The document discusses several factors that will affect the future of nuclear energy, including available fuel sources and waste storage solutions. Known uranium deposits could last around 100 years at the current usage rate but new technologies like breeder reactors could substantially extend this. All nuclear programs require safe long-term storage of radioactive waste, but currently no country has established an approved underground storage site. The future of nuclear power also depends on preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and keeping nuclear materials and technology secure. Nuclear fusion is hoped to be a future energy source but currently produces less energy than is input. Breeder reactors could potentially use abundant uranium-238 to generate fuel for centuries.
The document discusses several factors that will affect the future of nuclear energy, including available fuel sources and waste storage solutions. Known uranium deposits could last around 100 years at the current usage rate but new technologies like breeder reactors could substantially extend this. All nuclear programs require safe long-term storage of radioactive waste, but currently no country has established an approved underground storage site. The future of nuclear power also depends on preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and keeping nuclear materials and technology secure. Nuclear fusion is hoped to be a future energy source but currently produces less energy than is input. Breeder reactors could potentially use abundant uranium-238 to generate fuel for centuries.
The document discusses several factors that will affect the future of nuclear energy, including available fuel sources and waste storage solutions. Known uranium deposits could last around 100 years at the current usage rate but new technologies like breeder reactors could substantially extend this. All nuclear programs require safe long-term storage of radioactive waste, but currently no country has established an approved underground storage site. The future of nuclear power also depends on preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and keeping nuclear materials and technology secure. Nuclear fusion is hoped to be a future energy source but currently produces less energy than is input. Breeder reactors could potentially use abundant uranium-238 to generate fuel for centuries.
Here, we’re going to look at some of the factors that will affect the future of nuclear energy. Considering renewability and perhaps longevity, so at the current rate of use, the known uranium deposits would last for around 100 years or so, but with substantial growth in nuclear programs, this would be less if the uranium were being used in the same way it were now, there are some new technologies, such as breeder reactors that could increase this by orders of magnitude. So, at the current rate around 100 years, if everything stays the same, except we use more nuclear power, then it would decrease and with other technologies, it could increase substantially. For any nuclear program to be feasible, the issue of safe long-term storage for the waste products needs to be addressed. So currently, about 15,000 tonnes of spent fuel is produced worldwide and this fuel is, of course, radioactive, it’s also hazardous to living organisms, it can be a heat source, and it lasts for a long time so it stays this way for 1000s of years. Currently, the international consensus is to have some sort of long-term, secure underground storage, and secure means in terms of people can’t get out as well as the radiation can’t escape, as well. Currently, no country has this in place, most spent fuel is kept in water storage ponds. This was meant as an intermediate storage solution, so right after the spent fuel was taken out of the reactor, it’s put in these storage ponds while it’s still radioactively quite hot and then once it is less radioactive, then the idea is to move it to long-term storage. However, unfortunately, that hasn’t happened yet, anywhere. There was a plan in Yucca Mountain Nevada, to have the first of these long-term storage sites. So there was a scientific assessment done and they assessed that they could assure that this would be safe for up to 10,000 years, and so this is when it was approved. Then later, for political reasons, I believe this was changed they demanded it to be proven to be safe for up to a million years. Unfortunately, this is too much of a stretch of the capabilities of scientific assessment. For this reason, the Yucca Mountain project is now on hold and as to now, there aren’t any long-term underground storage options for nuclear waste, which is something that will need to be addressed in the future. When considering the future of nuclear power, we need to consider the idea of weapons and weaponization. So this isn’t just specifically a country’s military making a high tech nuclear weapon, but any sort of weaponization of nuclear material. So, the concerns are the weaponizing of radioactive material in general, also tampering with or theft of radioactive waste, which is stored somewhere, also the idea of terrorism. So this would be terrorism using these things above, or terrorism at nuclear facilities. So these are all concerns that need to be thought of, also the proliferation of weapon technology and so improving your technology for use of nuclear material is great when you’re thinking of making energy for a useful reason, however, that technology and that knowledge can
without the permission of the owner. 1 be used in other ways as well. The methods for security, policymaking, and safely storing nuclear materials and technologies is not something we’re going to get into in this course, but because mostly just we don’t have time for it, or it falls into something more of a political discussion. But this is certainly a major issue that needs to be considered when thinking of nuclear power generation moving on into the future. People are hopeful about the idea of nuclear fusion as a future source of nuclear energy. Currently, though, nuclear fusion is not being used to produce energy for use in society. So here, I’m showing three reactions, all of which have some sort of hydrogen, so either deuterium or tritium, different types of hydrogen, so two hydrogen nuclei fusing together to form a helium nucleus and some energy so that energy could be useful energy like it is in nuclear fission. I don’t want you to worry about these reactions and the details of them, the point is just that we have two hydrogen nuclei, we’re bringing them together to fuse, form a hydrogen nucleus, sorry, a helium nucleus and energy is released. The hope is that we can you use that energy for, for example, for the generation of electricity like we do in a fission reaction. So, as I mentioned, energy is released in these fusion reactions, the issue is that hydrogen isotopes are positively charged, and so they repel each other, and so in order to get them to fuse into helium nuclei, we need to bring them together, but they repel each other, because they’re both positively charged. We need to put in energy in order to bring these together and currently, although there’s energy released in this fusion reaction, we need to put in more energy to bring your hydrogen nuclei together, then you get out. So you’re putting in more energy than you get out, this isn’t an energy source but this could be overcome with new technologies that people are working on. The advantages of this is there’s less radiation in operation, and there’s far less waste compared with fission reactors. Also, there’s just an amazing amount of fuel, so 30 milliliters of fusion fuel would be about 270,000 litres of gasoline. So the idea of running out of fuel wouldn’t be an issue. Although, as I mentioned, this technology currently isn’t at a state where it can produce useful energy, I think it’s important to note that it was only 10 years between when the physics of fission was figured out and fission was possible and then when there were actual fission reactors producing useful energy. So, once some of these obstacles are overcome, then things can progress very quickly. People are hopeful about fusion as a source of nuclear energy in the future, which would have many advantages over nuclear fission. So technology, which is already understood, but not widely used is the idea of breeder reactors, which could be useful moving into the future of nuclear energy. So a breeder reactor is a reactor that produces fissionable fuel, so it makes fuel in a nuclear process. So, the idea is it starts with uranium 238, which is not the uranium 235 that is used as a fuel in a fission reactor, it’s non-fissiable, it can’t be used as fuel, but it’s converted through a nuclear reaction into plutonium 239 which can be a fuel. So, you start with not a fuel, uranium 238, and it’s converted into a fuel, plutonium 239, which can be used as a fuel. So, then, after that reaction, the subsequent reactions produce neutrons, which can
without the permission of the owner. 2 create more plutonium 239. So, what we get is a chain reaction, which is producing more and more plutonium 239 which can be used as a fuel from uranium 238, which is abundant, but can’t be used as a fuel. Then that uranium 238, sorry, the plutonium 239 is then reprocessed, concentrated, and used as a fuel. So, because it uses uranium 238, these reactors can use can produce much more energy, because when uranium was mined, it’s mostly uranium 238, so about 99% of uranium is uranium 238. So that means if we can take that uranium 238 and convert that into a fuel, plutonium 239, then we can have much more fuel than if we just take the uranium 235 from the uranium and use that. So what that means is that we could have an energy supply for centuries because we all of a sudden have 100 times more uranium for use than if we’re just using uranium 235.