Travel Guide

Travel Guide
Chiang Rai
&
Chiang Mai
Kalyan Chatterjea
May 2024
2
Contents
1 Background 1
1.1 Evolution of Thailand’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Ancient Civilizations (Before 13th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Sukhothai Kingdom (13th to 15th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th to 18th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.4 Thonburi and Rattanakosin Periods (18th to 20th Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.5 Modern Thailand (20th Century to Present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.6 Vision for the Future: Embracing Change, Preserving Identity . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Currency and Exchange Rate with SGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Foreign Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.1 Bangkok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.2 Pattaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.3 Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.4 Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6.5 Hua Hin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Distinctiveness of Thai Culture 9

2.1 Contrast with Other Southeast Asian Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Comparison with Chinese Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Comparison with Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Regional Cultures in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Distinctive Cultural Traits of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.1 Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.2 Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Thai Cuisine 13
3.1 Key Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.1 Herbs and Spices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.2 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.3 Staple Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Popular Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1 Pad Thai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 Pad Thai Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.3 Tom Yum Goong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.4 Tom Yum Goong Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.5 Green Curry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.6 Green Curry Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.7 Khao Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.8 Khao Pad Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.9 Som Tum (Papaya Salad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.10 Som Tum Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.11 Massaman Curry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.12 Massaman Curry Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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3.2.13 Gaeng Daeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2.14 Gaeng Daeng Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.15 Phad Krapao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.16 Phad Krapao Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.17 Khao Man Gai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.18 Khao Man Gai Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.19 Mango Sticky Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.20 Mango Sticky Rice Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.21 Dining Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.22 Regional Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.23 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai 37

4.1 Planning for Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.1 Unveiling the Enchantment of Chiang Rai: A Journey Through Northern Thai-
land’s Gem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Geology of Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.1 Rock Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.2 Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.3 Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.4 Schedule for Chiang Rai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.5 Unwinding Journey from Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai: A Taste of Northern Thailand 48
4.3 Unveiling Chiang Mai’s Allure: A 4-Day Itinerary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.1 Day 1: A Journey Through Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.2 Day 2: Nature’s Majesty Awaits at Doi Inthanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.3 Day 3: Immersing in Local Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.4 Rejuvenating Thai Massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.5 Day 4: Venturing Beyond the City Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.6 Embrace the Magic: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.7 Schedule for Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.8 Exploration Journey from Chiang Rai to Chiang Mai: Discovering Northern Thailand 59
4.4 Geology of Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4.1 Rock Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.2 Influence of the Himalayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Index 61
List of Figures
3.1 Pad Thai - Stir-fried Noodles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.2 Tom Yum Soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Green Curry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Khao Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5 Som Tam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Massaman Curry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.7 Gaeng Daeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.8 Phad Krapao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.9 Khao Man Gai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.10 Mango Sticky Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Wat Rong Khun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.2 Baan Dam Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Night Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4 Night Market - Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Hot Spring - foot spa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.6 Hot Spring - cooking! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.7 Kok River Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.8 Doi Mae Salong Nature Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.9 Elephant Sanctuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.10 Karen Village Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.13 Wat Phra That Doi Suthep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.14 Naga Staircase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.15 Wat Chedi Luang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.16 Warorot Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.17 Khao Soi Noodles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.18 Nam Prik Ong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.19 Doi Inthanon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.20 Doi Inthanon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.21 Wachirathan Waterfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.22 Two Chedis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.23 Fah Lanna Spa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.24 Oasis Spa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.25 Limestone Formation in Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.26 Cliffs in Chiang Mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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iv LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1
Background
1.1 Evolution of Thailand’s History

Thailand , formerly known as Siam , boasts a rich and diverse history that stretches back over thousands
of years. From its early beginnings to the present day, Thailand has undergone significant evolution,
shaping its culture, society, and political landscape.
1.1.1 Ancient Civilizations (Before 13th Century)

The history of Thailand traces back to ancient civilizations dating back to the Bronze Age. These early
societies, such as the Dvaravati and Srivijaya kingdoms, laid the foundation for the region’s cultural and
economic development. The Khmer Empire, centered in present-day Cambodia, also exerted influence
over parts of Thailand during this period.
1.1.2 Sukhothai Kingdom (13th to 15th Century)

In the 13th century, the Sukhothai Kingdom emerged as a powerful state in northern Thailand. Under the
leadership of King Ramkhamhaeng, Sukhothai expanded its influence, promoting Theravada Buddhism
and fostering a sense of Thai identity. The Sukhothai period is often regarded as a golden age of Thai
civilization, characterized by artistic and architectural achievements.
1.1.3 Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th to 18th Century)

The rise of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century marked a significant turning point in Thai
history. Located in the central plains of Thailand, Ayutthaya became a major center of trade and culture
in Southeast Asia. The kingdom flourished under the rule of successive kings, establishing diplomatic
relations with neighboring states and European powers. However, Ayutthaya faced numerous challenges,
including conflicts with neighboring powers and internal strife.
1.1.4 Thonburi and Rattanakosin Periods (18th to 20th Century)

In the 18th century, the Ayutthaya Kingdom fell to Burmese invaders, leading to the establishment of
the Thonburi Kingdom under King Taksin. However, Taksin’s reign was short-lived, and the capital was
later moved to Bangkok by King Rama I, marking the beginning of the Rattanakosin Period.
Under the Chakri Dynasty , Thailand underwent modernization and territorial expansion. The
monarchy played a central role in maintaining stability and unity, while also navigating the challenges
of colonialism and globalization. Thailand adapted to the changing geopolitical landscape, balancing
relations with European powers and regional neighbors.
1.1.5 Modern Thailand (20th Century to Present)

The 20th century marked a period of profound transformation for Thailand, characterized by rapid
socio-economic development, political upheaval, and shifting global dynamics. Following the abolition of
1
2 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND
absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand underwent a series of political changes, including multiple coups
and periods of military rule interspersed with brief periods of civilian government.
During the latter half of the 20th century, Thailand experienced remarkable economic growth, driven
by industrialization, export-oriented policies, and tourism. The reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej , also
known as King Rama IX, who ascended to the throne in 1946, spanned seven decades and played a pivotal
role in shaping modern Thailand. King Bhumibol was revered by many Thais for his efforts to promote
rural development, social welfare, and national unity. His reign witnessed significant socio-economic
progress, but also periods of political turbulence and social unrest.
In 2016, King Bhumibol Adulyadej passed away after a long and revered reign, leaving a legacy of
devotion and service to the Thai people. His son, King Maha Vajiralongkorn , also known as King Rama
X, ascended to the throne and continues to play a central role in Thai society. King Vajiralongkorn’s
reign has seen efforts to modernize the monarchy and consolidate its role within the constitutional
framework of Thailand. Additionally, the King’s sister, Princess Sirindhorn , has been actively involved
in various charitable and educational initiatives, earning widespread respect and admiration among the
Thai populace.
When visiting Thailand, tourists should be aware of the deep reverence and respect that Thai people
hold for the monarchy. It’s essential to show proper decorum and avoid any actions or statements that
could be perceived as disrespectful to the monarchy or Thai culture.
Moreover, tourists should familiarize themselves with proper temple etiquette when visiting Thai-
land’s many Buddhist temples. This includes dressing modestly, removing shoes before entering temple
buildings, showing respect for Buddha images and religious artefacts, and observing quiet and respectful
behaviour while inside the temple premises. By adhering to these guidelines, visitors can show respect
for Thai customs and traditions while experiencing the rich cultural heritage of Thailand.
Certainly! When visiting temples in Thailand, it’s essential to adhere to certain etiquette guidelines
to show respect for the religious significance of these sacred sites. Here’s an elaboration on proper temple
etiquette:
• Dress Modestly: Visitors should dress modestly when entering a temple. This means wearing
clothing that covers the shoulders, knees, and chest. Avoid wearing revealing clothing such as
shorts, tank tops, or clothing with offensive language or images.
• Remove Shoes: Before entering the temple buildings or prayer halls, visitors are required to
remove their shoes. Look for designated shoe racks or shelves near the entrance where you can
leave your footwear. It’s customary to walk barefoot or wear socks inside the temple.
• Show Respect: While inside the temple, maintain a respectful and quiet demeanour. Avoid loud
conversations, and refrain from using electronic devices or taking selfies. Remember that temples
are places of worship for Buddhists, so it’s essential to show reverence and mindfulness.
• Follow Temple Rules: Pay attention to any signs or instructions posted at the temple entrance.
Some temples may have specific rules or restrictions regarding photography, touching sacred objects,
or sitting or standing in certain areas. Follow these guidelines to avoid causing offence or disrespect.
• Handle Offerings with Care: If you choose to make an offering or donation at the temple, do
so respectfully. Approach the donation box or offering table quietly and place your donation in the
designated receptacle. Avoid touching or disturbing any religious artefacts or offerings placed by
others.
• Respect Buddha Images: When encountering Buddha images or statues inside the temple, show
respect by refraining from pointing your feet directly at them. Instead, sit or kneel with your feet
tucked underneath you. Avoid climbing on or touching the Buddha images, as this is considered
highly disrespectful.
• Observe Religious Practices: If you encounter monks or worshippers engaged in religious

rituals or prayers, observe quietly from a respectful distance. Avoid interrupting or disrupting
their activities. If you wish to participate in any religious ceremonies, ask for permission and
follow the lead of the local worshippers.
By following these etiquette guidelines, visitors can show respect for the religious beliefs and practices
of the Thai people and fully experience the spiritual atmosphere of Thailand’s beautiful temples.
1.1. EVOLUTION OF THAILAND’S HISTORY 3
Post-World War II Era

Following World War II, Thailand underwent significant changes as it navigated the challenges of de-
colonization and Cold War politics. The country played a strategic role in the region, aligning itself
with the United States to counter the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. This alliance led to
substantial military and economic assistance from the U.S., fuelling Thailand’s economic growth and
industrialization efforts.
Political Instability and Military Coups

Despite periods of democratic governance, Thailand experienced frequent military coups and political
instability throughout the 20th century. The military, often seen as a powerful political force, intervened
in civilian affairs multiple times, disrupting democratic processes and undermining political institutions.
The cycle of coups and counter-coups contributed to a climate of uncertainty and hindered the consoli-
dation of democratic governance.
Economic Growth and Development

Throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, Thailand experienced remark-
able economic growth and development. The country transitioned from an agrarian-based economy to
one driven by industry, manufacturing, and tourism. Rapid urbanization transformed major cities like
Bangkok into bustling metropolises, attracting domestic and foreign investment. However, economic
growth also exacerbated income inequality and disparities between urban and rural areas.
Cultural Renaissance and Globalization

Thailand’s cultural landscape underwent a renaissance in the modern era, fuelled by efforts to preserve
and promote traditional arts, crafts, and heritage. At the same time, globalization brought new influences
and opportunities for cultural exchange. Thailand’s entertainment industry, particularly its film and
music sectors, gained international acclaim, showcasing the country’s creative talent on the global stage.
Challenges and Resilience

Despite its economic successes, Thailand continues to grapple with a range of challenges in the 21st
century. Urbanization has strained infrastructure and resources, leading to environmental degradation
and social tensions. Political polarization and civil unrest periodically disrupt governance and stabil-
ity. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in Thailand’s healthcare system and
economy, highlighting the need for resilience and adaptation.
1.1.6 Vision for the Future: Embracing Change, Preserving Identity

Looking ahead, Thailand aspires to build a more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future. The gov-
ernment has outlined ambitious development plans focused on innovation, digitalization, environmental
conservation, and tourism revitalization. While ongoing efforts aim to address social inequality, promote
human rights, and strengthen democratic institutions, recent events like the pandemic and geopolitical
shifts necessitate a renewed focus on these areas.
Adapting Tourism for a New Era

Rejuvenating the Industry: As a crucial pillar of the Thai economy, revitalizing tourism is paramount.
Strategies focus on promoting niche experiences, eco-tourism, and responsible travel practices. Initiatives
like the ”Amazing Thailand, New Chapters” campaign aim to attract high-value visitors who respect
local cultures and contribute to sustainable tourism practices.
Diversifying Markets: Thailand is actively wooing tourists from new markets beyond traditional
source countries. Investments in infrastructure and targeted marketing campaigns are promoting tourism
in secondary destinations beyond Bangkok and Phuket.
Embracing Technology: Digitalization plays a key role in enhancing the tourist experience. Thai-
land is exploring technologies like e-visas, mobile payment systems, and AI-powered travel information
platforms to streamline processes and personalize traveller experiences.
Sustainability and Environmental Protection

Balancing Growth with Conservation: Thailand recognizes the delicate balance between tourism
development and environmental protection. Initiatives are underway to promote responsible tourism
practices, minimize environmental impact, and support the conservation of natural resources.
Focus on Eco-Tourism: Fostering eco-tourism is a key priority. This includes promoting responsible
travel experiences that minimize environmental impact, support local communities, and raise awareness
about the importance of conservation.
Innovation and Digital Transformation

Thailand 4.0 and Beyond: The Thailand 4.0 strategy, emphasizing innovation and technology, remains
a cornerstone for economic transformation. Investments in research and development, coupled with
fostering a vibrant startup ecosystem, are crucial for Thailand to compete in the global digital economy.
Upskilling the Workforce: Equipping the workforce with the necessary digital skills is essential
for Thailand’s long-term success. Educational programs and training initiatives are being implemented
to bridge the digital skills gap and prepare Thailand for the demands of the future workplace.
Addressing Social Issues and Strengthening Democracy

Bridging the Inequality Gap: Efforts to address social inequality remain ongoing. The government
aims to improve access to education, healthcare, and social services, particularly in rural areas. Promot-
ing social mobility and providing opportunities for marginalized communities are essential for fostering
a more inclusive society.
Upholding Human Rights and Democratic Values: Thailand is committed to upholding the
rule of law, protecting civil liberties, and strengthening democratic institutions. Promoting transparency,
accountability, and good governance is essential for building trust and confidence in Thailand’s demo-
cratic future.
With its rich history, diverse cultural heritage, and resilient spirit, Thailand is well-positioned to nav-
igate the complexities of the 21st century. By embracing innovation, promoting sustainability, fostering
inclusivity, and adapting its tourism industry to the new era, Thailand is poised to create a brighter
future for all its citizens.
1.2 Population
As of the latest available data, Thailand has a population of approximately 69 million people. The
population is diverse, consisting of various ethnic groups, including the Thai people, ethnic Chinese,
Malays, and hill tribes.
The population distribution in Thailand is uneven, with a significant portion residing in major cities
and urban centers. Here are the approximate populations of some of the largest cities and regions in
Thailand:
• Bangkok: As the capital and largest city in Thailand, Bangkok is home to a significant portion
of the country’s population. The population of Bangkok and its metropolitan area is estimated to
be around 10 to 12 million people.
• Pattaya: Located on the eastern Gulf coast of Thailand, Pattaya is a popular tourist destination
and a rapidly growing city. Its population is estimated to be around 320,000 to 350,000 people.
• Chiang Mai: The largest city in northern Thailand, Chiang Mai has a population of approximately
1.3 million people in its metropolitan area.
• Chiang Rai: Chiang Rai is a smaller city compared to Chiang Mai, with a population of around
200,000 to 250,000 people.
• Phuket: Phuket, located in the south of Thailand, is another major tourist destination. Its
population is estimated to be around 400,000 to 450,000 people.
• Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat): Nakhon Ratchasima, commonly known as Korat, is one of the
largest cities in northeastern Thailand. Its population is around 250,000 to 300,000 people.
1.3. LANGUAGES 5
• Udon Thani: Another significant city in northeastern Thailand, Udon Thani has a population of
approximately 150,000 to 200,000 people.
• Hua Hin: Located on the western coast of the Gulf of Thailand, Hua Hin is a popular beach
resort town with a population of around 100,000 to 150,000 people.
These population estimates are approximate and may vary depending on the source and the criteria
used for measurement. Additionally, Thailand’s urban population continues to grow due to rural-to-
urban migration and natural population increase.
1.3 Languages
The official language of Thailand is Thai. It is spoken by the majority of the population and is used
in government, education, media, and daily communication. Thai is a tonal language with a complex
script, but most signs and official documents also include Romanized versions.
English is widely spoken and understood, particularly in urban areas, tourist destinations, and among
younger generations. In cities like Bangkok, Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai, many people, espe-
cially those working in the tourism industry, speak English proficiently. However, proficiency levels may
vary among individuals and regions.
In Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, English is commonly spoken, especially in areas frequented by tourists.
English signage, menus, and services are also prevalent in these cities to accommodate international
visitors.
Here are twenty-five common phrases in English and their translations in Thai:
• Hello - (sawasdee)
• Goodbye - (laa kon)
• Thank you - (khob khun)
• You’re welcome - (yin dee)
• Please - (proht)
• Excuse me - (khaw thot)
• Yes - (chai)
• No - (mai)
• How are you? - (sabai dee mai)
• I’m fine, thank you - (sabai dee khrap/ka)
• What is your name? - (kun cheu arai)
• My name is.. (chan cheu...)
• Where is the bathroom? - (hawng nam yu tee nai)
• How much does this cost? - (nee raa kaa tao rai)
• I don’t understand - (chan mai khao jai)
• Can you help me? - (kun chuay chan dai mai)
• I’m lost - (chan dern long tang)
• I need a doctor - (chan tong gaan mor)
• Where is the nearest hospital? - (rong paya ban tee glai tee sut yu tee nai)
• Can I have the bill, please? - (chuay ao bill ma hai noi dai mai)
• I love Thailand - (chan rak prathet thai)

• Delicious! - (aroi mak)
• Cheers! - (chon gaeo)
• Happy birthday! - (suk san wan kerd)
• Have a nice day! - (kaw hai mee wan tee dee)
These phrases can be helpful for travelers to communicate with locals during their visit to Thailand.
1.4 Currency and Exchange Rate with SGD

The currency of Thailand is the Thai Baht (THB). As of my last update, the exchange rate between
the Thai Baht (THB) and the Singapore Dollar (SGD) fluctuates but is approximately 1 THB = 0.042
SGD.
Conversely, 1 SGD is approximately equivalent to 23.81 THB. or 100 SGD is approximately 2381
THB.
1.5 Foreign Invasion

Throughout its history, Thailand has encountered various foreign invasions and interventions, shaping
its geopolitical landscape and national identity. Despite managing to maintain its independence and
sovereignty, Thailand faced several challenges from neighbouring powers and colonial ambitions. Some
notable instances include:
1. Burmese Invasions: Thailand faced multiple invasions from the neighbouring Kingdom of
Burma (present-day Myanmar) during the 16th to 18th centuries. These invasions, particularly during
the Ayutthaya period, resulted in periods of conflict, territorial loss, and cultural exchange between the
two kingdoms.
2. Laotian and Cambodian Conflicts: Thailand engaged in territorial disputes and conflicts
with neighbouring Laos and Cambodia over border regions and historical claims. These conflicts often
involved diplomatic negotiations, military confrontations, and shifts in regional alliances.
3. European Colonial Interests: During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Thailand encountered
pressures from European colonial powers, including Britain and France, who sought to expand their
influence in Southeast Asia. Despite facing diplomatic pressures and territorial encroachments, Thailand
skilfully navigated international relations to preserve its independence.
4. Japanese Occupation: During World War II, Thailand experienced a brief period of Japanese
occupation from 1941 to 1945. Despite officially remaining neutral, Thailand signed a treaty of alliance
with Japan, allowing Japanese troops to transit through Thai territory to invade British-held Malaya
and Burma.
5. Cold War Influences: Throughout the Cold War era, Thailand became a strategic battleground
for geopolitical influence between the United States and the Soviet Union. The country faced political
instability, military coups, and internal conflicts fuelled by Cold War ideologies and regional power
struggles.
The absence of European colonization has had significant implications for Thailand’s development
and national identity compared to countries like India, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, which were
colonized by European powers. Unlike colonized countries, Thailand did not experience direct rule by
foreign powers, which often led to the exploitation of natural resources, forced labour, and cultural
assimilation. This allowed Thailand’s population to retain its cultural identity, traditions, and social
structures to a greater extent. Furthermore, Thailand’s economy developed primarily under indigenous
rule, enabling a more organic growth trajectory and greater control over economic resources.
The experience of avoiding colonization has shaped the mentality and national pride of the Thai
people. Thailand’s ability to resist foreign domination has fostered a sense of unity, resilience, and
cultural pride among its citizens. Additionally, the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions has
remained a focal point of Thai identity, contributing to a strong sense of cultural continuity and national
cohesion.
Despite these challenges, Thailand managed to uphold its sovereignty and independence, maintaining
a distinct cultural identity and national unity amidst external pressures and geopolitical changes.
1.6. TOURISM 7
1.6 Tourism
Thailand is a premier tourist destination celebrated for its stunning beaches, vibrant culture, historical
sites, and delectable cuisine. The country offers a diverse range of attractions that cater to various
interests, drawing millions of visitors from around the globe each year.
1.6.1 Bangkok
As the capital city of Thailand, Bangkok is a bustling metropolis known for its vibrant street life,
ornate temples, and bustling markets. Tourists flock to Bangkok to explore iconic landmarks such as the
Grand Palace, Wat Pho (Temple of the Reclining Buddha), and Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn). The city
also offers world-class shopping experiences, vibrant nightlife, and a rich culinary scene featuring both
traditional Thai dishes and international cuisines.
Types of Tourists: Bangkok attracts a diverse range of tourists, including history buffs drawn to its
cultural sites, food enthusiasts eager to sample authentic Thai cuisine, shoppers seeking bargain deals in
its bustling markets, and nightlife aficionados looking to experience the city’s vibrant club scene.
1.6.2 Pattaya
Pattaya is a popular beach resort city located along the Gulf of Thailand, renowned for its sandy beaches,
water sports, and vibrant nightlife. Tourists visit Pattaya to relax on its pristine beaches, enjoy water
activities such as snorkelling and jet skiing, and explore nearby attractions like Nong Nooch Tropical
Botanical Garden and the Sanctuary of Truth. The city’s lively nightlife, with its bars, clubs, and cabaret
shows, also draws partygoers from around the world.
Types of Tourists: Pattaya attracts a diverse range of tourists, including beach lovers seeking relax-
ation, adventure enthusiasts looking for water sports and outdoor activities, and party seekers eager to
experience its vibrant nightlife.
1.6.3 Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai is a charming city nestled in the mountains of northern Thailand, renowned for its rich
history, cultural heritage, and picturesque scenery. Tourists visit Chiang Mai to explore its ancient
temples, such as Wat Phra That Doi Suthep and Wat Chedi Luang, and participate in cultural experiences
like traditional Thai cooking classes and Buddhist meditation retreats. The city’s vibrant night markets,
surrounded by street food stalls and handicraft vendors, offer a unique shopping and dining experience.
Types of Tourists: Chiang Mai appeals to cultural enthusiasts interested in exploring its historic tem-
ples and traditional arts, nature lovers drawn to its scenic landscapes and outdoor activities like trekking
and zip-lining, and wellness seekers seeking relaxation and rejuvenation through holistic therapies and
meditation practices.
1.6.4 Chiang Rai

Chiang Rai is a tranquil city located in northern Thailand, known for its serene atmosphere, unique
cultural attractions, and stunning natural landscapes. Tourists visit Chiang Rai to marvel at iconic
landmarks such as the White Temple (Wat Rong Khun) and the Blue Temple (Wat Rong Suea Ten),
which showcase intricate architectural designs and vibrant artworks. The city also serves as a gateway
to the Golden Triangle, where Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos meet, offering opportunities for cultural
exploration and eco-tourism adventures.
Types of Tourists: Chiang Rai attracts tourists interested in exploring its unique cultural attrac-
tions, photography enthusiasts captivated by its stunning temples and landscapes, and adventure seekers
looking to embark on trekking expeditions and hill tribe village visits.
1.6.5 Hua Hin

Hua Hin is a coastal resort town situated on the western side of the Gulf of Thailand, renowned for its
long sandy beaches, luxury resorts, and golf courses. Tourists visit Hua Hin to enjoy leisure activities such
as sunbathing, swimming, and water sports, as well as to explore attractions like the Hua Hin Railway
Station, the Cicada Night Market, and the historic Hua Hin Hills Vineyard. The town’s laid-back
atmosphere, combined with its rich cultural heritage and scenic beauty, makes it a popular destination
for both domestic and international travellers.
Types of Tourists: Hua Hin attracts a diverse range of tourists, including beach lovers seeking re-
laxation, couples on romantic getaways, families looking for recreational activities, and golf enthusiasts
keen to play on world-class courses.
In addition to these destinations, Thailand offers a multitude of other attractions, including the
historic city of Ayutthaya, the picturesque islands of Phuket and Phi Phi, and the lush jungles of Khao
Sok National Park, catering to a wide range of tourist interests and preferences.
Chapter 2
Distinctiveness of Thai Culture
Thai culture is deeply rooted in Buddhism, which serves as a guiding principle for many aspects of daily
life. However, Thai culture is not solely defined by religion; it is a rich tapestry woven with diverse
influences from history, geography, and interactions with neighbouring cultures.
2.1 Contrast with Other Southeast Asian Cultures

Compared to other Southeast Asian cultures, Thai culture stands out for its unique blend of tradition and
modernity. While neighbouring countries like Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar share similar Theravada
Buddhist traditions, Thailand’s cultural landscape is characterized by a vibrant synthesis of indigenous
traditions, Indian influences, and global trends.
One distinguishing feature of Thai culture is its emphasis on the concept of ”sanuk” or enjoyment.
Thais place great importance on maintaining a harmonious and joyful lifestyle, which is evident in their
love for festivities, social gatherings, and culinary delights.
Moreover, Thai culture celebrates the arts in various forms, including traditional dance, music, and
literature. Thai classical dance, with its graceful movements and elaborate costumes, is a revered art
form that reflects the country’s royal heritage and religious devotion.
2.2 Comparison with Chinese Culture

While Thai and Chinese cultures share some similarities due to historical interactions and cultural
exchanges, they also exhibit distinct characteristics shaped by their unique histories and societal values.
One notable difference is in the emphasis on collectivism versus individualism. Chinese culture places
a strong emphasis on family ties, filial piety, and hierarchical relationships, whereas Thai society values
personal freedom, social harmony, and flexibility.
Additionally, cuisine serves as a significant point of divergence between Thai and Chinese cultures.
Thai cuisine is renowned for its bold flavours, aromatic herbs, and spicy undertones, whereas Chinese
cuisine varies widely depending on regional influences and cooking styles.
2.3 Comparison with Singapore

When comparing Thailand to Singapore, both countries offer unique experiences and lifestyles for their
citizens.
In terms of lifestyle, Thailand’s culture is characterized by its laid-back and relaxed atmosphere, with
an emphasis on enjoying life’s simple pleasures. Thai people often prioritize spending time with family
and friends, indulging in delicious street food, and participating in cultural festivals and ceremonies.
In contrast, Singapore’s culture is known for its efficiency, orderliness, and cosmopolitanism. Sin-
gaporeans lead fast-paced lives, juggling work, education, and social commitments in a bustling urban
environment. The city-state’s multiculturalism is reflected in its diverse culinary scene, vibrant arts and
entertainment offerings, and celebration of cultural festivals from various ethnic groups.
Moreover, while both Thailand and Singapore have thriving economies and high standards of living,
they differ in terms of social structure, governance, and political systems. Thailand is a constitutional
9
10 CHAPTER 2. DISTINCTIVENESS OF THAI CULTURE
monarchy with a more relaxed approach to governance and politics, whereas Singapore is a parliamentary
republic with a highly regulated political environment and strict laws governing public conduct.
2.4 Regional Cultures in Thailand

Within Thailand itself, there are distinct regional cultures influenced by geography, history, and ethnic
diversity. Northern Thailand, for example, is known for its Lanna culture, characterized by its unique
architecture, traditional music, and culinary specialities like khao soi (curry noodles). In contrast, the
northeastern region, or Isan, has its own distinct dialect, cuisine (including spicy papaya salad or som
tam), and cultural practices influenced by its Laotian heritage.
Southern Thailand boasts a rich maritime culture, with influences from Malay, Muslim, and indige-
nous cultures. The region’s cuisine features spicy curries, fresh seafood, and unique desserts like coconut
pancakes or kanom krok. Each state or province within Thailand may also have its own local customs,
festivals, and traditions, adding further diversity to the country’s cultural tapestry.
2.5 Distinctive Cultural Traits of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai

Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, located in northern Thailand, boast unique cultural identities shaped by
their historical significance, ethnic diversity, and geographical landscapes.
2.5.1 Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai, often referred to as the ”Rose of the North,” is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and
traditional craftsmanship. Some significant cultural traits of Chiang Mai include:
- Lanna Architecture: Chiang Mai is known for its distinctive Lanna architecture, characterized
by intricately carved wooden structures, ornate temples (or ”wats”), and steeply pitched roofs
adorned with intricate decorations. The city’s historic old town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
preserving its architectural heritage.
- Traditional Arts and Crafts: Chiang Mai is a hub for traditional arts and crafts, including silk
weaving, silverware, wood carving, and umbrella making. Visitors can explore artisan workshops
and markets like the Night Bazaar to admire and purchase handmade crafts.
- Festivals and Celebrations: Chiang Mai hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year,
showcasing its vibrant traditions and religious customs. The most famous festival is the Yi Peng
Lantern Festival, where thousands of floating lanterns illuminate the night sky, creating a mesmer-
izing spectacle.
2.5.2 Chiang Rai

Chiang Rai, known for its tranquil ambiance and scenic landscapes, has its own unique cultural attributes
that set it apart. Some notable cultural traits of Chiang Rai include:
- Contemporary Art Scene: Chiang Rai has emerged as a hub for contemporary art and culture,
attracting artists and creatives from around the world. The city is home to innovative art galleries,
outdoor installations, and the famous White Temple (Wat Rong Khun), known for its surreal and
avant-garde design.
- Hill Tribe Villages: Chiang Rai is surrounded by picturesque hill tribe villages inhabited by
various indigenous ethnic groups, such as the Akha, Karen, and Lisu. Visitors can experience the
rich cultural traditions of these communities through homestays, cultural tours, and handicraft
markets.
- Spiritual Retreats: The serene landscapes of Chiang Rai make it an ideal destination for spiritual
retreats and meditation practices. Several meditation centers and wellness resorts offer immersive
experiences focused on mindfulness, yoga, and holistic healing.
2.5. DISTINCTIVE CULTURAL TRAITS OF CHIANG MAI AND CHIANG RAI 11
These distinctive cultural traits contribute to the allure of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, attracting
visitors seeking to immerse themselves in the unique heritage and traditions of northern Thailand. Bud-
dhism is the predominant religion in both Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, as it is throughout Thailand. The
majority of the population in these regions adheres to Theravada Buddhism, which is the main branch of
Buddhism practised in Thailand. Temples (wats) are significant cultural and religious landmarks in both
cities, serving as centres of worship, community gatherings, and cultural events. However, it’s essential
to note that Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai also have diverse populations, including ethnic minority groups
with their own cultural and religious practices.
12 CHAPTER 2. DISTINCTIVENESS OF THAI CULTURE
Chapter 3
Thai Cuisine
Thai cuisine is renowned worldwide for its vibrant flavours, aromatic herbs, and harmonious balance of
sweet, sour, salty, and spicy tastes. Influenced by centuries of cultural exchange and culinary traditions,
Thai food reflects the country’s diverse regional ingredients and cooking techniques. From street food
stalls to fine dining restaurants, Thai cuisine offers a rich tapestry of dishes that cater to every palate.
3.1 Key Ingredients

3.1.1 Herbs and Spices
Thai cuisine relies heavily on fresh herbs and spices to create its signature flavours. Commonly used
herbs and spices include:
• Lemongrass
• Kaffir lime leaves
• Galangal
• Thai basil
• Coriander (cilantro)
• Garlic
• Shallots
• Bird’s eye chili
• Tamarind
• Thai chili paste (Nam Prik)
3.1.2 Proteins
Thai dishes feature a variety of proteins, including:
• Chicken
• Pork
• Beef
• Seafood (shrimp, fish, squid)
• Tofu
13
14 CHAPTER 3. THAI CUISINE
3.1.3 Staple Ingredients

• Rice: Jasmine rice is the primary staple, served alongside most Thai dishes.
• Rice noodles: Used in dishes like Pad Thai and various soups.
• Coconut milk: Adds richness and creaminess to curries and desserts.

• Fish sauce: A key ingredient for seasoning and adding umami flavor to dishes.
• Palm sugar: Provides sweetness to balance out spicy and sour flavors.
3.2. POPULAR DISHES 15
3.2 Popular Dishes

Thai cuisine offers a diverse range of dishes, each with its own distinct flavors and textures. Some of the
most popular Thai dishes include:
3.2.1 Pad Thai

A stir-fried rice noodle dish with eggs, vegetables (like bean sprouts and scallions), protein (chicken,
shrimp, tofu), and a sweet, savoury, and tangy sauce. Often garnished with peanuts, dried shrimp, and
lime wedges.
Figure 3.1: Pad Thai - Stir-fried Noodles

3.2.2 Pad Thai Recipe

Ingredients
– 8 oz (225g) rice noodles
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil

– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 2 eggs, lightly beaten
– 8 oz (225g) protein of choice (chicken, shrimp, tofu, etc.), sliced or cubed

– 2 cups bean sprouts
– 4 green onions, sliced
– 1/4 cup chopped peanuts
– 1 lime, cut into wedges

Sauce
– 3 tablespoons tamarind paste
– 3 tablespoons fish sauce

– 3 tablespoons brown sugar
– 1 tablespoon soy sauce
– 1 teaspoon chili flakes (adjust to taste)
Instructions
1. Soak the rice noodles in warm water for about 30 minutes, or until softened. Drain and set aside.
2. In a small bowl, mix together the tamarind paste, fish sauce, brown sugar, soy sauce, and chili
flakes to make the sauce. Set aside.
3. Heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil in a large skillet or wok over medium-high heat. Add the minced
garlic and cook for about 30 seconds, until fragrant.
4. Push the garlic to one side of the skillet and pour the beaten eggs onto the other side. Scramble
the eggs until cooked through, then mix with the garlic.
5. Add the remaining tablespoon of vegetable oil to the skillet. Add the sliced protein and cook until
browned and cooked through.
6. Add the softened rice noodles to the skillet, followed by the prepared sauce. Toss everything
together until well combined and heated through.
7. Stir in the bean sprouts and sliced green onions, and cook for another minute or until the bean
sprouts are slightly softened.
8. Remove from heat and garnish with chopped peanuts. Serve hot with lime wedges on the side.
3.2.3 Tom Yum Goong

A fragrant and spicy shrimp soup with lemongrass, galangal, kaffir lime leaves, chillies, mushrooms,
tomatoes, and lime juice. Often served with a side of rice noodles.
Figure 3.2: Tom Yum Soup
3.2.4 Tom Yum Goong Recipe

Ingredients
– 4 cups chicken or vegetable broth
– 2 stalks lemongrass, cut into 2-inch pieces and smashed
– 6 kaffir lime leaves, torn
– 3-4 slices galangal
– 8-10 medium-sized shrimp, peeled and deveined
– 200g (7oz) mushrooms, sliced
– 2 tomatoes, quartered
– 2-3 Thai bird’s eye chilies, sliced (adjust to taste)
– 2 tablespoons lime juice
– 1 tablespoon sugar
– Handful of fresh cilantro leaves

Instructions
1. In a large pot, bring the chicken or vegetable broth to a boil.
2. Add lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, and galangal to the boiling broth. Let it simmer for 5-10 minutes
to infuse the flavors.
3. Add the sliced mushrooms and quartered tomatoes to the pot. Let them cook for about 2-3 minutes
until slightly softened.
4. Stir in the shrimp and cook until they turn pink and opaque, about 2-3 minutes.
5. Season the soup with fish sauce, lime juice, and sugar. Adjust the seasoning according to your
taste preferences.
6. Add sliced Thai bird’s eye chilies for extra heat if desired.
7. Remove the pot from heat and garnish with fresh cilantro leaves.
8. Serve hot as a soup or over steamed rice.

3.2.5 Green Curry

A fragrant curry made with green curry paste, coconut milk, chicken or beef, eggplant, Thai basil, and
other vegetables. It’s rich, creamy, and mildly spicy.
Figure 3.3: Green Curry
3.2.6 Green Curry Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 lb (450g) chicken, beef, or tofu, thinly sliced
– 2 tablespoons green curry paste
– 1 can (13.5 oz) coconut milk
– 1 cup chicken or vegetable broth
– 1 tablespoon fish sauce
– 1 tablespoon brown sugar
– 1 cup bamboo shoots, drained and sliced

– 1 red bell pepper, sliced

– 1 green bell pepper, sliced
– 1 cup Thai basil leaves
– 2-3 kaffir lime leaves, torn

– 1-2 Thai bird’s eye chillies, sliced (optional)
Instructions
1. In a large skillet or wok, heat a tablespoon of oil over medium-high heat.

2. Add the green curry paste to the skillet and cook for 1-2 minutes, stirring constantly, until fragrant.
3. Stir in the coconut milk and chicken or vegetable broth. Bring the mixture to a simmer.
4. Add the sliced chicken, beef, or tofu to the skillet. Cook for 5-7 minutes, or until the protein is
cooked through.
5. Stir in the fish sauce and brown sugar.
6. Add the bamboo shoots, sliced bell peppers, torn kaffir lime leaves, and sliced Thai bird’s eye
chillies (if using). Cook for an additional 2-3 minutes, or until the vegetables are tender-crisp.
7. Remove the skillet from heat and stir in the Thai basil leaves.
8. Serve hot with steamed rice.
3.2.7 Khao Pad

Thai-style fried rice with vegetables like egg, onions, peas, and carrots. Can also include protein like
chicken, shrimp, or pork. Sometimes flavored with shrimp paste or fish sauce.
Figure 3.4: Khao Pad
3.2.8 Khao Pad Recipe

Ingredients
– 3 cups cooked jasmine rice, preferably cooled or day-old
– 1 onion, diced
– 2 eggs, lightly beaten
– 8 oz (225g) protein of choice (chicken, shrimp, tofu, etc.), diced or sliced
– 1 cup mixed vegetables (such as peas, carrots, and bell peppers), diced
– 2 tablespoons soy sauce

– 1 tablespoon oyster sauce

– 1 teaspoon sugar
– 4 green onions, chopped
– Handful of fresh cilantro leaves, chopped (optional)

Instructions
1. Heat vegetable oil in a large skillet or wok over medium-high heat.
2. Add minced garlic and diced onion to the skillet. Stir-fry for 1-2 minutes until fragrant and onions
are translucent.
3. Push the garlic and onions to the side of the skillet, then pour the beaten eggs into the empty
space. Scramble the eggs until cooked through, then mix with the garlic and onions.
4. Add the diced protein to the skillet and cook until browned and cooked through.
5. Stir in the mixed vegetables and cook for 2-3 minutes until slightly softened.
6. Add the cooked jasmine rice to the skillet, breaking up any clumps, and toss with the other
ingredients.
7. In a small bowl, mix together soy sauce, fish sauce, oyster sauce, and sugar. Pour the sauce over
the rice mixture and toss until well combined.
8. Stir in chopped green onions and cilantro leaves (if using).
9. Cook for an additional 2-3 minutes, stirring frequently, until everything is heated through.
10. Serve hot as is or with additional garnishes like lime wedges or sliced cucumbers.
3.2.9 Som Tum (Papaya Salad)

A refreshing salad made with shredded green papaya, tomatoes, green beans, peanuts, lime juice, fish
sauce, and chili peppers. It’s crunchy, spicy, and tangy.
Figure 3.5: Som Tam
3.2.10 Som Tum Recipe

Ingredients
– 2 cups shredded green papaya
– 1-2 cloves garlic, minced
– 2-3 Thai bird’s eye chilies, minced (adjust to taste)
– 2 tablespoons lime juice
– 1 tablespoon palm sugar or brown sugar
– 2 tablespoons roasted peanuts, roughly chopped
– 1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved
– 2 tablespoons dried shrimp, optional
– 1-2 tablespoons fish sauce, for seasoning
– Handful of fresh cilantro leaves, chopped
Instructions
1. In a large mortar and pestle, pound the minced garlic and Thai bird’s eye chilies together to release
their flavors.
2. Add shredded green papaya to the mortar and gently bruise it with the pestle to soften it slightly
and allow it to absorb the flavors.
3. Add fish sauce, lime juice, and palm sugar (or brown sugar) to the mortar. Use the pestle to mix
and bruise the ingredients together until well combined.
4. Toss in cherry tomatoes, roasted peanuts, and dried shrimp (if using). Gently mix everything
together.
5. Taste and adjust the seasoning as needed, adding more fish sauce for saltiness or more lime juice
for acidity.
6. Once the flavors are balanced to your liking, transfer the Som Tum to a serving plate or bowl.
7. Garnish with chopped cilantro leaves and serve immediately as a refreshing appetizer or side dish.
3.2.11 Massaman Curry

A mild and aromatic curry with Persian influences, made with Massaman curry paste, coconut milk,
beef or chicken, potatoes, onions, and roasted peanuts. It’s known for its complex flavours and tender
meat.
Figure 3.6: Massaman Curry
3.2.12 Massaman Curry Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 lb (450g) chicken, beef, or tofu, cut into bite-sized pieces
– 2 tablespoons massaman curry paste
– 2 tablespoons tamarind paste
– 2 tablespoons brown sugar
– 1 cinnamon stick
– 3-4 cardamom pods, lightly crushed
– 2-3 whole cloves
– 1 large potato, peeled and diced
– 1 onion, diced
– 1/2 cup roasted peanuts

– Handful of fresh cilantro leaves, chopped

Instructions
1. In a large pot or Dutch oven, heat a tablespoon of oil over medium heat.
2. Add massaman curry paste to the pot and cook for 1-2 minutes, stirring constantly, until fragrant.
3. Stir in coconut milk and chicken or vegetable broth. Bring the mixture to a simmer.
4. Add chicken, beef, or tofu to the pot, along with fish sauce, tamarind paste, and brown sugar. Stir
to combine.
5. Add cinnamon stick, cardamom pods, and cloves to the pot. Cover and simmer for 20-25 minutes,
stirring occasionally.
6. Add diced potatoes and onions to the pot. Continue to simmer for an additional 10-15 minutes,
or until the potatoes are tender.
7. Stir in roasted peanuts and cook for another 5 minutes.

8. Remove the cinnamon stick and any whole cloves or cardamom pods before serving.
9. Garnish with chopped cilantro leaves and serve hot with steamed rice.
3.2.13 Gaeng Daeng

Gaeng Daeng - Thai Red curry is a popular Thai dish consisting of red curry paste cooked in coconut
milk and added with meat; such as chicken, beef, pork, duck or shrimp, or vegetarian protein source
such as tofu.
Figure 3.7: Gaeng Daeng
3.2.14 Gaeng Daeng Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 lb (450g) chicken, beef, or tofu, sliced
– 2 tablespoons red curry paste
– 2 tablespoons palm sugar or brown sugar
– 1 red bell pepper, sliced
– 1 green bell pepper, sliced
– 1 cup bamboo shoots, drained and sliced
– Handful of Thai basil leaves
– 2-3 kaffir lime leaves, torn
Instructions
1. In a large skillet or wok, heat a tablespoon of oil over medium-high heat.
2. Add red curry paste to the skillet and cook for 1-2 minutes, stirring constantly, until fragrant.
3. Stir in coconut milk and chicken or vegetable broth. Bring the mixture to a simmer.
4. Add chicken, beef, or tofu to the skillet, along with fish sauce, soy sauce, and palm sugar (or brown
sugar). Stir to combine.
5. Add sliced bell peppers and bamboo shoots to the skillet. Simmer for 10-15 minutes, stirring
occasionally, until the protein is cooked through and the vegetables are tender.
6. Stir in Thai basil leaves and torn kaffir lime leaves.
7. Remove from heat and let it sit for a few minutes to allow the flavors to meld together.
8. Serve hot with steamed rice.

3.2.15 Phad Krapao

Phad Krapao: A stir-fried dish with holy basil (krapao), meat (chicken, pork, or seafood), chillies, garlic,
and oyster sauce. Often served with rice and a fried egg on top.
Figure 3.8: Phad Krapao
3.2.16 Phad Krapao Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 lb (450g) ground meat (chicken, beef, pork, or tofu)
– 2-3 Thai bird’s eye chilies, minced (adjust to taste)
– 2 cups Thai basil leaves, loosely packed
– 1 teaspoon oyster sauce
– 1 teaspoon sugar
– Fried egg (optional), for serving
– Steamed rice, for serving
Instructions
1. Heat vegetable oil in a large skillet or wok over medium-high heat.
2. Add minced garlic and Thai bird’s eye chilies to the skillet. Stir-fry for 1-2 minutes until fragrant.
3. Add ground meat (or tofu) to the skillet and cook until browned and cooked through.
4. Stir in fish sauce, soy sauce, oyster sauce, and sugar. Mix well to combine.
5. Add Thai basil leaves to the skillet and toss until wilted and evenly distributed throughout the
dish.
6. Remove from heat and taste for seasoning, adding more fish sauce, soy sauce, or sugar if needed.
7. Serve hot over steamed rice, topped with a fried egg if desired.
3.2.17 Khao Man Gai

Khao Man Gai: Steamed chicken with flavourful rice cooked in chicken broth, served with chili sauce,
ginger sauce, and cucumber slices.
Figure 3.9: Khao Man Gai
3.2.18 Khao Man Gai Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 whole chicken (about 3-4 lbs)
– 2 cups jasmine rice
– 4-5 slices ginger
– 3 cloves garlic, smashed
– 2 tablespoons soy sauce
– 1 tablespoon oyster sauce
– 1 tablespoon sugar
– 4-5 cups chicken broth
– Cucumber slices, for serving
– Fresh cilantro, for serving
– Thai chili sauce, for serving
Instructions
1. Rinse the jasmine rice in cold water until the water runs clear. Drain and set aside.
2. In a large pot, bring the chicken broth to a boil. Add the whole chicken, ginger slices, and smashed
garlic cloves to the pot.
3. Reduce the heat to low and simmer the chicken for about 30-40 minutes, or until cooked through.
Remove the chicken from the pot and let it cool slightly.
4. In a separate pot, heat the vegetable oil over medium heat. Add the drained jasmine rice to the
pot and stir-fry for 1-2 minutes until lightly toasted.
5. Transfer the toasted rice to a rice cooker. Add 3 cups of the strained chicken broth (from cooking
the chicken) to the rice cooker and cook the rice according to the rice cooker’s instructions.
6. While the rice is cooking, debone and shred the cooked chicken meat. Discard the skin and bones.
7. In a small saucepan, mix together soy sauce, oyster sauce, fish sauce, and sugar. Heat the sauce
over low heat until the sugar dissolves.
8. To serve, place a portion of cooked rice on each plate. Top with shredded chicken and cucumber
slices.
9. Drizzle the sauce over the chicken and rice. Garnish with fresh cilantro and serve with Thai chili
sauce on the side.
3.2.19 Mango Sticky Rice

Mango Sticky Rice: A sweet and savoury dessert made with sticky rice cooked in coconut milk, fresh
mango slices, and topped with palm sugar or sweet coconut cream.
Figure 3.10: Mango Sticky Rice
3.2.20 Mango Sticky Rice Recipe

Ingredients
– 1 cup glutinous rice (also known as sweet rice or sticky rice)
– 1/2 cup sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 2 ripe mangoes, peeled and sliced
– Toasted sesame seeds, for garnish (optional)
Instructions
1. Rinse the glutinous rice under cold water until the water runs clear. Soak the rice in water for at
least 4 hours or overnight.
2. After soaking, drain the rice and place it in a steamer basket lined with cheesecloth. Steam the
rice over boiling water for 25-30 minutes, or until tender and cooked through.
3. While the rice is steaming, in a small saucepan, combine coconut milk, sugar, and salt. Heat the
mixture over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until the sugar is dissolved. Remove from heat
and set aside.
4. Once the rice is cooked, transfer it to a large bowl. Pour half of the coconut milk mixture over the
rice and gently stir to coat the rice evenly. Let the rice sit for 10-15 minutes to absorb the coconut
milk.
5. To serve, spoon the sticky rice onto serving plates. Arrange sliced mangoes alongside the rice.
Drizzle the remaining coconut milk mixture over the rice and mangoes.
6. Optionally, sprinkle toasted sesame seeds over the mango sticky rice for garnish.
7. Serve warm or at room temperature.
3.2.21 Dining Customs

Thai dining customs emphasize communal eating and sharing dishes family-style. Here are some dining
customs to keep in mind:
• Shared dishes: Thai meals typically consist of multiple dishes shared among diners, allowing
everyone to sample a variety of flavours.
• Serving etiquette: It’s customary to serve oneself from communal dishes using a serving spoon
or fork rather than personal utensils.
• Eating with hands: In some regions of Thailand, it’s common to eat certain dishes, such as
sticky rice, with the hands.
• Respect for elders: Showing respect for elders is important in Thai culture, including allowing
them to start eating first and serving them food before oneself.
3.2.22 Regional Variations

Thai cuisine varies by region, with each region offering its own specialities and flavour profiles. Some
notable regional cuisines include:
• Southern Thai cuisine: Known for its bold and spicy flavours, with dishes often featuring
coconut milk, turmeric, and dried chillies. Some popular dishes include:
– Massaman Curry: A rich and aromatic curry made with tender chunks of meat (usually
beef or chicken), potatoes, peanuts, and spices like cinnamon, cloves, and star anise.
– Tom Yum Goong: A hot and sour soup made with shrimp, lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves,
galangal, and chilli peppers. It’s known for its refreshing and zesty flavours.
– Gaeng Tai Pla: A fiery and pungent fish curry made with fermented fish innards, spices, and
vegetables. It’s a staple dish in Southern Thailand and is often served with fresh vegetables
and rice.
• Northern Thai cuisine: Influenced by Burmese and Lao cuisines, Northern Thai cuisine is
characterized by its use of herbs, spices, and unique cooking techniques. Some popular dishes
include:
– Khao Soi: A creamy and aromatic curry noodle soup made with a coconut milk-based broth,
tender meat (usually chicken or beef), and crispy egg noodles on top. It’s often garnished
with pickled mustard greens, shallots, lime, and chilli paste.
– Sai Ua: A spicy and flavourful Northern Thai sausage made with minced pork, lemongrass,
kaffir lime leaves, garlic, and chillies. It’s grilled or fried and typically served with sticky rice
and fresh vegetables.
– Kaeng Hang Le: A rich and fragrant pork curry made with pork belly, turmeric, ginger,
garlic, shallots, and spices like cumin and coriander seeds. It’s slow-cooked until the meat is
tender and served with rice or steamed buns.
• Isaan (Northeastern) cuisine: Characterized by its bold and spicy flavors, Isaan cuisine features
simple yet flavorful dishes that highlight the region’s agricultural abundance. Some popular dishes
include:
– Som Tum: A spicy and tangy green papaya salad made with shredded green papaya, toma-
toes, green beans, peanuts, chili peppers, and lime juice. It’s often served with sticky rice and
grilled meats.
– Laab: A minced meat salad made with ground meat (usually pork, chicken, or beef), roasted
rice powder, lime juice, fish sauce, shallots, mint, and cilantro. It’s spicy, sour, and aromatic,
with a delightful crunch from the toasted rice powder.
– Gai Yang: Grilled chicken marinated in a mixture of garlic, lemongrass, fish sauce, soy sauce,
and spices like coriander and turmeric. It’s juicy, flavorful, and often served with sticky rice,
sweet chilli sauce, and fresh vegetables.
Food in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai: Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, located in Northern Thailand,
offer a unique culinary experience influenced by the region’s diverse cultural heritage and abundance of
fresh ingredients. Visitors to these cities can indulge in traditional Northern Thai dishes such as Khao
Soi, a fragrant curry noodle soup, and Sai Ua, a spicy sausage bursting with flavor. Additionally, the
night markets in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai are popular destinations for sampling local street food,
including grilled meats, spicy salads, and sweet treats like mango sticky rice. The vibrant food scene
in these cities reflects the rich culinary traditions of Northern Thailand and is a must-visit for food
enthusiasts.
3.2.23 Conclusion
Thai cuisine is a culinary treasure trove that delights the senses with its bold flavours, aromatic herbs,
and diverse array of dishes. Whether savouring street food delicacies in bustling markets or dining at
upscale restaurants, experiencing Thai cuisine is an essential part of any visit to Thailand.
Chapter 4
Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai
Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai are both cities located in northern Thailand, each with its own unique
charm.
- Chiang Mai: Known as the ”Rose of the North,” Chiang Mai is famous for its historical temples,
vibrant markets, and lush mountain scenery. It is a hub for traditional arts and crafts, including
weaving, pottery, and silversmithing. Chiang Mai is also renowned for its elephant sanctuaries and
outdoor activities such as trekking, zip-lining, and white-water rafting.
- Chiang Rai: Chiang Rai is known for its tranquil atmosphere, scenic landscapes, and unique
cultural attractions. It is home to the stunning White Temple (Wat Rong Khun), an intricate
contemporary Buddhist temple with ornate white architecture. Chiang Rai is also known for its
hill tribe villages, where visitors can learn about indigenous cultures and lifestyles. Additionally,
the city serves as a gateway to the Golden Triangle, where Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos meet.
For senior tourists from Singapore, both Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai offer opportunities for relaxation,
cultural exploration, and unique experiences. Chiang Mai may appeal to those interested in traditional
Thai culture, arts, and crafts, as well as outdoor activities. On the other hand, Chiang Rai’s serene
ambiance, spiritual attractions, and opportunities to interact with local hill tribes may provide a more
tranquil and immersive experience. Ultimately, the choice between Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai depends
on individual preferences and interests.
37
38 CHAPTER 4. CHIANG MAI AND CHIANG RAI
4.1 Planning for Chiang Rai
4.1.1 Unveiling the Enchantment of Chiang Rai: A Journey Through North-

ern Thailand’s Gem
Immerse Yourself in Breathtaking Beauty:
Chiang Rai, nestled in the emerald embrace of northern Thailand, beckons travellers with a capti-
vating blend of natural wonders and cultural treasures. Lush mountains draped in mist, glistening rivers
snaking through valleys, and vibrant hill tribe villages paint a picture of breathtaking beauty. Whether
you’re an intrepid explorer seeking adventure or a serenity seeker yearning for tranquillity, Chiang Rai
offers an unforgettable experience.
Unveiling Architectural Marvels:
Embark on a cultural odyssey by exploring Chiang Rai’s awe-inspiring temples.
Wat Rong Khun (White Temple): This architectural marvel stuns with its pure white facade
adorned with intricate mirror mosaics that shimmer like a celestial palace. Step inside to discover its
ornate halls filled with contemporary Buddhist art and thought-provoking sculptures.
Figure 4.1: Wat Rong Khun
Step Back in Time at the Black House: Baan Dam Museum offers a unique glimpse into the
artistic vision of Thawan Duchanee. Explore a collection of black wooden structures housing unconven-
tional art exhibits that challenge traditional aesthetics.
4.1. PLANNING FOR CHIANG RAI 39
Figure 4.2: Baan Dam Museum

A Feast for the Senses:

Indulge your taste buds in the vibrant food scene of Chiang Rai. Northern Thai cuisine tantalizes
with its bold flavours. Savor Khao Soi, a rich curry with creamy coconut milk noodles, or Nam Prik
Ong, a fiery chilli paste with seasonal vegetables. Don’t miss the Night Bazaar, a kaleidoscope of sights
and smells, where rows of stalls tempt with street food delicacies like Sai Oua (northern sausage) and
Khanom Jeen (rice noodles with curries).
Figure 4.3: Night Market

Figure 4.4: Night Market - Food
Embrace Nature’s Tranquillity:
Escape the city bustle and immerse yourself in the serenity of nature. Mae Kachan Hot Springs
offer therapeutic geothermal waters that soothe the mind and body. Take a dip in the natural pools
surrounded by lush vegetation and breathe in the fresh mountain air.
Figure 4.5: Hot Spring - foot spa

Figure 4.6: Hot Spring - cooking!
Explore the Environment: Embark on a scenic boat ride along the Kok River, winding through
verdant valleys and charming villages. Hike through the Doi Mae Salong National Park, a haven for
diverse flora and fauna, or visit the Elephant Nature Park, a sanctuary dedicated to the ethical treatment
of these majestic creatures.
Figure 4.7: Kok River Ride

Figure 4.8: Doi Mae Salong Nature Park
Figure 4.9: Elephant Sanctuary
Beyond the Tourist Trail:

For a truly immersive experience, venture beyond the well-trodden path. Explore the Golden Triangle,
the confluence of Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar, where remnants of the opium trade offer a glimpse into
history. Alternatively, visit the Akha and Lahu hill tribe villages, where vibrant cultures and traditional
ways of life are preserved.
Exploring the Unique Culture of Karen Villages in Chiang Rai Nestled amidst the rolling hills and
lush jungles of Chiang Rai lie the intriguing Karen villages. These communities, primarily of the Padaung
subgroup, are known for their vibrant culture and unique traditions. While the practice of neck rings
is less common among younger generations, some women still adorn themselves with these brass coils, a
tradition believed to represent beauty and social status.
Visiting a Karen village allows you to experience a glimpse into a way of life far removed from the
modern world. You can witness traditional handicrafts being created, like intricate woven textiles and
beautiful silver jewellery. Immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere of a local market, where colourful
fabrics and fresh produce are bartered and sold. Don’t forget to sample some delicious Northern Thai
cuisine, often prepared using local ingredients and cooking techniques passed down through generations.
While visiting these villages, it’s important to be respectful of the Karen people and their customs.
Opt for tours run by reputable companies that prioritize cultural exchange and ethical interaction.
Figure 4.10: Karen Village Visit

A Land of Unforgettable Experiences:

Chiang Rai, with its rich tapestry of culture, breathtaking landscapes, and delicious cuisine, promises
an unforgettable adventure. From exploring ancient temples to delving into the vibrant local life, Chiang
Rai offers something for every traveller. So pack your sense of adventure and prepare to be captivated
by the magic of this enchanting northern Thai gem.
4.2 Geology of Chiang Rai

Chiang Rai, located in northern Thailand, possesses a diverse and captivating geological landscape shaped
by various geological processes over millions of years. The region’s geology comprises a combination of
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, contributing to its geological richness.
4.2.1 Rock Types

One of the prominent geological features of Chiang Rai is its extensive sedimentary rock formations.
These sedimentary rocks, including sandstone, shale, and mudstone, are prevalent throughout the region
and bear witness to the ancient marine environments that once existed here. Over geological timescales,
the deposition and lithification of sedimentary materials have given rise to the diverse rock formations
visible in Chiang Rai.
Additionally, the region is characterized by metamorphic rocks, which have undergone significant
alteration due to heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. These metamorphic rocks, such as
schist and gneiss, provide valuable insights into the geological history and tectonic evolution of Chiang
Rai.
4.2.2 Landforms
Chiang Rai’s geological landscape is adorned with a myriad of captivating landforms, shaped by the
erosive forces of water, wind, and tectonic activity. From rugged mountains to picturesque valleys, the
region offers a diverse array of geological wonders waiting to be explored.
The presence of rivers and streams has played a significant role in sculpting the landscape of Chiang
Rai, carving out valleys and gorges as they meander through the terrain. Erosion by these water bodies
has exposed underlying rock layers, revealing the geological history preserved within the landscape.
Furthermore, the region’s tectonic activity has led to the formation of fault lines and folds, contribut-
ing to the dynamic nature of Chiang Rai’s geological landscape. These geological structures not only
add to the scenic beauty of the region but also provide valuable insights into the geological processes at
work beneath the Earth’s surface.
4.2.3 Natural Resources

Chiang Rai’s geological diversity also extends to its rich natural resources, which have been exploited
for various purposes throughout history. The region is known for its deposits of minerals and gemstones,
including jade, ruby, and sapphire, which have attracted miners and gem enthusiasts from around the
world.
Additionally, the fertile soils derived from weathered rock materials support agriculture, with crops
such as rice, tea, and fruits thriving in the region’s favourable climatic conditions. The geological heritage
of Chiang Rai continues to play a vital role in shaping its economy and cultural identity.
In conclusion, Chiang Rai’s geological landscape is a testament to the intricate processes that have
shaped the Earth’s surface over millions of years. From its diverse rock formations to its stunning
landforms and valuable natural resources, the region offers a wealth of geological wonders waiting to be
discovered and appreciated.
4.2. GEOLOGY OF CHIANG RAI 47
4.2.4 Schedule for Chiang Rai
Chiang Rai Travel Plan - 15th, 16th & 17th May
Date Activities
15th May 2024 (Day 1) - Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai
Items to See - Stunning views of Northern Thai countryside. - Mae Kachan Hot Springs. - White
(11:00 AM - 1:00 Temple (Wat Rong Khun). - Black House (Baan Dam Museum). - Golden Triangle.
PM)
Lunch (1:00 PM - Mae Kachan Hot Springs area. - Chiang Saen Riverside Restaurant.
- 2:00 PM)
Photo Ops - Mae Kachan Hot Springs. - White Temple. - Black House. - Golden Triangle.
16th May 2024 (Day 2) - Exploration of Chiang Rai City
Morning (8:00 - Wat Phra Kaew. - Chiang Rai Night Bazaar. - Kok River.
AM - 12:00 PM)
Lunch (12:00 - Local eateries. - Night Bazaar food stalls.

PM - 1:00 PM)
Photo Ops - Wat Phra Kaew. - Chiang Rai Night Bazaar. - Kok River.
Afternoon (1:00 - Baan Dam Museum. - Wat Rong Suea Ten. - Wat Huai Pla Kung. - Kok River
PM - 6:00 PM) boat ride.
Dinner (7:00 PM - Rim Kok Restaurant. - Chivit Thamma Da Coffee House.

onward)
17th May 2024 (Day 3) - Chiang Rai to Chiang Mai
Items to See - Scenic drive. - Mae Kachan Hot Springs. - White Temple. - Chiang Saen temples.
(8:00 AM - 12:00 - Golden Triangle.
PM)
Lunch (12:00 - Mae Kachan Hot Springs. - Chiang Saen Riverside Restaurant.
PM - 1:00 PM)
Photo Ops - Scenic drive. - Mae Kachan Hot Springs. - White Temple. - Chiang Saen temples.
- Golden Triangle.
Afternoon (1:00 - Depart from Chiang Rai Blue Lagoon Hotel. - Scenic drive to Chiang Mai.
PM - 4:00 PM)
Evening (4:00 - Arrival at Hotel De Charme in Chiang Mai.

PM onward)
4.2.5 Unwinding Journey from Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai: A Taste of North-
ern Thailand
Overview
Get ready for a relaxing and scenic journey as our group of six embarks on a road trip from Chiang Mai
to Chiang Rai on May 15th. We’ll depart around 11:00 AM aboard a comfortable 8-seater bus, allowing
ample time to unwind and enjoy the passing landscapes. The distance between Chiang Mai and Chiang
Rai is approximately 200 kilometres, and the expected travel time is around 3 to 4 hours, depending on
traffic conditions.
Unwinding in Comfort
Settle into your spacious seats and soak in the air-conditioned comfort of our private bus. Chat with
fellow travellers, listen to music, or simply relax with a book as the scenery unfolds outside your window.
A Feast for the Eyes

Prepare to be mesmerized by the breathtaking beauty of northern Thailand. Rolling hills adorned with
emerald rice paddies, quaint villages nestled amidst lush greenery, and the majestic silhouette of distant
mountains will keep your camera busy throughout the journey.
A Taste of Local Delights

Around midday, we’ll make a delightful stop at a charming roadside restaurant known for its authentic
northern Thai cuisine. Indulge in a delectable lunch spread featuring regional specialities like Khao Soi
(creamy coconut curry noodles), Sai ua (northern Thai sausage), and Nam Prik Ong (fiery chilli paste
with vegetables). This is a perfect opportunity to tantalize your taste buds and experience the culinary
traditions of the region.
Capture Unforgettable Memories

Keep your cameras at the ready! This scenic journey offers a plethora of photo opportunities. Capture the
vibrant colours of hill tribe villages, the serenity of the countryside, or the intricate details of traditional
wooden houses. Don’t miss the chance to document friendly encounters with locals or the bustling
atmosphere of local markets you might encounter along the way.
Embrace the Adventure

As we continue our journey towards Chiang Rai, let’s embrace the spirit of adventure and exploration.
This road trip promises a treasure trove of experiences - from marvelling at the natural wonders to
immersing ourselves in the rich cultural tapestry of northern Thailand.
Optional Activities
Consider incorporating these optional activities to personalize your experience:
• Visit a Local Market: Immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere of a local market, where you
can find unique handicrafts, souvenirs, and fresh produce.
• Elephant Sanctuary Stop: If time permits, consider visiting an ethical elephant sanctuary. Observe
these gentle giants in a natural environment and learn about conservation efforts.
With this itinerary as a guide, prepare to unwind, explore, and create lasting memories on your
journey from Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai.
4.3. UNVEILING CHIANG MAI’S ALLURE: A 4-DAY ITINERARY 49
4.3 Unveiling Chiang Mai’s Allure: A 4-Day Itinerary

Chiang Mai, Thailand’s captivating northern gem, beckons travellers with its rich cultural heritage,
breathtaking natural beauty, and vibrant local experiences. This 4-day itinerary offers a glimpse into
the city’s magic, allowing you to explore iconic temples, delve into stunning landscapes, and immerse
yourself in the heart of Northern Thai culture.
4.3.1 Day 1: A Journey Through Time

Morning: Begin your day with a visit to Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, perched atop Doi Suthep
mountain. Climb the legendary Naga staircase, marvel at the panoramic city views, and be mesmerized
by the glittering golden chedi.
Figure 4.13: Wat Phra That Doi Suthep

Figure 4.14: Naga Staircase - 300 steps
Note for Seniors (Aged 70 and Above): The climb to Wat Phra That Doi Suthep can be chal-
lenging for seniors, especially those with limited mobility. Here are some considerations and alternative
options:
Challenges of the Climb:
• Naga Staircase: There are over 300 steps leading up to the temple. The steps can be steep and
uneven, making them difficult to navigate for seniors with knee or joint problems.
• Altitude: Wat Phra That Doi Suthep sits at a higher elevation than Chiang Mai city, which can
cause shortness of breath, especially for those with heart conditions.
• Heat and Humidity: Depending on the time of year, the climb can be hot and humid, making it
even more strenuous.
Alternative Options:
• Tram Service: A tram service operates from the base of the mountain to the temple grounds,
eliminating the need to climb the Naga staircase.
• Private Car or Taxi: You can hire a car or taxi to take you directly to the temple grounds, bypassing
the climb altogether.
• Alternative Temples: Consider visiting more easily accessible temples within Chiang Mai city, such
as Wat Chiang Man or Wat Phra Singh. These temples offer beautiful architecture and cultural
experiences without the challenging climb.
Afternoon: Descend to the historic city centre and explore Wat Chedi Luang, an imposing temple
with a partially-ruined chedi that whispers tales of the past. Immerse yourself in the bustling atmosphere
of the Warorot Market, where you can find an enticing array of local handicrafts, souvenirs, and
delectable street food. Savour a lunch of Khao Soi, a rich coconut curry noodle soup, or Nam Prik
Ong, a fiery chilli paste with seasonal vegetables, to tantalize your taste buds.
Figure 4.15: Wat Chedi Luang
Figure 4.16: Warorot Market

Figure 4.17: Khao Soi Noodles
Figure 4.18: Nam Prik Ong
4.3.2 Day 2: Nature’s Majesty Awaits at Doi Inthanon

Full Day: Escape the city and embark on an adventure to Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand’s
highest peak. Hike through verdant trails, marvel at cascading waterfalls like Wachirathan and Mae
Ya, and discover unique temples like Wat Phra That Doi Inthanon, nestled amidst breathtaking
mountain scenery. Enjoy a picnic lunch amidst the natural beauty, soaking in the fresh mountain air
and panoramic vistas.
Figure 4.19: Doi Inthanon Map
Figure 4.20: Doi Inthanon Nature Park

Figure 4.21: Wachirathan Waterfall
Figure 4.22: Two Chedis
4.3.3 Day 3: Immersing in Local Culture

Morning: Dive into the heart of Chiang Mai’s vibrant culture by exploring the Sunday Walking
Street Market. Wander through a labyrinth of stalls overflowing with colourful textiles, traditional
handicrafts, and mouthwatering delicacies.
Afternoon: Opt for a rejuvenating Thai massage experience, allowing expert hands to soothe your
muscles and promote relaxation. For a deeper cultural immersion, consider participating in a meditation
retreat, finding inner peace amidst the tranquillity of a temple setting. In the evening, witness the
spectacle of a traditional Thai dance performance, where graceful movements and intricate costumes
narrate captivating stories.
4.3.4 Rejuvenating Thai Massage
Indulge in a quintessential Thai experience with a traditional Thai massage. Unlike a Swedish massage
that focuses on relaxation through muscle manipulation, Thai massage incorporates a unique blend of
techniques:
• Acupressure: Skilled therapists apply pressure to specific points on your body’s energy lines
(called ”sen” in Thai) believed to promote well-being and balance energy flow.
• Stretching: Expect a range of assisted stretches that improve flexibility and range of motion.
Some therapists might even walk on your back (gently, of course!) to achieve deeper stretches.
• Rocking: Therapists might use rhythmic rocking motions to loosen tight muscles and joints.
Reputable Spa Recommendations:
• Fah Lanna Spa: This renowned spa offers an extensive menu of traditional and holistic massages
in a luxurious setting. They have several locations throughout Chiang Mai, making it convenient
to find one near your accommodation.
Figure 4.23: Fah Lanna Spa
• Oasis Spa: Another popular choice known for its serene ambiance and skilled therapists. Oasis
Spa offers various Thai massage styles, including deep tissue and herbal compresses, allowing you
to tailor the experience to your needs.
Figure 4.24: Oasis Spa
Attribute Fah Lanna Spa Oasis Spa

Location Several locations Multiple locations
throughout Chiang
Mai
Extensive menu of massages Yes Yes
Luxurious setting Yes No
Skilled therapists Yes Yes
Tailor-made experiences Yes Yes
Serene atmosphere No Yes
Cost per hour (SGD) $65 - $110 $55 - $100
Table 4.1: Comparison of Fah Lanna Spa and Oasis Spa
Beyond Spas:
While spas offer a pampering environment, Thai massage is widely available in Chiang Mai. Here
are some additional options:
• Massage parlors: Dotted throughout the city, massage parlors offer a more affordable option.
Look for clean and reputable parlors with good online reviews.
• In-room massage services: Many hotels in Chiang Mai offer the convenience of in-room mas-
sages. This allows you to relax in the comfort of your room after a long day of exploring.
Tips for Choosing a Thai Massage:
• Communication: Before your session, inform the therapist of any injuries, medical conditions,
or areas you’d like them to focus on.
• Comfort Level: Thai massage can involve some deep pressure or stretches. Communicate your
comfort level with the therapist and ask them to adjust the pressure accordingly.
• Clothing: Most Thai massage parlors provide loose-fitting clothing for the session. However, it’s
recommended to wear comfortable clothes that allow for easy movement.
By experiencing a Thai massage, you’ll not only feel rejuvenated but also gain a deeper appreciation
for this unique Thai tradition.
4.3.5 Day 4: Venturing Beyond the City Walls

Full Day: Gear up for an off-the-beaten-path adventure. Explore remote villages nestled amidst lush
countryside, where traditional ways of life are preserved. Discover hidden temples adorned with intri-
cate carvings and serene atmospheres. Embark on a thrilling river rafting expedition along the Mae
Taeng River, navigating exciting rapids and immersing yourself in the stunning natural landscape.
Alternatively, delve into the mysteries of the past by exploring ancient ruins hidden within the jungle,
uncovering remnants of Chiang Mai’s rich history.
4.3.6 Embrace the Magic:

This itinerary presents a mere starting point for your Chiang Mai adventure. With its endless possibilities,
Chiang Mai invites you to delve deeper, discover hidden gems, and create memories that will last a
lifetime. So, pack your sense of adventure, embrace the unique charm of northern Thailand, and allow
Chiang Mai to unveil its magic to you.
4.3.7 Schedule for Chiang Mai
Date Activities and Photo Opportunities

17th May 2024
• Begin your Chiang Mai adventure by settling into Hotel De Charme and enjoying
a welcome reception.
• Take a leisurely stroll through the neighborhood surrounding the hotel to get
acquainted with the local atmosphere.
• Indulge in a delicious dinner at a nearby restaurant, sampling traditional north-
ern Thai dishes.
Capture the charm of , vibrant street scenes, and delectable Thai cuisine.
18th May 2024
• Explore Doi Inthanon National Park, including:
– Wachirathan or Mae Ya Waterfall
– Wat Phra That Doi Suthep (spectacular mountaintop temple)
• Enjoy a picnic lunch amidst the park’s scenic beauty.
• Visit a Karen Village and experience their unique culture and traditions. (Al-
locate time for interaction)
• Return to Hotel De Charme for dinner.
Panoramic vistas at Doi Inthanon, unique architecture at Wat Phra That Doi
Suthep, cultural immersion and traditional clothing at Karen Village.
19th May 2024
• Immerse yourself in Chiang Mai’s rich history and architecture:
– Wat Phra Singh (magnificent Buddha statues and murals)
– Wat Chedi Luang (impressive partially-ruined chedi)
• Savour a delicious lunch of traditional northern Thai cuisine at a local restau-

rant.
• Explore the historic city walls and gates (e.g., Chiang Mai Gate, Thapae Gate).
• Discover the serene atmosphere and intricate wooden structures at Wat Phan
Tao and Wat Chiang Man.
• Optional: Explore the vibrant Sunday Walking Street Market (if applicable).
• Optional: Enjoy a rejuvenating Thai massage or participate in a traditional
cooking class.
Architectural details and religious artefacts within temples, historic city walls and
gates, tranquil ambiance and intricate wooden structures, bustling atmosphere
and local products (if visiting Sunday Market).
20th May 2024
• Enjoy a relaxing breakfast at Hotel De Charme before checking out.
• Transfer to Chiang Mai Airport for your departure flight.
Capture last-minute sights of Chiang Mai’s urban landscape or iconic landmarks

from the departing vehicle.
4.4. GEOLOGY OF CHIANG MAI 59
4.3.8 Exploration Journey from Chiang Rai to Chiang Mai: Discovering

Northern Thailand
Overview
Get ready for an exciting exploration as our group of six sets out on a journey from Chiang Rai to
Chiang Mai on May 16th, starting at 1:00 PM. With the afternoon departure, we’ll have the opportunity
to witness the changing landscapes and experience the charm of northern Thailand. The distance between
Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai is approximately 200 kilometers, and the expected travel time is around 3
to 4 hours, depending on traffic conditions.
Comfortable Travel
Relax in the comfort of our spacious 8-seater bus as we embark on our journey. Enjoy the air-conditioned
interior and ample legroom, allowing you to unwind and enjoy the scenic route ahead.
Scenic Landscapes
Prepare to be captivated by the diverse landscapes of northern Thailand. From lush green countryside to
winding rivers and majestic mountains, each turn of the road offers a new vista to admire and photograph.
Cultural Insights
As we travel through the countryside, keep an eye out for traditional villages and local communities.
Witness everyday life in rural Thailand, from farmers tending to their fields to artisans crafting handmade
goods.
Pitstop for Refreshments

Around mid-afternoon, we’ll make a pitstop at a charming roadside cafe for refreshments. Treat yourself
to a selection of local snacks and beverages, and take a moment to stretch your legs and soak in the
surroundings.
Photo Opportunities
Don’t forget to capture the moments along the way! From picturesque landscapes to quaint villages,
there’s no shortage of photo opportunities to document our journey and memories.
Cultural Encounters
Engage with locals we encounter along the way and learn about their way of life. Whether it’s striking
up a conversation with a roadside vendor or visiting a local market, these interactions offer a glimpse
into the rich culture of northern Thailand.
Arrival in Chiang Mai

As we approach Chiang Mai in the early evening, reflect on the day’s journey and the experiences shared.
Our arrival in the vibrant city marks the end of our exploration journey, but the memories we’ve created
will last a lifetime.
With this itinerary as a guide, prepare to embark on a journey of discovery from Chiang Rai to
Chiang Mai.
4.4 Geology of Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai, situated in northern Thailand, boasts a diverse geological landscape shaped by millions of
years of geological processes. The region’s geology is characterized by a complex interplay of sedimentary,
metamorphic, and igneous rock formations.
4.4.1 Rock Types
One of the most notable geological features of Chiang Mai is its extensive limestone formations. These
limestone deposits, which are prevalent throughout the region, have played a crucial role in shaping the
distinctive karst landscape observed in certain areas. Over millions of years, these sedimentary rocks
have formed through the accumulation of marine organisms’ remains, such as shells and corals.
The erosive forces of water have sculpted these limestone formations into remarkable natural attrac-
tions, including caves, sinkholes, and towering limestone cliffs. The dissolution of limestone by water has
created the characteristic features of a karst landscape, adding to the region’s geological allure.
Figure 4.25: Limestone Formation in Chiang Mai

4.4. GEOLOGY OF CHIANG MAI 61
Figure 4.26: Cliffs in Chiang Mai
4.4.2 Influence of the Himalayas

Chiang Mai’s geological composition has also been significantly influenced by its proximity to the foothills
of the Himalayas. Positioned near the convergence zone of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, the
region has experienced tectonic activity that has led to the formation of mountain ranges and valleys.
The upliftment and folding of rock layers, induced by tectonic forces, have contributed to the diverse
topography of Chiang Mai province. This geological activity has not only shaped the physical landscape
but has also influenced the region’s drainage patterns and biodiversity.
The interplay of geological processes, including erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity, has
endowed Chiang Mai with a rich and varied geological heritage, making it a captivating destination for
geologists, nature enthusiasts, and adventurers alike.
Index
Adapting Tourism for a New Era, 3 Khao Man Gai, 31

Addressing Social Issues and Strengthening Khao Pad, 21
Democracy, 4 King Bhumibol Adulyadej, 2
Ancient Civilizations, 1 King Maha Vajiralongkorn, 2
Ayutthaya Kingdom, 1
Languages, 5
Bangkok, 7
Mango Sticky Rice, 33
Chakri Dynasty, 1 Massaman Curry, 25
Challenges and Resilience, 3 Modern Thailand (20th Century to Present), 1
Chiang Mai, 7, 10
Chiang Mai - 4-day Itinerary, 49 Pad Thai, 15
Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, 37 Pattaya, 7
Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai - Journey, 48 Phad Krapao, 29
Chiang Rai, 7, 10 Planning for Chiang Rai, 38
Chiang Rai to Chiang Mai, 59 Political Instability and Military Coups, 3
Cultural Renaissance and Globalization, 3 Popular Dishes, 15
Currency and Exchange Rate with SGD, 6 Population, 4
Post-World War II Era, 3
Dining Customs, 34 Princess Sirindhorn, 2
Distinctive Cultural Traits of Chiang Mai and
Chiang Rai, 10 Regional Variations, 34
Doi Inthanon, 52
Schedule for Chiang Mai, 58
Economic Growth and Development, 3 Schedule for Chiang Rai, 47
Enchantment of Chiang Rai, 38 Siam, 1
Evolution of Thailand’s History, 1 Som Tum (Papaya Salad), 23
Sukhothai Kingdom, 1
Food in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, 35 Sustainability and Environmental Protection, 4
Foreign Invasion, 6
Thai Cuisine, 13
Gaeng Daeng, 27
Thai Culture, 9
Green Curry, 19
Thai etiquettes, 2
Herbs and Spices, 13 Thai Massage, 55
Hotel De Charme, 58 Thailand, 1
Hua Hin, 7 Thonburi and Rattanakosin Periods, 1
Tom Yum Goong, 17
Immersing in Local Culture, 54 Tourism, 7
Innovation and Digital Transformation, 4
Vision for the Future: Embracing Change,
Key Ingredients, 13 Preserving Identity, 3
63

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2 Distinctiveness of Thai Culture 9

3.2.13 Gaeng Daeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4 Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai 37

3.1 Pad Thai - Stir-fried Noodles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.1 Wat Rong Khun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

1.1 Evolution of Thailand’s History

1.1.1 Ancient Civilizations (Before 13th Century)

1.1.2 Sukhothai Kingdom (13th to 15th Century)

1.1.3 Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th to 18th Century)

1.1.4 Thonburi and Rattanakosin Periods (18th to 20th Century)

1.1.5 Modern Thailand (20th Century to Present)

• Observe Religious Practices: If you encounter monks or worshippers engaged in religious

Post-World War II Era

Political Instability and Military Coups

Economic Growth and Development

Cultural Renaissance and Globalization

Challenges and Resilience

1.1.6 Vision for the Future: Embracing Change, Preserving Identity

Adapting Tourism for a New Era

Sustainability and Environmental Protection

Innovation and Digital Transformation

Addressing Social Issues and Strengthening Democracy

• Goodbye - (laa kon)

• Thank you - (khob khun)

• You’re welcome - (yin dee)

• Excuse me - (khaw thot)

• How are you? - (sabai dee mai)

• I’m fine, thank you - (sabai dee khrap/ka)

• What is your name? - (kun cheu arai)

• My name is.. (chan cheu...)

• Where is the bathroom? - (hawng nam yu tee nai)

• I don’t understand - (chan mai khao jai)

• Can you help me? - (kun chuay chan dai mai)

• I’m lost - (chan dern long tang)

• I need a doctor - (chan tong gaan mor)

• I love Thailand - (chan rak prathet thai)

• Delicious! - (aroi mak)

• Cheers! - (chon gaeo)

• Happy birthday! - (suk san wan kerd)

• Have a nice day! - (kaw hai mee wan tee dee)

1.4 Currency and Exchange Rate with SGD

1.5 Foreign Invasion

1.6.3 Chiang Mai

1.6.4 Chiang Rai

1.6.5 Hua Hin

Distinctiveness of Thai Culture

2.1 Contrast with Other Southeast Asian Cultures

2.2 Comparison with Chinese Culture

2.3 Comparison with Singapore

2.4 Regional Cultures in Thailand

2.5 Distinctive Cultural Traits of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai

2.5.1 Chiang Mai

2.5.2 Chiang Rai

3.1 Key Ingredients

• Kaffir lime leaves

• Bird’s eye chili

• Thai chili paste (Nam Prik)

• Seafood (shrimp, fish, squid)

3.1.3 Staple Ingredients

• Coconut milk: Adds richness and creaminess to curries and desserts.

3.2 Popular Dishes

3.2.1 Pad Thai

Figure 3.1: Pad Thai - Stir-fried Noodles