ORPILLA, Allysa Megan D.

MC2A
BSN 1-B
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:
1. Identify and define the anatomical planes used to describe sections of the
body. (10 points)
The sagittal plane (lateral or Y-Z plane) divides the body into sinister and dexter (left
and right) sides. The midsagittal (median) plane is in the midline through the center of
the body, and all other sagittal planes are parallel to it.
The coronal plane (frontal or Y-X plane) divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back
and front) portions. It also separates the anterior and posterior portions.
The transverse plane (axial or X-Z plane) divides the body into superior and inferior
(head and tail) portions. It is typically a horizontal plane through the center of the body
and is parallel to the ground.
2. Through what region of the body would a surgeon make an incision to perform
an appendectomy? How about if there is a surgery of the right kidney? (5 points)
Appendectomy - A surgeon makes one incision in the lower right side of your
abdomen.
Right Kidney - You will be lying on your side. Your surgeon will make an incision (cut)
up to 12 inches or 30 centimeters (cm) long. This cut will be on your side, just below the
ribs or right over the lowest ribs.
3. Which organ system has the function of conducting air? Eliminate body waste?
Synthesize hormones? (12 points)
Respiratory System helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can
work.
Excretory System helps to keep salts and urea from building up to dangerous levels
and becoming toxic.
Endocrine System produces hormones that function to control and regulate many
different body processes.
4. Differentiate organs from the system. (3 points)
An Organ is a structure made of two or more tissues that work together for a common
purpose. Organs can be as primitive as the brain of a flatworm (a group of nerve cells),
as large as the stem of a sequoia (up to 90 meters (300 feet) in height), or as complex
as a human liver. The human body has many different organs including the heart, the
kidneys, the pancreas, and the skin. Two or all the tissue types can be found in each
organ. Organs inside the body are called internal organs.
An Organ System is a group of organs that act together to carry out complex,
interrelated functions, with each organ focusing on a subset of the task. An organ can
be part of more than one organ system. One of the most important functions of organ
systems is to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and to remove toxic waste
products such as carbon dioxide. A few organ systems, including the cardiovascular
and respiratory systems, work together to do this.
5. Explain the ‘negative feedback loop’ as it pertains to homeostasis. (5 points)
Negative feedback loops are used to maintain homeostasis and achieve the set point
within a system. Negative feedback loops are characterized by their ability to either
increase or decrease a stimulus, inhibiting the ability of the stimulus to continue as it did
prior to sensing of the receptor.
6. Why does our heart pump faster when you run? (5 points)
When you are exercising, your muscles need extra oxygen—some three times as much
as resting muscles. This need means that your heart starts pumping faster, which
makes for a quicker pulse. Meanwhile, your lungs are also taking in more air, hence the
harder breathing. So, getting out of breath while exercising is just a sign that your
muscles are working. The more you exercise, the more efficient your body will be at
getting oxygen to your muscles, so you can exercise more without getting out of breath.
Of course, pushing exercise too hard can be dangerous and, if you feel faint, you should
stop the activity.
7. What is the importance of studying human anatomy and physiology in our
profession as future nurses? (5 points)
Nurses need anatomy and physiology to comprehend how to take good care of their
individual. The body must remain in a balanced condition to operate. When one’s
individual body does not maintain balance, medical staff must figure out how to recover
the body’s stability to help the affected person. Nurses must be able to think and act
quickly when an individual needs proper care. Nurse also need anatomy and physiology
classes to comprehend how one’s individual body performs when it is in perfect health
so that when their patients get sick, they will understand why.
8. In what aspect of daily living will you expect to be able to apply the concepts
that you will be learning from anatomy and physiology? (5 points)
Breathing because when you learn the anatomy and physiology you will now if your
breathing is normal and you will know what is wrong with your body.
9. A bullet enters the left side of a man, passes through the left lung, and lodges
in the heart. Name in order the serous membranes and cavities through which
bullet passes. (8 points)
The ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of
serous membrane first.
10. During physical exercise, respiratory rate increases. Two student nurses are
discussing the mechanisms involved: Student A claims they are positive-
feedback mechanism and student B claims they are negative feedback
mechanisms. Do you agree with student A or B, why? (7 points)
Student B's claim that respiration rate is an example of negative feedback is correct.
Negative feedback occurs when the body is far away from its set point. The body's
response is to try and bring itself back to homeostasis. Because during exercise,
muscles need a source of energy. Through chemosensory cells in the brain, the body
realizes that it needs to bring itself back to its homeostatic set point, therefore,
stimulating the lung muscles to increase its breathing rate in order to make the blood pH
normal.
REFERENCES:
Human Organs and Organ Systems - Advanced | CK-12 Foundation (ck12.org)
1.4D: Body Planes and Sections - Medicine LibreTexts
Appendectomy: Procedure, Preparation & Risks (healthline.com)
Kidney removal: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Respiratory System: Functions, Facts, Organs & Anatomy (clevelandclinic.org)
Body Waste: Facts (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television)
11.4 Endocrine System – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition (opentextbc.ca)
Homeostasis | Boundless Biology (lumenlearning.com)
Jumping Heartbeat: Exercise Your Pulse - Scientific American
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Nursing – Distance Learning Systems (DLSI) (dlsii.com)
Anatomical Terminology – Anatomy & Physiology (hawaii.edu)