Trunk Muscles

Pectoralis Major
● Fan-shaped muscle
● Origin: sternum, shoulder girdle, 1st 6 ribs
● Insert: proximal end of the humerus
● Forms anterior wall of the axilla, acts to
adduct and flex the arm
● Most superficial muscle of
the abdomen
● Pubis→ rib cage
● Enclosed in aponeurosis
● Main function: flex the
vertebral column
● Compress abdominal
contents: defecation and
childbirth
● Involved forced breathing
● Paired superficial muscles
● Make up lateral walls of the
abdomen
● Fibers: downward and
medically
● Origin: last 8 ribs
● Insertion: ilium (iliac crest)
● Action: flex vertebral column,
rotate trunk and bend
laterally
● Paired muscles deep to the
external oblique
● Fibers: right angle to those of
EO
● Origin: iliac crest
● Insertion: last 3 ribs
● Action: same as EO
● Deepest muscle of the
abdominal wall
● Fibers: run horizontally
● Origin: lower ribs and ilic
crest
● Insertion: pubis
● Action: compresses
abdominal contents
● most superficial muscles of the
posterior neck and upper trunk
● form a diamond- or kite-shaped
muscle mass
● Origin: run from the occipital
bone down the vertebral column
to the end of thoracic vertebrae.
● Insertion: scapular spine and
clavicle.
● Antagonist to the
sternocleidomastoids
● Action: extends the head
○ Elevate, depress, adduct,
and the stabilize the
scapula.
● lat muscles that cover the lower
back
● Origin: lower spine and ilium
● Insertion: proximal end of the
humerus
● Action: Extends and Adducts the
humerus
● Prime mover of back extension
● Deep muscles of the back
● Consist of 3 muscle columns:
○ Iliocostalis
○ Longissimus
○ Spinalis
● Collectively span the entire
vertebral column
● Action: extends and laterally
flexes spine
● Common source of lower back
pain
● Forms part of the posterior
abdominal wall
● Origin: iliac crest
● Insertion: upper lumbar
vertebrae
● Action: flexes spine laterally
● Fleshy, triangle-shaped muscles
● Origin: scapular spine and clavicle
● Insertion: proximal humerus
● Action: prime movers of arm abduction
Muscles of the
Upper Limb
Muscles Causing Movement at
the Elbow Joint
● All anterior muscles of the humerus cause elbow flexion.
● In order of decreasing strength these are the:
○ Brachialis
○ Biceps brachii
○ Brachioradialis
● Bulges when you flex your elbow
● Origin: scapula of shoulder girdle
● Insertion: radial tuberosity
● Action: prime mover for flexion of
forearm and supinates forearm
● Lies deep to the biceps brachii
● Origin: distal humerus
● Insertion: proximal ulna
● Action: prime mover in elbow
flexion
● Lifts the ulna as the biceps lifts
the radius
● Fairly weak muscle
● Origin: humerus
● Insertion: distal forearm
● Action: elbow flexion
● only muscle fleshing out the
posterior humerus
● Origin: shoulder girdle and
proximal humerus
● Insertion: olecranon process
of the ulna
● Action: Extends elbow (prime
mover)
● Antagonist of the biceps
brachii and brachialis
● Straightens the arm
Muscles of the
Upper Limb
● superficial muscle of the hip
● forms most of the flesh of the
buttock
● Origin: sacrum and ilium
● Insertion: proximal femur
(gluteal tuberosity)
● Action: extends hip
● Origin: ilium
● Insertion: proximal femur
● Action: Abducts thigh;
steadies pelvis during walking
● superolateral quadrant: very
safe site for IM injection
● Composed of 2 muscles:
○ Iliacus
○ Psoas major
● Origin: llium and lumbar
vertebrae
● Insertion: Femur (lesser
trochanter)
● Action: hip flexion (prime
mover)
● Also acts to keep upper body
from falling backward when
standing
● From muscle mass at the
medial side
● Origin: pelvis
● Insertion: proximal aspect of
femur
● Action: adduct thigh
● Muscle mass of the posterior
thigh
● Consist of 3 muscles:
○ Biceps femoris
○ Semimembranosus
○ Semitendinosus
● Origin: ischial tuberosity
● Insertion: proximal tibia (head
of fibula in the case of BF)
● Thin, straplike
● Not too important
● Most superficial
● Origin: Ilium
● Insertion: proximal tibia
● Action: flexes thigh on hip
● Consists of 4 muscles:
○ Rectus femoris
○ 3 vastus muscles
● Origin: vastus: femur; rectus femoris:
pelvis
● Insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar
ligament
● Action: All extend knee; rectus
femoris also flexes hip on thigh
● Superficial muscle on the anterior leg
● Origin: proximal tibia
● Insertion: First cuneiform (tarsal) and
first metatarsal of foot
● Action: dorsiflexes and inverts foot
● Lateral to tibilias anterior
● Origin: proximal tibia and fibula
● Insertion: distal toes 2-5
● Action: extends toes (prime mover)
● Found on lateral [art of leg
● Origin: fibula
● Insertion: metatarsal of foot
● Action: plantar flex and evert foot
● 2 bellied muscle
● Forms the curved half of posterior leg
● Origin: distal femur
● Insertion: calcaneus
● Action: Plantar flexes foot and flexes
knee
● Origin: proximal tibia and fibula
● Insertion: calcaneus
● Action: plantar flexes foot
Nervous
System

Source: Essential of human anatomy &

physiology Marieb 12th edition
“Master control and communication system of the body”
Integrating and Command Center

Spinal Nerves
● Carry impulses to and
from the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves
● Carry impulses to and
from the brain
 SENSORY DIVISION MOTOR DIVISION
● Informs cns what going ● Carries impulse from the
on with the body CNS to effector organs
NEURONS
● highly specialized to transmit messages
● Common feature:
○ Cell body - nucleus + 1 or more
slender processes extending from
the cell body

CELL BODY
● Metabolic center of neuron
● Contains large nucleolus
DENDRITES
● Convey incoming messages toward the
cell body

AXON
● Generate nerve impulse away from the cell
body
● Axon hillock: cone like region of the body
where the axon arises
● Axon terminals: terminal end of axon
○ Contain chemicals called
neurotransmitter
● Synaptic Cleft
○ Tiny gap that separates one neuron
from another
SYNAPSE
● Functional junction where an impulse is
transmitted from one neuron to another
MYELIN SHEATH
● Whitish, fatty material that covers nerve
fibers
● Protects and insulates the fibers
● Increases transmission rate of nerve
impulses

PNS = SCHWANN CELLS

CNS = OLIGODENDROCYTES

NODES OF RANVIER
● Gaps or indentations between each myelin
sheath
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
● Nerve: bundle of neuron fibers found
outside the CNS.
● Endoneurium: surrounds each nerve
fiber
● Perineurium: wraps around groups
of fibers or fascicles
● Epineurium: covers all fascicles
● Sensory (afferent) nerves: carry
impulses only toward the CNS
● Motor (efferent) nerves: carry only
motor fibers
● Mixed nerves: carry both sensory
and motor fibers
The
“Oh, oh,
Cranial
oh, to
Nerves
touch 7
and feel
very good
velvet ah!
happiness.
The Spinal Nerves
● 31 pairs of spinal nerves
○ Formed by the combination
of the ventral and dorsal
roots of the spinal cord.
● Named for the region of the cord
from which they arise.
● Each spinal nerve divides into the
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
making each spinal nerve about ½
inch long.
● The rami, like the spinal nerves,
contain both motor and sensory
fibers.
● Smaller dorsal rami serve the skin
and muscles of the posterior body
trunk.
 Autonomic Nervous System
● Motor subdivision of the PNS that control the body activities automatically
● Neurons that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.
Craniosacral Division Thoracolumbar Division
Craniosacral Division Thoracolumbar Division
● Fight or flight
● Emergency or
threatening situations
● Pounding heart, deep
breathing, cold sweaty
skin, prickly scalp,
dilate eye pupils
● Inc HR, BP, blood
glucose levels, dilates
bronchioles of the
lungs
Craniosacral Division Thoracolumbar Division
● Rest and digest ● Fight or flight
● Promotes normal ● Emergency or
digestion threatening situations
● Elimination of ● Pounding heart, deep
feces and urine breathing, cold sweaty
● Conserving body skin, prickly scalp,
energy dilate eye pupils
● Housekeeping ● Inc HR, BP, blood
system glucose levels, dilates
bronchioles of the
lungs
D
- Digestion
- Defecation E
- Diuresis - Exercise
- Excitement
- Emergency
- embarassment
 Thanks!
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Special
Senses
Special Senses
● Smell
● Taste
● Sight
● Hearing
● 5th special sense - equilibrium
● Special sense receptors
○ Large complex sensory organs
○ Localized cluster of receptors
EAR
NOSE
Although it is possible to have either taste or smell deficits, most
people seeking medical help for loss of chemical senses have
olfactory disorders, or anosmias. Most anosmias result from
head injuries, the aftereffects of nasal cavity inflammation (due
to a cold, an allergy, or smoking), or aging. Some brain disorders
can destroy the sense of smell or mimic it. For exam- ple, some
epileptics experience olfactory auras (olfactory hallucinations)
just before they go into seizures.
5 basic taste sensations
● Sweet receptors - sugars, saccharine, some amino acids,
some lead salts
● Sour receptors - H+, acidity of solution
● Bitter receptors - alkaloids
● Salty receptors - metal ions in solution
● Umami - elciited by amino acid and glutamate

> sense of taste depends heavily on stimulation of olfactory

receptors by aromas.
 Thanks!
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Endocrinology
System
The Endocrine System
 Chemistry of Hormones
● Hormones
○ Chemical substances secreted by endocrine
cells into the extracellular fluid
○ Amino acid-based molecules or Steroids
○ Steroid hormones
■ Made from cholesterol
■ Sex hormones made by gonads (ovaries
and testes)
■ Hormones produced by the adrenal
cortex
○ All other hormones —--- nonsteroidal amino
acid derivatives
Hormone Action
 Hormone Action
● Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential (electrical state) by
opening or closing ion channels
● Activate or inactive enzymes
● Stimulate or inhibit cell division
● Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
● Turn on or turn off transcription of certain genes
Direct Gene Activation
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
 The Major Endocrine Organs
Purely endocrine:
● Anterior pituitary
● Thyroid
● Parathyroid
● Adrenals

Mixed:
● Pancreas
● Gonads
 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
● Size of pea
● Location: inferior surface of the
hypothalamus, surrounded by the sella turcica
● 2 functional lobes: Anterior pituitary and
Posterior pituitary.
● Master endocrine gland
 Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones
Hypothalamus
● Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
● Oxytocin
○ Released during childbirth and nursing
○ Causes uterine muscle contraction and
milk ejection
● Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
○ Antidiuretic = inhibits urine production
○ Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water
from the forming urine —> Urine Volume
decreases → Blood Volume Increases
○ Aka Vassopressin
**ALL ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
1. ARE PROTEINS
2. ACT THRU 2ND
MESSENGER
SYSTEM
3. REGULATED BY
HORMONAL STIMULI
GROWTH HORMONE
● General metabolic hormone
● Effect: growth of skeletal muscle and long bones of
the body
● Important role in determining final body size
● Protein-sparing and anabolic hormone
● Fat breakdown, spares glucose → maintains blood
sugar homeostasis
PROLACTIN
● Structurally similar to GH
● Target tissue: BREAST
● Effect: stimulates and maintains milk
production
● Function in men not known
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
● Regulate the hormonal activity
of the gonads
● Women
○ FSH: stimulates follicle
development in ovaries
→ follicles mature →
produce estrogen →
eggs ready for ovulation
○ LH: triggers ovulation of
an egg and causes
ruptured follicle to
produce progesterone
and some estrogen
● Men
○ FSH: stimulates sperm
development by testes
○ LH: stimulates
testosterone production
THYROTROPIC HORMONE
● AKA TSH
● Influences growth and activity of the
thyroid gland
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
● Regulates endocrine activity of the
cortex portion of adrenal gland
Pineal Gland
T4
T3
calcitonin
 Thymus

● Location: upper thorax, posterior to sternum

● Decreases in size through adulthood
● Hormone: Thymosin - essential for normal
development of T lymphocytes and immune
response
Adrenal Glands
 Adrenal Glands

Aldosterone
 Adrenal Glands

Aldosterone

Cortisone
Cortisol
 Adrenal Glands

Aldosterone
Cortisone
Cortisol

Androgen
 Hormones of Adrenal Medulla
● Knot of nervous tissue
● Stimulated by the SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
● Release catecholamines: EPINEPHRINE
AND NOREPINEPHRINE
 Pancreas
● Location: close to the stomach in the abdominal
cavity
● Mixed gland
● Pancreatic islets aka islets of Langerhans
○ Little masses of endocrine tissue scattered
among the exocrine tissue of the pancreas
● Exocrine or acinar
○ Acts as part of the digestive system
● HORMONES:
○ INSULIN
○ GLUCAGON
Gonads
Gonads