Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Spectrochimica Acta Part A:

Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/spectrochimica-acta-part-a-
molecular-and-biomolecular-spectroscopy

Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Batu 55) ripeness level
prediction using combination reflectance-fluorescence spectroscopy
Dimas Firmanda Al Riza a, *, Jessica Yolanda a, Ahmad Avatar Tulsi a, Imro’ah Ikarini b,
Zainuri Hanif b, Aulia Nasution c, Slamet Widodo d
a
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia
b
National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
c
Photonics Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technologies and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS),
Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biosystem, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Bogor, Indonesia

H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

• Reflectance and fluorescence spectra of

citrus cv Batu 55 has been collected.
• Ripeness related i.e. brix to acid ratio
has been obtained.
• Prediction model has been developed
and compared using different features
set.
• Prediction model based on combination
spectra show higher accuracy.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Optical characteristics of Mandarin Orange cv. Batu 55 of different maturity level has been obtained using
Spectroscopy reflectance (Vis-NIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectra features of both reflectance and fluorescence
Ripeness spectroscopy have been evaluated to develop a ripeness prediction model. Spectra dataset and reference mea­
Chemometrics
surements were subject to the partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis. The best prediction models were
Non-destructive
Maturity
using reflectance spectroscopy data showing the coefficient of determination R2 up to 0.89 and root mean square
error (RMSE) of 2.71. On the other hand, it was found that fluorescence spectroscopy showed interesting spectra
change in correlation with the accumulation of bluish and reddish fluorescence compounds in the lenticel spots
on the fruit surface. The best prediction model using fluorescence spectroscopy data showed the R2 of 0.88 and
RMSE of 2.81. Besides that, it wa found that combining spectra of reflectance and fluorescence features could
increase the R2 of the partial least square regression (PLSR) model with Savitzky-Golay smoothing, up to 0.91 for

* Corresponding author at: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang,
Indonesia.
E-mail address: dimasfirmanda@ub.ac.id (D.F. Al Riza).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2023.123061
Received 6 January 2023; Received in revised form 18 June 2023; Accepted 20 June 2023
Available online 23 June 2023
1386-1425/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
D.F. Al Riza et al.
brix-acid ratio prediction with RMSE 2.46. These results show the potential of the combined reflectance-
fluorescence spectroscopy system for Mandarin ripeness assessment.
1. Introduction
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Batu 55) is a superior
variety of fruit with increased production recently. Most of this fruit
grows in tropical areas, especially Indonesia; its production reaching 2.4
million tonnes in 2021 [1]. Mandarin Batu 55 are claimed to be superior
among other citrus cultivars because of their sweet, fresh taste, slightly
sour and yellow color when ripe, making them look more attractive [2].
This fruit is suitable for sale in tourist cities because of its advantages, so
it is a mainstay fruit sold by citrus farmers, who have a big economic
influence in Indonesia.
Mandarin Batu 55 orange takes around 250–252 days to mature after
flowering, which is often used to determine harvest time [3]. With
harvest efficiency in mind, most farmers prefer to strip pick (one-time
harvest), rather than more frequent harvesting. However, such calendar
for harvesting results in oranges of vary maturity and ripeness level.
Thus, determination of the ripeness level has become an important issue
for sorting and deciding suitable post-harvest management practices.
However, there is limited information or research on the ripeness
assessment of Mandarin Batu 55.
Soluble solids content (SSC) or the sugar and acidity are parameters
conventionally used to determine the ripeness of orange; a destructive
method measurement [4]. A non-destructive approach that has been
commonly used is predicting the ripeness of mandarin oranges based on
fruit physiology (skin color) and different fruit diameter sizes [5]. This
of course can lead to controversy over the fruit sorting and grading re­
sults that are less than optimal if the taste of the fruit does not match its
attractive visuals. On the other hand, there are mandarin orange culti­
vars where the skin color changes slightly during the ripening process,
making the ripeness prediction problematic. Therefore, a non-
destructive alternative method is needed [6].
One potential nondestructive evaluation method that does not use
spectra features is hyperspectral imaging may be able to combine im­
aging and spectroscopy to achieve this maturity prediction, the current
application of this technology is limited due to its high cost [7]. Other
nondestructive evaluation method, used spectra feature; near-infrared
spectroscopy, however, its usage is limited due to high water absorp­
tion in the infrared region [8]. Yet, another spectroscopic method based
on chlorophyll fluorescence, has also been used for assessing orange
ripening. Apart from amino acid and chlorophyll, orange is known to
contain other abundant fluorescence compounds that could be used to
track changes during the maturation process [9–11].
It is expected by combining reflectance and fluorescence
Fig. 1. Example of orange samples with different maturity level. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web
version of this article.)
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Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061
characteristics of the orange skin a more robust (information-rich) non-
destructive, ripeness prediction method with high accuracy could be
developed than the currently available methods [12]. Sharma et al. [13]
found that combined reflectance and laser-induced fluorescence tech­
niques with a single excitation wavelength could be used to characterize
the ripening of Jamun fruit, however, they did not develop a prediction
model due to few number of samples. A similar study has also been
conducted for several kinds of tropical fruit however no prediction
model has been developed [14]. Lin et. al. [15] investigated avocado
ripening by combined spectroscopic techniques, however for fluores­
cence, it focused on four wavelengths only in the ultraviolet region. It
uses nearfield sensors probe while in the application of fruit sorter, there
is usually more space from the light and fiberoptic probe to the object. A
similar study applied to grapevine also used a nearfield handheld sensor
[16]. Another study combines a different kind of imaging and spec­
troscopy method including time-resolved fluorescence to investigate
ripening in Bell pepper, however, time-resolved fluorescence is not
convenient to be applied in sorting systems which require faster mea­
surement [17]. Therefore, we propose to use a combination of reflec­
tance and fluorescence-based spectra to evaluate the maturity of orange,
since such a system, based on a lighting and spectrophotometer set up,
has been used to evaluate the maturity of other fruit and simple to use;
requiring only different light sources and a sensor probe [18].
In this research, we modify the reflectance-fluorescence spectra
acquisition system so there are space between object, lighting system,
and spectroscopy probe so it will be more suitable for application in
sorting system. Vis-NIR reflectance spectra and UV–Vis LED induced
fluorescence spectra of Mandarin orange of different maturity level were
acquired. Then features from both spectra were preprocessed and
analyzed. Correlations between these spectra features and standard
destructive measures associated with ripeness were investigated to
select the most sensitive features. Based on these results a PLSR model to
predict brix-acid ratio was developed from the identified important
features.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Mandarin samples
Mandarin Batu 55 orange fruit from Batu region, Indonesia were
collected and then experimental measurements were taken for one
harvest seasons (2022). All samples were harvested from open-field
cultivated plants. In total, 120 samples were collected for
D.F. Al Riza et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061

Fig. 2. The reflectance-fluorescence spectroscopy system.

measurement including samples with different maturity level (Fig. 1).
Fruit measurements started on that day up to 2 days after harvest.
2.2. Standard maturity related measurements (brix-acid ratio)
SSC and acidity were measured as a reference of internal maturity.
To measure standard ripeness factors, Mandarin orange was cut into two
parts on the equator side then squeezed orange juice. The juice SSC and
acidity were measured using a portable refractometer (PAL-BX|ACID F5,
Atago Co.ltd.). For each sample, three replicate measurements were
conducted.
2.3. Spectra acquisition
The spectroscopy measurements system (Fig. 2) consisted of a Ver­
nier Go Direct SpectroVis Plus Spectrophotometer with silicon probe. It
is equipped with five light sources i.e. halogen lamp (PHILIPS 20 Watt
without dichroic reflector), UV 385 nm LED spotlight (HLV2-24VL3-
385), UV-BGR (Ultraviolet, Blue, Green, and Red) LED spotlights (HLV3-
22BL-2C 465 nm, HLV3-22GR-2C 520 nm, and HLV3-22RD-2C 630 nm),
and NIR 860 LED spotlight (HLV3-22IR860), all LEDs are from CCS co.
ltd., Kyoto, Japan. To obtain reflectance spectra, Halogen lamp and NIR
LED has been used. Additionally, reference spectra of a standard white
card has been obtained prior measuring spectra of the samples to
calculate relative reflectance value. On the other hand, fluorescence

Fig. 3. Spectra analysis flowchart (SSC: soluble solid contents; MA: moving average; SG: Savitzky-Golay; MSC: multiplicative scatter correction; SNV: standard
normal variate; PLSR: partial least square regression).

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D.F. Al Riza et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061

Fig. 4. Preprocessing of reflectance spectra: a. raw; b. MSC of raw spectra; c. SNV of raw spectra; d. MA of raw spectra; e. MA-MSC; f. MA-SNV; g. SG of raw spectra;
h. SG-MSC; i. SG-SNV.

spectra has been obtained by turning on UV and UV-BGR LED one by one the selected feature were used as the predictor for the partial least
and then fluorescence spectra measurements were made for each exci­ square regression (PLSR) model. The target variable in this case are the
tation wavelength. brix-acid ratio data set from the sample. Spectra data from fluorescence
spectroscopy measurements was pre-processed using the MA method
with a total of 1254 wavelength features used, then modeled using PLSR.
2.4. Spectra and multivariate analysis
Furthermore, reflectance data and fluorescence spectra data was com­
bined, pre-processed, and modeled also with PLSR. A step by the step
The spectra were acquired using spectroscopy acquisition software
flow diagram of the spectra analysis process is shown in Fig. 3.
(Vernier Spectra Analysis) and stored in a Laptop was used to analyze
the spectra and perform multivariate analysis. The non-destructive and
3. Results and discussion
destructive data of testing the Mandarin Batu 55 sample was processed
using the Python 3.7. Before the data set is processed using a chemo­
3.1. Destructive measurments and Preprocessing spectra acquisition
metric approach, the reflectance spectrum data was pre-treated to
obtain relative reflectance data (%) as predictor data with a wavelength
Based on the results of destructive measurements, Mandarin Batu 55
range of 380–950 nm. The reflectance value is the percentage of light
orange juice had a brix-acid ratio value range of 2.6 to 37.1. As expected,
that is reflected by the material when light hits the material. The
the color of Mandarin Batu 55 orange changed from a green to dark
reflectance value was obtained from the ratio of the intensity of the light
yellow color. In the fluorescence images, besides the color changes,
emission spectrum produced by the sample to the reference intensity at
there was a discernable change in lenticel patterns, with the pattern
the time of calibration and then converted to a percentage or multiplied
clearer and the lenticels themselves becoming bigger. Coincidental with
by 100 %. Then the spectra data set was pre-processed in the form of
initial skin color changes from green to yellow during the storage, there
smoothing using the Moving Area and Savitzky-Golay methods. The
were also consistent textural pattern changes in the fluorescence spectra.
results of smoothing the spectra data set was followed by a second pre-
In general, the pre-processing stage of the Vis-NIR spectrum can be done
processing process using the standard normal variate (SNV) and multi­
using a variety of techniques, but with the same goal of evaluating data
plicative scatter correction (MSC) to be compared which one have a
before the calibration process and to obtain a more accurate modeling.
better results. Although SNV and MSC are frequently considered inter­
In addition, the reflectance data still contains irrelevant noise. This noise
changeable and produce comparable outcomes, they differ in their
data is spectra data that is read by the sensor but contains information
arrangement in spectral space, which can occasionally manifest in
on the light reflectance of the external environment. Meanwhile, the
discernible distinctions. SNV can cause bent patterns in the graphs
spectra data needed in the modeling is the sample spectrum information
generated from the analyzed spectra, whereas MSC tends to generate
data. If the smoothing visualization results using the moving average
unusual data points in these graphs [19].
(MA) and Savitzky-Golay (SG) methods are compared, it can be seen that
The features used for pre-processing included all 673 features of the
the moving average method forms denser spectra results between the
spectrum. In addition to using all the wavelength features, feature se­
reflectance spectrum data of one sample and the reflectance spectra of
lection method using PCA loading score has also been applied to
other samples compared to the spectra of the original data (Fig. 4a-c). In
determine important wavelength. The important wavelength has been
addition, noise in the spectra is also visible. Meanwhile, the reflectance
selected using thresholding of loading score for PC-1 to PC-4 [20]. Then

4
D.F. Al Riza et al.
Fig. 5. Fluorescence spectra of the sample.
spectra of the smoothed results using Savitzky-Golay (SG) look smoother
therefore the spectrum noise is not very visible. For changes in the po­
sition of the sample reflectance spectrum, the results of smoothing the
SG are not very significant compared to the moving average (MA)
method.
The smoothed reflectance data spectra were then pre-processed
using MSC and SNV method. This treatment is carried out to help
develop a more robust model and eliminate information disturbances
that are considered irrelevant for model development (Tian et al., 2020).
MSC as a normalization technique to eliminate the effects of light scat­
tering and other effects caused by measurement errors. This condition
can be influenced by the shape, size, and microstructure of the sample
particles. The light scattered generally affects the intensity of the
reflectance spectra data (Fig. 4d-i) In addition, the results of the
reflectance spectra that have been smoothed using the MA and SG
methods were also pre-processed using the SNV method as shown in
Fig. 4 (c, f, and i). The SNV method or standard normal variate is a
method that is generally used to eliminate interference from the effects
of particle size (solid) and changes in the path of light in the actual
spectrum. This pre-processing processes spectrum data that has been
smoothed beforehand, so it does not use raw spectrum data. This process
is carried out to eliminate high-frequency random interference so that
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will increase.
Fluorescence spectroscopy measurement data of the Mandarin Batu
55 orange fruit sample with the fluorescence wavelength range used was
in the range of 425–––796 nm, for each excitation wavelength i.e. UV,
Red, Green, and Blue. The fluorescence spectra peaks represent some
information about the content of compounds (fluorophore) in the sam­
ple being measured. Based on Fig. 5, the fluorescence emission spectra
could be observed in the wavelength range of 565 – 603 nm and 678 –
773 nm (Blue LED excitation), 635 – 673 nm (Green LED excitation), and
682 – 720 nm (Red LED excitation). To reduce noise or interference from
various sources, the fluorescence data from the measurements has been
smoothed using a moving average (MA).
Mandarin oranges are known to contain a variety of fluorescence
compounds, including chlorophylls, flavonoids and carotenoids, which
are responsible for the bright fluorescence observed in the peel of these
fruits [21]. These compounds are mainly located in the outer layer of the
peel, where they are concentrated in the oil glands [22]. The fluo­
rophore compositions can vary with the developmental stages of the
fruit. As the fruit matures, the composition of these compounds changes,
resulting in changes in the fluorescence spectra of the fruit peel [10]. In
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Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061
this research, for mandarin orange cv Batu 55, the fluorescence emission
observed clearly is chlorophyll fluorescence, while other compounds
could not be seen clearly. It might be due to the limitation of the exci­
tation wavelength. Additionally, for UV light, the presence of cutin layer
may block the UV light so it could not excite the fluorescence compound
behind the layer. Cutin is a polymer of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids,
forming a matrix that is highly insoluble in water. This polymer provides
mechanical support and limits water loss from the fruit, reducing its
susceptibility to environmental stress. Additionally, cutin has been
shown to absorb and scatter UV radiation, thereby protecting the un­
derlying tissues from photodamage [23].
The combination of the reflectance (%) and fluorescence spectra of
the Mandarin Batu 55 orange sample is visualized in Fig. 5. It can be seen
that the MA method change the sape of the spectra (Fig. 5a). In addition,
the noise in the reflectance spectra is still clearly visible. Meanwhile, SG
smoothed spectra (Fig. 5b) show that that the spectra noise is not so
visible and some data have the same emission value so that they appear
to be separated between several samples at a wavelength of 680 nm
(reflectance mode). For changes in the position of the reflectance spectra
and fluorescence of the samples, the results of the MA and SG smoothing
were not too significant (Fig. 6).
3.2. Features selection and prediction model
Reflectance spectra data from measurements of material based on
analytical chemistry using a spectrophotometer provides a lot of infor­
mation so that the dataset formed is complex. The mathematical method
used to reduce the number of dimensions in the data set from this
research was PCA. This method will simplify the spectral data visually
and was analyzed quantitatively. The amount of wavelength data
measured in this study was 673 data. Then, the data was divided into ten
PCA components. Based on the distribution of PCA components plot
(Fig. 6), PC-1 to PC-10 explain percent variance of the data of more than
99%. Feature selection in this study used more than 90 % of the data
variation by taking the four highest PCA components. The higher
loading value showed more contribution to the sample variance which
indicated more important features for the prediction model. Based on
loading score of PC-1 to PC-4 the features are selected by applying
thresholding for high positive and negative loading score. There are 12
wavelength range selected based on this method [20]. The PLSR model
has been built using data with different pre-processing methods and
features. The result of the PLSR models are shown in Table 1.
D.F. Al Riza et al.
Fig. 6. Combination of Reflectance and Fluorescence spectra of the sample (a. MA smoothing; b. SG smoothing).
From the above results, it was found that a prediction model using all
features and selected PCA for reflectance spectra, all features for fluo­
rescence and combination of reflectance & fluorescence provided a more
accurate prediction model. The blue and red channel of fluorescence
spectra information seemed to have a contribution to represent matu­
rity. However, the accuracy of the best brix-acid ratio prediction model
was acceptable with 0.9080 correlation coefficient (R2) and highest
accuracy (RMSE = 2.4555). These results demonstrated the potential of
combining wavelength features from reflectance and fluorescence
spectroscopy to predict the internal maturity in Mandarin Batu 55 or­
ange. A combination of reflectance and fluorescence color features was
found to be able to increase the accuracy.
Based on the scatter plot (Fig. 7a), the results of smoothing with the
moving average (MA) for all features showed that the location of the
data distribution was more uniform and close to the two linear lines, so
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Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061
the resulting error value was lower than the predicted error value of the
PLSR model of reflectance spectra data. The location of the outliers data
lied in the actual value of more than 35 and the predicted value ranging
from 25 to 35, so it was located far from the two linear lines, namely
actual and predicted. Meanwhile, the scatter plot results of smoothing
with Savitzky-Golay (SG) for all features showed the location of the data
distribution (Fig. 7b) which is close to the actual and predicted linear
lines. The distance formed between the two linear lines is also not far.
The location of the four outliers data lied in the actual value of more
than 35 and the predicted value ranges from 30 to 35, therefore it was
located close to the two linear lines, namely actual and predicted. This is
evidenced by the lowest error value compared to the predicted error
value of the PLSR model for all spectral data that has been pre-processed
and modeled.
D.F. Al Riza et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 302 (2023) 123061

Table 1
PLSR prediction model performance of brix-acid ratio parameter with different spectroscopy set.
Spectroscopy set Pre-processing 1 (Smoothing) Pre-processing 2 Features R2 RMSE

Reflectance MA MSC All 0.888567 2.702525

Selected PCA 0.809154 3.536754
SNV All 0.884544 2.750883
Selected PCA 0.815060 3.481607
SG MSC All 0.773916 3.849449
Selected PCA 0.759297 3.971955
SNV All 0.786637 3.739583
Selected PCA 0.781988 3.780108
Fluorescence MA All 0.8796 2.8087
Combination of reflectance & fluorescence MA All 0.8932 2.6455
SG All 0.9080 2.4555

* MA: moving average; SG: Savitzky-Golay; MSC: multiplicative scatter correction; SNV: standard normal variate; RMSE: root mean square error; R2: correlation
coefficient.

Fig. 7. Scatter plot of prediction model of brix-acid ratio based on combination of reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy data.

4. Conclusion Declaration of Competing Interest

A combined reflectance-fluorescence spectroscopy system is devel­
oped to predict Mandarin Batu 55 maturity levels of orange. Light ab­
sorption changes in reflectance and fluorescence spectra, as well as
accumulation of fluorescence compounds in orange skin when combined
can be used to build an accurate prediction model of orange maturity. To
incorporate all characteristic changes on the spectra, wavelength fea­
tures have been preprocessed. These wavelength features could be used
as a predictor for a PLSR model to predict brix-acid ratio. PLSR model
based on all of wavelength features consisting of 1927 features could
achieve the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9080 for brix-acid ratio
prediction with RMSE of 2.4555. These results revealed the potential of
combined wavelenth features of reflectance and fluorescence spectra to
robustly predict the internal maturity of Mandarin Batu 55 orange.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Dimas Firmanda Al Riza: Conceptualization, Methodology, Inves­
tigation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. Jessica Yolanda:
Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. Ahmad Avatar
Tulsi: Software, Writing – review & editing. Imro’ah Ikarini: Re­
sources, Writing – review & editing. Zainuri Hanif: Resources, Writing –
review & editing. Aulia Nasution: Resources, Writing – review &
editing. Slamet Widodo: Resources, Writing – review & editing.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The authors are unable or have chosen not to specify which data has
been used.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very thankful to Safitri Diah Ayu Ariani, Abdullah
Sa’id, Abdul Mulukul Ikrom, Salsabil Lazuardi Nugroho of Department
Biosystems Engineering, University of Brawijaya for the support during
the experiment. This work was supported by Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia
2022 Grant through Universitas Brawijaya Rector decision number
6672 year of 2022.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.saa.2023.123061.

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