sellers plied their trade in the nave to avoid taxes until, sometime in the
13th century, an ordinance forbade this. The ordinance assigned to the wine-sellers part of the
crypt, where they could avoid the count's taxes without disturbing worshippers.[3] Workers of
various professions gathered in particular locations around the cathedral awaiting offers of
work.[4]

-Although the town of Chartres was under the judicial and tax authority of the Counts of Blois,
the area immediately surrounding the cathedral, known as the cloître, was in effect a free-trade
zone governed by the church authorities, who were entitled to the taxes from all commercial
activity taking place there.[5] As well as greatly increasing the cathedral's income, throughout
the 12th and 13th centuries this led to regular disputes, often violent, between the bishops, the
chapter and the civic authorities - particularly when serfs belonging to the counts transferred
their trade (and taxes) to the cathedral. In 1258, after a series of bloody riots instigated by the
count's officials, the chapter finally gained permission from the King to seal off the area of the
cloître and lock the gates each night.[6]

-Pilgrimages and the legend of the Sancta Camisa[edit]

Chartres Cathedral labyrinth

Even before the Gothic cathedral was built, Chartres was a place of pilgrimage, albeit on a
much smaller scale. During the Merovingian and early Carolingian eras, the main focus of
Chartres history devotion for pilgrims was a well (now located in the north side of Fulbert's crypt), known as the
Puits des Saints-Forts, or the 'Well of the Strong Saints', into which it was believed the bodies of
various local Early-Christian martyrs (including saints Piat, Cheron, Modesta and Potentianus)
had been tossed.

-Chartres became a site for the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 876 the cathedral
acquired the Sancta Camisa, believed to be the tunic worn by Mary at the time of Christ's birth.
According to legend, the relic was given to the cathedral by Charlemagne who received it as a
gift from Emperor Constantine VI during a crusade to Jerusalem. However, as Charlemagne's
crusade is fiction, the legend lacks historical merit and was probably invented in the 11th
century to authenticate relics at the Abbey of St Denis.[7] In fact, the Sancta Camisa was a gift
to the cathedral from Charles the Bald and there is no evidence for its being an important
object of pilgrimage prior to the 12th century.[citation needed] In 1194, when the Cathedral was
struck by lightning, and the east spire was lost, the Sancta Camisa was thought lost, too.
However, it was found three days later, protected by priests, who fled behind iron trapdoors
when the fire broke out.[citation needed]

Arch. Test 1
 And then everyone was all like "yo popeman, popemeister, the Pope-y G, you want this new
cathedral in yon'der Romanesque again dawg?"

And the Pope was all like "nah fool, they got this new shizzle called Gothic yo, give that a try G.
Just be sho you got that one old window in the frames know-what-I'm-say'in? Cause those
Chartes Cathedral
nups be toight yo"

And so they did. They built the new Cathedral, the one we see today, in the Gothic style.
Stained glass windows even bigger and better than before (infact they are said to be the best
windows to ever sit in a church). And the old window, to this day, sits among the rest.

Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres We don't know the name of the designed it... but he helped

A Cathedral located in Chartres, 50 miles southwest of Paris, and is considered one of the
finest examples in all of France of the Gothic style of architecture.
Chartres

2 spires

first major center of polyphony (the style of simultaneously combining a number of parts, each
forming an individual melody and harmonizing with each other.)
-Notre-Dame de Paris "Our Lady of Paris"),
is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris,
France.

The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic
architecture. The innovative use of the rib vault and flying buttress, the enormous and colorful
rose windows, and the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration all set it apart
from earlier Romanesque architecture.

The cathedral was begun in 1160 and largely completed by 1260, though it was modified
frequently in the following centuries. In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. Soon after
the publication of Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1831, popular interest
in the building revived. A major restoration project supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began
in 1845 and continued for twenty-five years.

--Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the Archbishop of Paris,

-The roof of the nave was constructed with a new technology, the rib vault, which had earlier
been used in the Basilica of Saint Denis. The roof of the nave was supported by crossed ribs
which divided each vault into six compartments. The pointed arches were stronger than the
earlier Romanesque arches, and carried the weight of the roof outwards and downwards to
rows of pillars, and out to the abutments against the walls. Construction of the choir took from
1163 until around 1177. The High Altar was consecrated in 1182. Between 1182 and 1190 the first
three traverses of the nave were built up to the level of tribunes. Beginning in 1190, the bases of
the facade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed.[6]

what cathedral introduced buttressing
Notre Dame
An important innovation in the 13th century was the introduction of the flying buttress. Before
the buttresses, all of the weight of the roof pressed outward and down to the walls, and the
abutments supporting them. With the flying buttress, the weight was carried by the ribs of the
vault entirely outside the structure to a series of counter-supports, which were topped with
stone pinnacles which gave them greater weight. The buttresses meant that the walls could be
higher and thinner, and could have much larger windows.

1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris) orders the the Basilica of Saint Étienne, was original site
original cathedral demolished.

Arch. Test 1

Amiens Cathedral 1 spire, 13 century gothic
exterior amiens
Beauvais Cathedral
Bourses Cathedral (1195
Completed c. 1230
Beauvais Cathedral 1225 (collapsed choir vault)
Materials used to build cathedrals
Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
The Abbey Church of Saint Foy St. in Conques,
Arch. Test 1
Medieval cathedral builders were trying to maximize the internal dimensions in order to reach
for the heavens and bring in more light. In that regard, the Amiens cathedral is the tallest
complete cathedral in France, its stone-vaulted nave reaching an internal height of 42.30
metres (138.8 ft(surpassed only by the incomplete Beauvais Cathedral)
-Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was the
architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258.
Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was the
architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258.
Relics held Alleged head of John the Baptist
The exterior[edit]
The west front of the cathedral, built in a single campaign from 1220 to 1236, shows an unusual
degree of artistic unity: its lower tier with three vast deep porches is capped with the gallery of
twenty-two over lifesize kings, which stretches across the entire façade beneath the rose
window. Above the rose window there is an open arcade, the galerie des sonneurs. Flanking
the nave, the two towers were built without close regard to the former design, the south tower
being finished in 1366, the north one, reaching higher, in 1406.
The western portals of the cathedral are famous for their elaborate sculpture, featuring a
gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes.
A French Cathedral; The most daring achievement of Gothic architecture, having the highest
nave in Europe (48.5 m.); It has 3 tiers of flying buttresses
Bourges Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges) is a Roman Catholic church
located in Bourges, France. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Stephen and is the seat of the
Archbishop of Bourges. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque architectural styles.
The present Cathedral was built as a replacement for a mid-11th-century structure, traces of
which survive in the crypt. The date when construction began is unknown, although a
document of 1195 recording expenditure on rebuilding works suggests that construction was
already underway by that date. The fact that the east end protrudes beyond the line of the
Gallo-Roman walls and that royal permission to demolish those walls was only granted in 1183
shows that work on the foundations cannot have started before that date. The main phase of
construction is therefore roughly contemporaneous with Chartres Cathedral (begun 1194),
some 200 kilometres (124 miles) to the northwest. As with most Early- and High-Gothic
cathedrals, the identity of the architect or master-mason is unknown.
Region Centre-Val de Loire
seven polygonal apsidal chapels (13th-century), which are reached by an ambulatory.
48 m (157.48 feet) in height, far surpassing the concurrently constructed Cathedral of Amiens,
with its 42-metre (138 ft) nave.
In the race to build the tallest cathedral in the 13th century, the builders of Saint-Pierre de
Beauvais pushed technology to its limits. Even though the structure was to be taller, the
buttresses were made thinner in order to pass maximum light into the cathedral. In 1284, only
twelve years after completion, part of the choir vault collapsed, along with a few flying
buttresses. It is now believed that the collapse was caused by resonant vibrations due to high
winds.[8]
lateral iron supports
Caen, Normandy, dedicated to Saint Stephen. It was founded in 1063[1] by William the
Conqueror and is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Normandy.
The Abbey Church of Saint Foy St. in Conques, France, was a popular stop for pilgrims traveling
the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela, in what is now Spain 1040
 Restored by Viollet-le-Duc

"Holy Chapel", in the courtyard of the royal palace on the Île de la Cité (now part of a later
administrative complex known as La Conciergerie), was built to house Louis IX's collection of
relics of Christ, which included the Crown of Thorns, the Image of Edessa and some thirty other
items.

The Sainte-Chapelle (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃t ʃapɛl], Holy Chapel) is a royal chapel in the
Gothic style, within the medieval Palais de la Cité, the residence of the Kings of France until the
14th century, on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris, France.

Construction began some time after 1238 and the chapel was consecrated on 26 April 1248.[2]
The Sainte-Chapelle is considered among the highest achievements of the Rayonnant period
of Gothic architecture. It was commissioned by King Louis IX of France to house his collection
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1240s (palais de cité, isle de cité, paris
of Passion relics, including Christ's Crown of Thorns—one of the most important relics in
france)
medieval Christendom, now hosted in Notre-Dame Cathedral. [3].

Along with the Conciergerie, the Sainte-Chapelle is one of the earliest surviving buildings of
the Capetian royal palace on the Île de la Cité. Although damaged during the French
Revolution, and restored in the 19th century, it has one of the most extensive 13th-century
stained glass collections anywhere in the world.

In French Gothic architecture, Rayonnant (French pronunciation: ​[ʁɛjɔnɑ̃]) was the period
between c. 1240 and 1350, characterized by a shift in focus away from the High Gothic mode of
utilizing great scale and spatial rationalism (such as with buildings like Chartres Cathedral or
the nave of Amiens Cathedral) towards a greater concern for two dimensional surfaces and the
repetition of decorative motifs at different scales. After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant
gradually evolved into the Late Gothic Flamboyant style, although the point of transition is not
clearly defined.

-Durham Cathedral (monastic),

-Norman Romanesque
Durham Cathedral 1093-1130 by William of St. Carilef -Nave, 1093-c.1130 (vaulting like S. Etienne, Caen)
-Durham Cathedral holds the relics of Saint Cuthbert an 2 copies of the magnacarta
-The present cathedral was designed and built under William of St. Carilef

Canterbury Cathedral 1067, Bishop Augustine
William of Sens introduced gothic style, 1175 : designed and
began rebuilding Choir
-Romanesque nave Begun 1067 (following a fire, Romanesque Period), founded 597 1170:
Thomas à Becket, Archbishop, murdered in cathedral (canonized 1174)
Fire 1174 (Romanesque nave saved, later rebuilt in late Gothic style) William of Sens, 1175 :
designed and began rebuilding Choir
shrine of Thomas Becket, the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170.

Some churches housed relics, the remains or possessions of saints. Pilgrims traveled to pray
before these relics.

-cloister and chapter house 1263-84; tower: c.1335-80

-tallest spire in the uk
-interior of the hollow spire, with its ancient wooden scaffolding
Salisbury cathedral, 1220-1258 -a single consistent architectural style, Early English Gothic
- The spire makes the building heavy. Without the addition of buttresses, bracing arches and
anchor irons over the succeeding centuries.
-Salisbury Cathedral is unusual for its tall and narrow nave

Florence City walls rebuilt in 1172 and 1284

Arnolfo di Cambio Florence Cathedral 1296

Possibly also by Arnolfo di Cambio

TOWN HALL
Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio) TOWN HALL 1299- designed by painter Lippo Memmi
1320 The cubical building is made of solid rusticated
stonework, with two rows of two-lighted Gothic
windows, each with a trefoil arch.

Arch. Test 1
 Sienna, Italy (1200)
Palace
Italian medieval with gothic influences
Palazzo Publico , Siena (PALACE) 1297 (tower built after
Florence)
The cubical building is made of solid rusticated
stonework, with two rows of two-lighted Gothic
windows, each with a trefoil arch.

in siena. Done by Brunelleschi. A notation for conceiving space. A positive representation for
geometrical space
He uses order to describe and lay out space. F
Codified the rules of perspectival space.
Piazza del Campo (public square)
Brunelleschi does not deal with building mass
Idea of modularity and control. Foundling hospital. Adapts system of building and use it to
build some of the most complicated buildings today
In his building you are moving from outside to inside, from high to low, from earth to heaven

is a building on a corner of the Piazza della Signoria in

arches giant
Loggia dei Lanzi, 1376-82 by Simone Talenti, Florence statues
On the façade of the Loggia, below the parapet, are trefoils with allegorical figures of the four
cardinal virtues

Sta Maria Novella, Dominican, begun 1246; nave begun 1270

Sta. Croce, 1st Franciscan church in Florence, begun 1296 (possibly designed by Arnolfo di
Mendicant churches in Florence, 13th century Cambio)

Cathedral (Duomo), begun 1296, Arnolfo di Cambio (designer); modified and enlarged,
Francesco Talenti 1357-67

The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green
and pink, bordered by white, and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by
Emilio De Fabris.

The cathedral complex, in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre
of Florence and are a major tourist attraction of Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest
churches, and until the development of new structural materials in the modern era, the dome
Cathedral Duomo (florence cathedral) 1296 Arnolfo di
was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed.
Cambio
modified and enlarged, Francesco Talenti 1357-67
The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose
archbishop is Giuseppe Betori.

e designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome, with the middle nave
covering the area of Santa Reparata.

black death halted construction

but then Francesco Talenti finished it

Campanile 1334
lower part design by painter Giotto
(exec. Andrea del Pisano, sculptor)
finished 1360 by Francesco Talenti

Arch. Test 1
 Gothic
thirteenth centuries, it is one of the most important and stylistically unified examples of early
Gothic architecture. The church served as the cathedral of the Diocese of Laon until 1802, and
has been recognized as a monument historique since 1840.[1]

the was torched during the Easter Insurrection on 25 April 1112. The merchants and bourgeoisie
of Laon had procured a communal charter, which was soon revoked by Bishop Gaudry. The
commune revolted, murdering the bishop. The episcopal palace was set alight; the fire soon
spread to the cathedral. Afterward, the peasant population took the opportunity to pillage the
town. Three months after the insurrection, members of the clergy at Laon toured France and
England with relics belonging to the bishopric. Using funds raised from the tour, the church
Laon Cathedral was reconstructed and

Contemporary with Noyon Cathedral and Notre-Dame de Paris, Laon Cathedral is one of the
most elaborate and best-preserved of the early French Gothic cathedrals. It is notable for the
stylistic unity and consistency maintained over the different phases of its construction. The
cathedral consists of a cruciform plan with the traditional nave, transepts, and choir, all flanked
by single side aisles. Numerous chapels have been built projecting out the exterior aisle walls.
The nave has twelve bays (including the bay over the organ platform), counterbalanced by the
ten in the choir. Both transepts have four bays. A central lantern tower, the focal point of the
cathedral's interior, rises over the intersection. The ceiling over the choir and the nave (with the
exception of the west end, near the organ) incorporates sexpartite vaulting, while the ceiling in
the transepts incorporates quadripartite vaulting.

The cathedral consists of a cruciform plan with the traditional nave, transepts, and choir, all
flanked by single side aisles.
cathedrals in general
four tiers: ground-level side aisles, a tribune-level passageway with double arches, a short
triforium-level passageway with triple arches, and clerestory windows.

clerestory windows a row of windows high up in a church to admit light into the nave

nave the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation