Lesson 6: LAN less expensive

- Group of devices connected in a physical than wireless

location such as a building or home.
- Ranges from a single user to an enterprise
network with thousands of users Types of LAN
- Group of connectors and connected devices 1. Client Server LAN
that share a common communication line 2. Peer to Peer (P2P) LAN
(may be wireless) to a server. 3. Token Ring LAN
- Consists of several connected computers in 4. Token Bus LAN
an area (About thousands of meters) 5. Wired LAN
- Can achieve the targets, including 6. Wireless LAN
Documents Management, Application
Sharing, Printers Sharing, E-mail, etc. Benefits of LAN
- “VIRTUALIZATION” – development of - Used in businesses, schools, restaurants,
virtual LANs coffee shops, stores, and homes.
o Allows network administrators to - Expanded wireless connectivity.
group nodes and partition networks - Wide range of devices
without major infrastructure changes. o PCs to smart TVs, stereos, speakers,
- Allows LOGICAL CONNECTIONS lighting, thermostats, door locks.
between departments in an office. Security cameras, and coffeemakers.
- Originally developed in the 1960s
- First used in businesses in LATE 1970s Local Area Connection Properties
- Widespread in 1973 using Ethernet 1. Clients for Microsoft networks
technology. - Allows computer to share files and printers
in Microsoft Network
How Does LAN Work 2. Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPV4)
- Connects to the internet at a central point - Enables the computer to communicate with
(router). other computers in the network.
- Serves as few as two or three users (Home - Can be set automatically or manually
network) specified along with other network
- Many as thousands of users (FDDI network) information to work properly.
- Uses Ethernet - Makes sure that each device has a unique IP.
o Physical network connection protocol 3. LAN settings
- Uses WiFi - Default IP Address: 192.168.0.1
o Radiowave connection protocol - Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
- Simplest internet-connected LANs require a 4. DHCP Server
router. - Dynamic Host Control Protocol
- Larger LANs may require additional routers - Gives the IP Addresses when a device starts
or switches for efficient data forwarding. and requests an IP address from the network.
- Can be set to obtain IP address
Characteristics of a LAN automatically
- Transmits very high speed and data transfer
flow. LAN – Single communication only (Wired)
- Flexible, has a variety of transmission MAN – Multiple computers can build simultaneous
mechanisms. communication links.
- Safe and secured, has data security. WAN – Large group of computers can communicate
Advantages Disadvantages at a single time; miles wide (Wireless)
1. Speed 1. Limited Mobility WLAN – Utilizes wireless technology (Wi-Fi) to
- 100 Mbps of 1 - Wired connect devices in the same area.
Gbps connections
- Quick data 2. Limited Range Lesson 7: Home and Work Networks
transfer - Limited by the Home Networks
2. Security length of the - Network of devices connected within a single
- Physically Ethernet cable physical place.
connected and 3. Installation - Can be wired, wireless or both.
less susceptible - Complex - Commonly used for accessing the internet
to outside installation, - Commonly wired.
interference. requiring the - Ideal for home networks where you trust all the
3. Cost routing of people and the devices using the network.
- Wired cables and - Network discovery is turned on.
connections are installation of
switches.
 o You can see other computers and Advantages Disadvantages
devices and vice versa. - Better access to - Higher cost and
- Useful when installing a shared printer or trying resources and complexity
to connect to a shared folder on another advanced - Requires specialized
computer. features hardware and
- Can belong to a home group. expertise.
- MUST belong to a workgroup, BUT can also
belong to a homegroup.
o A homegroup is protected with a
Lesson 8: Public and Domain Networks
password, but you only need to type Public Network
the password ONCE, when adding - Type of network wherein anyone the general
your computer to the homegroup. masses have access of the network and through it
can connect to other networks of the internet.
Types of Home Networks - Open to everyone, no password authentication.
1. Wired - Keeps your computer invisible.
- Use ethernet or other cable connections to - Network discover is OFF.
connect to a router and the Internet. - Homegroup is UNAVAILABLE.
- Provide more consistent and reliable connectivity Benefits Cons
than wireless networks. - Wide availability - Security risk
2. Wireless - Cost-effectiveness (hackers)
- Wi-fi or other wireless technologies - Easy connection - No control (no
admin)
Advantages Disadvantages - Slow speed (traffic)
- Convenient - Lower bandwidth
- Lower cost and limited Domain Network
- Fewer security capabilities. - Collection of interconnected devices
measures - Vulnerable to - Organized and managed under a network
- File sharing interference and administrator.
- Resource sharing security breaches. - Has an admin called domain controller whose
- Gaming - Fewer resources main job is to manage all user functions.
- Smart devices - Security risks - System of computers resources. The admin is
- Sharing internet - Cost responsible of authenticating each access of the
connection - Privacy concerns computer. It needs a password and other
authentications to access this network.
Work Networks - Used for domain and enterprise networks.
- Larger, more complex, and more specialized - Controlled by the NETWORK
hardware than home networks. ADMINISTRATOR.
- Facilitate communication and resource sharing - CAN’T be selected or changed.
within an organization making them an essential - Preferable when connecting to a network at a
part of any business. larger workplace.
- Dedicated servers and specialized hardware - Security will be controlled by the network’s
- Security is a major concern. administrator’s settings for the whole domain.
- Used in small office or other workplace - One or more computers are SERVERS.
networks. o Used to control the security and
- Network discovery is ENABLED. permissions for all computers on the
- CANNOT join or create a homegroup. domain.
- All computers are peers; no one has control over o Easy to make changes (automatic).
the other. - A password or other credentials are provided to
- Each computer has a set of user accounts. ACCESS the domain.
- Typically, NO MORE than twenty computers. - A user account can log on to any computer
- NOT PROTECTED by a password. without needing an account on that computer.
- ALL computers must be on the same local - Limited changes can be made for consistency.
network or subnet. - Thousands of computers
- Computers can be on different local networks.
Key Elements of A secure and reliable network Benefits Cons
- Cybersecurity measures: Firewalls, antivirus - Scalability and - Needs Maintenance
- Network protocols: rules that can maintain wide Flexibility (interconnected,
connections. - High Security need administrator)
- Best practices: Strong passwords and regular - Troubleshoot and - High cost
changes. isolate network - Complex to some
problems easily. (literacy to controls)
Work Networks
Types of Public and Domain Network - Better Access to - Higher cost
1. Wired (Ethernet cable or other cable Resources (specialized
connections) - Increased hardware)
2. Wireless Flexibility - Dependency on
3. Local Area Network Domain - Scalability Service Provides
- Encompasses a local area network within a (third party)
limited geographic area - Distance limitations
- Typically includes devices, servers, and - Difficult to maintain
resources that are interconnected and - High Latency
administered locally.
4. Wide Area Network Domain WAN Settings Used to Connect to the ISP
- Covering wide geographical area 1. Dynamic IP Address
- Connecting multiple LANs or remote sites - Obtain an IP address automatically from the ISP.
- Enables communication between geographically - Temporary address for devices connected to a
dispersed locations and facilitates sharing network that continually changes over time.
resources and data across a larger network 2. Host Name
infrastructure. - Model number of the device.
5. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) - Can identify and access from other devices
Domain within the network or the internet.
- Logical division within a LAN where devices are 3. MAC Address
grouped based on criteria such as department, - Hardware address used to uniquely identify
function, or security requirements. devices on a LAN.
- Provide network segmentation without the need - Set by default.
for physical separation, allowing the different 4.1 Primary DNS address
VLANs to exist on the same physical structure - Authoritative source for DNS records of a
6. Domain Name System (DNS) Domain domain.
- Portion of the DNS namespace – a hierarchical 4.2 Secondary DNS address
naming system for computers, services, or any - Backup server and replicates the data of the
resources connected to the Internet or a private primary server.
network. 5. Auto Reconnect
- Allows the router to “reconnect” to the ISP
Lesson 9: Wide Area Network automatically if the connections are
disconnected.
- Collection of computer and networks connected 6. Static IP Address
via a network. - To set a SPECIFIC IP address that is still
- Offers a large geographic area. provided by the ISP.
- Made up of interconnected LANs. - Avoided, requires a lot of work and manual entry
- A connection of connected LANs. of network information.
- Completely Wireless (according to Andre) 7. PPPoE
- Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
Purposes of WAN - Only used if the ISP uses this protocol.
1. Connectivity - Provides the username and password.
- Allows branches of connection to connect,
communicate, and interact to each other.
2. Scalability Lesson 10: IP Address
- Handle numerous or expanding quantity. - Internet Protocol (IP) address
- Might affect the scale of bandwidth, range, and - Unique numerical identifier for every device or
devices. network that connects to the internet.
3. Flexibility - Typically assigned by an Internet Service
- Adapt to the changes in the network Provider (ISP)
requirements. - Online device address used for communicating
4. Resource Sharing across the internet.
- Enables the sharing of resources such as files,
database, apps, etc. Main Purposes of IP Addressing
- User can access shared resources. 1. Local Addressing
Advantages Disadvantages - Unique identifier for devices connected to the
- Greater Geographic - Slower speed network.
Coverage (Larger area) - Helps the websites and servers within the
- Improved - Security risks network to recognize and communicate with your
Collaboration (Hacking) device.
- Enhanced data 2. Network Routing
Security
- Allows your device to send and receive data - Splits the IP address into the host and network
packets to and from the internet. addresses.
- Received information contains packets of - It defines which part of the IP address belongs to
information (IP Address and the Server’s IP the device and which part belongs to the network.
Address).
Gateway
• ALL the routers and network devices use IP - Default gateway.
addresses to GUIDE data packets from your - Connects local devices to other networks.
device ACROSS the internet to REACH their - When a local device wants to send info to a
intended destination. device at an IP address to another network:
1. SENDS its packets to the gateway.
Types of IP Addresses 2. FORWARDS the data on its destination
1. IPv4 outside the local network.
- Internet Protocol Version 4
- 4 sets of numbers separated by periods.
- Each set has a LIMITED range of 0 to 255.
- Approximately 4.3 BILLION unique addresses
across the globe.
2. IPv6
- 8 groups of hexadecimal digits
- 128-bit number system
- Separated by colons.
- Total of 340 UNDECILLION unique addresses.
- Objective: Enough IP addresses to accommodate
the increasing number of devices needed to be
connected to the internet.
- Objective: Solve the problems of limited IPv4
addresses used by BILLIONS of devices
worldwide.

How do IP Addresses work?

- A part of the TCP/IP suite of protocols.
- Works behind the scenes, helping devices and
websites connect with each other on the internet.
1. Every time a request is made to access a
website, the requesting computer needs to
know where the WEBSITE resides and how
to reach it.
2. The requesting computer connects to the
network router.
3. It then connects to the web server where the
website lives.
4. The web server pulls the website info and
sends it back to the requesting computer.
5. Each device in this process carries a uniquely
identifiable IP address, without which the
transfer of information will not take place.

IP Address Status
1. Dynamic
- Temporarily assigned by the network’s DHCP
server.
- Can change anytime or whenever you are
connecting to a network.
2. Static
- Manually assigned to devices.
- Do not changed automatically whenever it
connects to a network.
- Used for servers, routers, or devices that require
consistent network access.

Subnet Masks