Panashe Mandaza Final Draft 2 (N0188987M)

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND

MANAGEMENT
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COST

ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN ENHANCING COST
ACCURACY IN ZIMBABWE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
BY
PANASHE MANDAZA
N0188987M
A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Quantity Surveying in Partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours) Degree
2022
DECLARATION
I Panashe Mandaza do candidly and sincerely declare that the work contained in this
dissertation has never been carried out before at any academic tertiary institution within
the knowledge domain of the researcher. Where other researcher’s text has been used,
it has been properly acknowledged and cited. With diligence and faithfulness, it will be
submitted through the National University of Science and Technology (NUST).
Signed: Date:
ii
DEDICATION
All praise to the one Who makes everything possible in His Name.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My supervisor, Mrs. R. Mabhayila, deserves special recognition for the useful advice she
gave me over the course of this project. I felt this guidance to be crucial for both the project
and my upcoming career as a quantity surveyor. Ma'am, I can't convey my gratitude to
you enough in words.
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ABSTRACT
The goal of this research is to address the pervasive, ongoing issue of cost overruns and
delays in the construction industry in Zimbabwe, which is directly related to inadequate
estimation techniques. This leads to the conclusion that this thesis depends on the
introduction of reliable estimating methods. No matter how competent the management,
how financially strong the contractor, or how knowledgeable they are, nothing can be
done to prevent a loss without an accurate cost estimate . Particularly in the context of
Zimbabwe, little research has been done on the contractor's estimations prior to bidding.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of cost estimates made by
Zimbabwean contractors and professionals and introduce effective estimation
techniques. There will be a review of the literature on cost estimation techniques and their
results. To evaluate the effects of various strategies, case studies involving their use were
examined. Additionally, interviews with five members of the estimating team were
undertaken. The research's findings show that comprehensive estimating is the most
accurate technique and elemental estimating is the least accurate . The findings also
showed that, in addition to the methods employed, there are other elements that
contribute to inaccurate estimates in Zimbabwe, such as the incapacity of the estimating
team, the complexity of the project, and the intense competition that forces contractors to
underprice some of their projects in order to survive in the construction sector. The study
makes recommendations: clients should give contractors adequate time to accurately
estimate their projects, and construction companies should regularly examine the
effectiveness of their cost estimating processes and tactics to be profitable and
competitive.
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CONTENTS PAGE
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF ACRONYMS................................................................................................... xv
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................... 4
1.3 RESEARCH AIM ................................................................................................... 5
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 5
1.5 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 5
1.6 JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................... 5
1.7 RESEARCH OUTLINE .......................................................................................... 6
1.7.1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................... 7
1.7.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review........................................................................... 7
1.7.3 Chapter 3: Methodology .................................................................................. 7
1.7.4 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Presentation..................................................... 8
1.7.5 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 8
2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 9
2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 9
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2.2 KEY DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................ 9
2.2.1 Cost Estimation ............................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Cost Accuracy ............................................................................................... 10
2.3 ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

PRACTICE ................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Expect Judgement ........................................................................................ 11
2.3.2 Delphi Method ............................................................................................... 11
2.3.3 Analogous Estimation ................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 Parametric Estimation ................................................................................... 12
2.3.5 Top-Down Estimation .................................................................................... 13
2.3.6 Bottom-Up Estimation ................................................................................... 13
2.3.7 PERT Estimation Technique (3-Point Estimation) ......................................... 14
2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF COST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES

................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 The Human/Team Problem (Ability of Estimators) ........................................ 15
2.4.2 The Detail Challenge (Completeness of cost information) ............................ 16
2.4.3 Sizes of Contracts ......................................................................................... 17
2.4.4 Project Complexity ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.5 Technological Requirements ......................................................................... 19
2.4.6 Labour productivity ........................................................................................ 19
2.4.7 Project duration ............................................................................................. 20
2.4.8 Geographical Location .................................................................................. 20
2.4.9 Bidding Competition ...................................................................................... 21
2.4.10 Economic Instability .................................................................................... 21
2.5 STRATEGIES WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY. ................................ 22
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2.5.1 Use well researched and documented technique .......................................... 22
2.5.2 Use Multiple Estimation Techniques ............................................................. 23
2.5.3 The Estimator ................................................................................................ 23
2.5.4 Confidence levels measured and evaluated ................................................. 24
2.5.5 Completes independent review for your projects .......................................... 24
2.5.6 Audit trail of changes and approvals ............................................................. 24
2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 24
3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 26
3.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 26
3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................ 26
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN .......................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Research Type ................................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Research Approach .......................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Triangulation ..................................................................................................... 28
3.3 SAMPLING DESIGN ........................................................................................... 29
3.3.1 Target Population .......................................................................................... 29
3.3.2 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................ 29
3.3.3 Sampling Technique ..................................................................................... 30
3.5.3 Sample Size .................................................................................................. 30
3.6 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS ....................................................... 32
3.6.1 Questionnaires .............................................................................................. 32
3.6.2. Interview ...................................................................................................... 33
3.7. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD .................................................. 34
3.8 CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 34
3.9 DATA COLLECTION METHOD ........................................................................... 35
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3.10 DATA PRESENTATION .................................................................................... 36
3.10 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ...................................................................... 37
3.10.1 Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 37
3.10.2 Mean Index ................................................................................................. 38
3.11 VALIDITY ........................................................................................................... 38
3.12 RELIABILITY ..................................................................................................... 39
3.12.1 Test-Retest.................................................................................................. 40
3.12.2 Parallel-Forms Reliability............................................................................. 40
3.13 Ethics ............................................................................................................. 40
3.14 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 41
4. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION ...................................... 42
4.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 42
4.1 RESPONSE RATE AND REPRESENTATION ................................................ 42
4.2.4 Affiliation to Professional Bodies ................................................................... 44
4.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 46
4.2.1 Respondents Experience .............................................................................. 46
4.2.2 Respondents Highest Level of Education Attained ....................................... 47
4.2.5 Type of Projects Undertaken ......................................................................... 48
4.3 COST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES BEING USED IN ZIMBABWE’S

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY .................................................................................. 49
4.3.1 Estimation Technique currently being used in Zimbabwean Industry............ 49
4.4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTIMATION

TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................... 51
4.4.1 Effects of Economic instability ....................................................................... 52
4.4.2 Effect of Relevant Experience of Estimating Team ....................................... 53
4.4.3 Bidding Competition ...................................................................................... 54
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4.4.4 Completeness of Cost Information ................................................................ 55
4.4.5 Technical Requirement ................................................................................. 55
4.4.6 Geographical Location .................................................................................. 55

OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY ................................. 56
4.7 CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 58
4.7.1 Estimation Technique Used in coming up with the Cost Estimate................. 59
4.7.2 Factors that Affected the Effectiveness of Their Estimation Technique on Cost
Accuracy ................................................................................................................ 59
4.8 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 61
5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION................................................................................. 62
5.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 62

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY .................................................................................. 62
5.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTIMATION

TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................... 63

OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY ................................. 63
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ................................................ 64
6. REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 65
7. APPENCICES ........................................................................................................ 78
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE.............................................................................. 78
APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW GUIDE ........................................................................... 85
APPENDIX C: CASE STUDY .................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX D: ZIQS REGISTER OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS 2018 ...................... 89
APPENDIX E: IAZ REGISTER OF ARCHITECTS 2019 ............................................ 92
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APPENDIX F: ZACE REGISTER OF ENGINEERS 2018 .......................................... 99
APPENDIX G: CIFOZ LIST OF CONTRACTORS 2018 .......................................... 104
APPENDIX H: ZBCA LIST OF CONTRACTORS 2022 ........................................... 108
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Data Collection ............................................................................................. 35

Table 3.2: Data Presentation ......................................................................................... 36
Table 4.1:Interviews and Case Study Response Rate .................................................. 45
Table 4.2: Respondents Experience ............................................................................. 46
Table 4.3: Frequency index of the use of different Estimation Techniques ................... 49
Table 4.4: Factors Affecting Cost Accuracy .................................................................. 51
Table 4.5: Effective Strategies to improve the effectiveness of Cost Estimation Technique
...................................................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.6: Case Study ................................................................................................... 58
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Respondents Representation ...................................................................... 42

Figure 4.2: Professional Bodies .................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.3: Level of Education of Respondents ............................................................. 47
Figure 4.4: Types of Projects undertaken ...................................................................... 48
Figure 4.5: Number of Respondents being affected by Economic Instability ................ 53
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Interview administered questionnaires
APPENDIX B: Interview Guide
APPENDIX C: Interview Administered Questionnaire
APPENDIX D: ZIQS Register of Quantity Surveyors 2018
APPENDIX E: IAZ Register of Architects 2019
APPENDIX F: ZACE Register of Engineers 2018
APPENDIX G: CIFOZ list of Contractors 2018
APPENDIX H: ZBCA list of Contractors 2022
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
CIFOZ Construction Industry Federation of Zimbabwe
ZBCA Zimbabwe Builders Contractors Association
PMIZ Project Managers Institute of Zimbabwe
PRAZ Procurement Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe
ZACE Zimbabwe Association of Consulting Engineers
ZIQS Zimbabwe Institute of Quantity Surveyors
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1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Estimation is the engineering art of making a well-informed (or scientific) prediction about
the project's cost and delivery date, as well as determining all of the project's resources
(Kemp, 2004: 328; Steyn, Basson, Carruthers, Du Plessis, Prozesky-Kuscke, Kruger, Van
Eck & Visser, 2006: 173). Cost estimates are used to assess a project's economic
feasibility, analyze project alternatives, and set a budget and cost management system.
According to Asal (2014), cost estimating is an assessment of the expected cost of any
construction project. The accuracy of such an estimate has a significant impact on the
building contractor's predicted profit. Awosina (2018) defines construction project cost
estimation as a mere budgetary allocation, and highlights that its accuracy remains
uncertain if the incorrect estimating technique is used. This often causes a gap between
the initial project cost and completion cost. Inaccurate cost estimation has a fundamental
effect on delivery and thus lead to cost overrun, delays, disputes and numerous claims
on a construction project.
In comparison to other manufacturing and product development industries, the
construction sector operates differently. Every construction project has its unique nature,
requirements, and characteristics because it is a project-based activity. (Oberlender &
Trost 2001) Construction projects are unique in that they are priced before they are built.
As a result, the accuracy of project estimate costs is critical. (Oberlender & Trost 2001)
This is why, more often than not, the project team's performance, as well as the project's
overall success, is measured by comparing actual costs to early cost predictions
(Oberlender & Trost 2001)
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1.1 BACKGROUND
According to Al-Hasan, Ross, and Kirkham (2006), sophisticated estimating technique
must be devised and employed in project cost estimation in order to produce a more
accurate cost estimate. There are six major estimating techniques used in construction
projects namely Top-down estimating, Bottom-up estimating, Expert judgement,
Comparative estimation (also known as analogous), Parametric model estimating and
Three- point estimating (Everitt, 2022; Torp and Klakegg, 2016).
During the 1950’s it was difficult to create reliable, consistent, and comparable estimates
across the services without uniform advice on cost-estimation processes and procedures.
In the US Army construction service published its own instructions for the estimating
function, which may be as specific as a whole estimating handbook or as general as a
few words. It was common for the estimators to disregard advice. (GAO, 1972). Cost
estimates for a particular system usually included a series of revisions, with the most
recent estimate being created by enhancing and updating the previous estimate. The
Rand Corporation's Olaf Helmer and Norman Dalkey first proposed the Delphi technique
in the 1950s. The phrase is an allusion to the Oracle of Delphi, a priestess at an Apollonid
temple in ancient Greece who was renowned for her prophesies. (Twin, 2022)
Documentation demonstrating data sources, assumptions, techniques, and fundamental
assumptions for the estimate was required for accurate modification of both the original
and revised cost estimates. practically all systems. According to the GAO review, the
paperwork providing this information was either incomplete or erroneous among the
ensuing challenges. (GAO, 1972)
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The Secretary of Défense published memoranda in 1969 explaining his opinions on the
necessity for advancement in the procurement of weapon systems and advising the
armed forces to enhance their estimation abilities. This pushed the development of more
accurate estimation techniques and processes. (GAO, 1972)
Several studies on the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects have been
done. Many times, researchers have sought to quantify the impact of specific project
variables on estimate accuracy (Skitmore 1988; Akintoye & Fitzgerald 2000). Akintoye
(2000) conducted research in the United Kingdom to discover and comprehend the
factors that influence contractors' cost estimation processes. The complexity of the
project, the volume and scope of the construction, market conditions, the technique of
construction, site restrictions, and location were shown to be the key elements impacting
cost estimation practices. However, very little attention has been given to the estimating
challenges being faced by developing countries.
In the early stages. estimating techniques rely on trustworthy historical cost data, whereas
an analytical approach to estimating is focused on applying current resource costs to a
well-developed design. (Flanagan & Jewell, 2018). Estimating techniques are used early
in the creation of a project to determine budgets, examine the feasibility of a concept,
and, if necessary, obtain finance. To deal with the changing character of projects, many
methodologies have evolved over time, taking uncertainty into account in cost estimating
processes. However, there have been some difficulties in putting these strategies into
practice (Torp and Klakegg, 2016). The flaws that result from incorrect cost assessment,
particularly the centering factors and impacts, have not received much attention.
Inaccurate cost estimates result in unneeded risk, financial loss, loss of the estimator's
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reputation and trust, and an increase in claims and disputes (Flyvbjerg et al., 2002;
Mahamid & Dmaidi, 2013).
Even though there has been a lot of focus on creating new, sophisticated tools and
methodologies to enhance cost estimation in projects, we continue to struggle with cost
overruns. (Torp and Klakegg, 2016). Various writers have noted difficulties with cost
estimating procedures where there is uncertainty There is undoubtedly a need for more
information and better methods. (Torp and Klakegg, 2016).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the Zimbabwean construction business, imprecise estimation has taken root, with many
projects being reported as being delivered in an incompetent and inefficient manner,
alluded with many cost overruns (Nyoni, 2019). His findings indicated that poor estimation
ranked first as the most factor affecting cost of construction with a Relative Importance
Index (RII) of 87,4%. According to a NewsDay article it was predicted that a Public Sector
Investment Programme (PSIP) funded project would cost only $11 million when it began.
The government has spent $21 million or more on this initiative The need of adoption of
effective cost estimates and budgets is consistent with the findings of Chigara and Moyo
(2013) who argue that in order to properly control project costs, one must first understand
what goes into the total project budget. Ineffective cost estimating leads to inadequate
budgeting schedules which in directly linked to delays. (Chigara and Moyo, 2013)
As a result, the problem is stated as follows: building projects in Zimbabwe are plagued
by inappropriate and wrong application of estimation techniques which in turn causes
inefficiencies such as over/underbudgeting, delays, loss of reputation and credibility of
4
estimator, and disputes between the client and the contractor. Estimators in the
construction business are woefully failing to deliver acceptable project estimates that
meet the budget and timeframe.
1.3 RESEARCH AIM
To investigate the most effective cost estimating techniques in enhancing cost accuracy
in Zimbabwe’s construction projects
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the estimation techniques being used in the Construction industry?
2. To analyze the factors affecting the effective of cost estimation techniques in
enhancing cost accuracy in construction projects?
3. What strategies can be adopted to improve the effectiveness of cost estimating
techniques to enhance cost accuracy in Zimbabwe.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the cost estimation techniques being used in Zimbabwe’s
construction industry
2. To analyses the factors affecting the effective of cost estimation techniques in
enhancing cost accuracy in construction projects?
3. To find out strategies which can be adopted to improve the effectiveness of cost
estimation in enhancing cost accuracy in Zimbabwean construction projects
1.6 JUSTIFICATION
This study is important because it aims to improve the cost accuracy and increase
awareness on the effectiveness of cost estimating techniques. This will in turn improve
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project budget planning which will lead to successful project delivery. Inaccurate
estimation of original cost is placed first as the biggest cost overrun component in
Zimbabwe (Nyoni, 2019). Peeters & Madauss (2008) and Johnson & Babu (2018), who
argued that the most important factor contributing to budget overruns is inaccurate
estimation of a project's original or initial cost; a phenomenon that can be attributed to a
lack of adequate project information, particularly in the early stages of the project.
Any project's success depends on having a realistic budget which can only be achieved
from a well-researched building estimate. Over the years, construction management
literature has examined issues relating to the accuracy of pre-tender cost projections. In
construction engineering projects, cost estimates are prone to inaccuracy (bias), resulting
in cost inaccuracies. (Skitmore and Picken, 2000)
An accurate cost estimate is crucial for making decisions during the planning and design
stages of a project, and it is frequently used to determine the project's ultimate funding.
Many scholars have acknowledged the need of precise estimates throughout the early
stages of complicated building engineering projects (Arif et al., 2010; Osikhena, 2013;
and Waziri, 2014). The degree of professional knowledge and the accuracy of
construction engineering project cost estimates are largely reliant on the level of
professional expertise.
1.7 RESEARCH OUTLINE
This section of the study examines each chapter that contributed to the completion of the
study, describing what each chapter contained. The research plan for this project is as
follows:
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1.7.1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction
This chapter will introduce the reader to cost estimation. The background information then
highlights the different estimation techniques and their historical background, explaining
how they were developed and how where they can be applied. The background indicates
the relationship between cost estimation and cost accuracy. The problem statement
discusses the issues currently being faced by contractors in adopting good estimation
techniques and the challenges they then suffer from. This chapter also elaborates on the
aim of the study, the research questions, the research objectives. A justification on why
the study is necessary to conduct in this current economy and time is the last section of
this chapter.
1.7.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review
Based on past studies, Chapter 2 is a literature review for the primary elements affecting
the accuracy of cost estimating for building construction projects. Detailed information on
the different types of cost estimation techniques and at which stages they should be
implemented is explained in this chapter. The strategies that will enhance effective cost
estimation adoption and the benefits it would bring to the Zimbabwean construction are
discussed in detail in this chapter.
1.7.3 Chapter 3: Methodology
This contains the data collection process. The technique of the research method to
perform the study is detailed in this chapter. It investigates the successfully completed
projects of similar characteristics and analyze the different estimation techniques that
contributed in obtaining of accurate cost results and the efficiency of various estimation
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techniques in improving cost estimating methods accuracy in Zimbabwe construction
projects.
1.7.4 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Presentation
This chapter examines the data from the various projects and their impact on cost
estimation accuracy. It summarizes the study's findings as well as the responses from the
participants. As a manner of probing the study's research aims, analysis and discussion
of the findings withdrawn from all respondents were presented. The interpretation is
carried out in questions such as, which is the most used estimating technique used in
Zimbabwe, what impact does cost estimation techniques have on cost accuracy in
Zimbabwean construction industry, and what strategies can be used to improve the
adoption of effective estimation techniques.
1.7.5 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 5 compares and provides conclusions in connection to the study questions
based on the material supplied in Chapter 4. With the conclusion, recommendations for
the estimation techniques to adopt and the criteria of selection. Identify areas for future
research based on the general understanding of the interviewed participants, and all
study limitations are indicated at the end.
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2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The literature review gives an in-depth analysis on cost estimation techniques. This
chapter has opinions and an overview on factors that affect the effectiveness of cost
estimating techniques as well as the relationship between estimation techniques and cost
accuracy at project completion.
The definitions of cost estimation are presented in this chapter. It also discusses cost
estimating types and, lastly, past work in order to compile a specified list of criteria that
may affect the cost estimating of building construction projects.
2.2 KEY DEFINITIONS:
2.2.1 Cost Estimation
Cost estimating is defined by the Project Management Institute (PMBOK 2013) as the
formulation of an approximation (estimate) of the costs of the resources required to
perform project tasks. Cost estimating, according to Uppal (1997), is the determination of
quantity as well as the forecasting or predicting "within a given scope" of the expenses
required to build and equip a facility, manufacture items, or provide a service.
To summarize, cost estimation is the process of forecasting and anticipating the future
costs of a building project before it is completed. The total cost of the project will not be
known until the work is complete and the facility is operational.
Cost Estimation Techniques are a systematic strategy of coming up with project estimate
(Everitt, 2022).
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2.2.2 Cost Accuracy
Pre-tender cost estimation (or early-stage cost estimation) is the forecasting of the cost
of a project during the planning and design stage (Serpell, 2005). Skitmore (1991)
describes the accuracy of early-stage estimation as comprising two aspects, namely, bias
and consistency of the estimate when compared with the contract or accepted tender
price. Bias is concerned with ‘the average of differences between actual tender price and
forecast’ while consistency of estimates is concerned with ‘the degree of variation around
the average’
2.3 ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PRACTICE
A cost estimate must be accurate and reliable in order to serve its purpose and be
worthwhile (Actitime, n.d). Depending on the calculating methods employed and the
stages of the project's life cycle at the time the estimation process was conducted, cost
estimates may be characterized by varied degrees of accuracy. (Actitime, n. d)
The following six crucial project categories gain from the application of project estimating
techniques namely cost, time, scope, risk resources and quality (Everitt, 2022). Project
Management Skills (2016), Everitt (2022), Actitime (n. d) list the current estimation
techniques in construction projects as follows: expert judgment, Delphi method,
analogous estimating, parametric estimating, top-down estimating. bottom-up estimating,
three-point estimates, reserve analysis, vendor bid analysis, and project management
estimation software.
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2.3.1 Expect Judgement
One of the conventional methods for estimating costs early in the project development
process is expert opinion. Barry et al (2000) The method is such that it heavily relies on
the knowledge and experience of a cost estimation specialist. Rather than historical data,
it relies on the expert's domain knowledge. Actitime (n. d) notes that project estimation
entails forecasting using the knowledge of specialists. Sometimes it entails the gathering
and examination of pertinent data, followed by the expert's interpretation of the findings.
In other situations, it might only be based on the expert's judgment. According to Everitt
(2022), Expect Judgement is most useful when you’re planning a standard project that is
similar to projects your team has completed before. Expert judgment can be used for
creating top-down or bottom-up estimates. Actitime (n. d) classifies expect judgement in
class 5 of the US Department Energy classification of estimation accuracy, which is the
lowest level of estimate accuracy.
2.3.2 Delphi Method
John A. Farquhar and Barry Boehm invented the Wideband Variant of the Delphi Method
in the 1970s. The term "wideband" is chosen since the Wideband Delphi Technique
featured more contact and communication between the participants than the Delphi
Method did. Tutorialpoint (n. d). A group of specialists uses the Delphi method, an
interactive forecasting process. Each expert panel member offers their cost projections in
the form of a questionnaire throughout a series of meetings. A facilitator examines the
responses after which anonymous results are revealed to other participants. (Actitime, n.
d) The Delphi technique is used to reach consensus on a final cost estimate. This activity
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is performed for two or more rounds to give experts the chance to modify their projections
each time. (Actitime, n .d).
2.3.3 Analogous Estimation
Comparing information about a new project's contents and features with information
gathered while managing a previous project of a comparable nature allows for the
computation of its costs (Everitt, 2022). Project Management Skill (2016) alluded that
analogous estimation cost estimate is based on previous information from comparable
projects. The estimate can be modified to account for known project-specific variances.
Project length is estimated using comparative estimating, a top-down method, and data
from previous projects. You would think the current project would take eight months if the
average completion time of comparable projects was eight months. Once you have your
lower-level work estimates, you may divide those eight months up into tasks and activities
(Everitt, 2022)
2.3.4 Parametric Estimation
Statistical modelling is used in parametric estimating to create a cost estimate. To
estimate many factors, including cost and duration, it uses historical data from important
cost drivers. For instance, some construction projects employ square footage. (Project
Management Skill, 2016) To create estimates for prospective projects, the parametric
technique takes into account variables like length (or cost) and the quantity of work
packages (i.e., groups of linked project tasks) (Actitime, n. d).
When there is a lack of technical information or engineering deliverables to serve as a
foundation for applying more detailed estimating methodologies, a parametric model is
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an effective tool for creating early conceptual estimates. (Cost Estimating Guide, 2018) A
parametric estimate includes cost estimating relationships and other cost estimating
functions that establish logical and repeatable correlations between independent factors,
like design parameters or physical attributes, and cost, the dependent variable. (Cost
Estimating Guide, 2018)
2.3.5 Top-Down Estimation
Top-Down cost estimation approach focuses on estimating the cost of a project from the
global properties of the overall project and using either algorithmic such as Putnam model
or non-algorithmic methods. (Ramos, 2020) The estimation is then split into various
components in proportion. This method can be followed when there is limited historical
data available about the similar project. This technique is more beneficial while the project
is still in its early stages. This is because, at this stage, there is no need for detailed
information about the project) (Ramos, 2020) The foundation of the top-down project
estimation method is the segmentation of project operations into sizable chunks,
estimation of potential completion times, and summarization of the estimates. When
managers have access to more information during the later stages of project planning,
these generic, huge chunks of project work can be divided into smaller components and
then separately estimated to produce more precise estimates. (Actitime, n. d).
2.3.6 Bottom-Up Estimation
Bottom-up, also known as stick, analytical, or deterministic estimating, is a highly accurate
cost estimation technique that calculates total cost by adding up the cost of each input on
a construction project (Ramos, 2020). According to Everitt (2022), bottom-up estimating
is the reverse of top-down estimating. When using this estimation method, you begin by
13
estimating each task or project component separately. The final step is to add up each
individual estimate to create the final project estimate. This kind of estimate is typically
more accurate than the top-down method because each activity is evaluated separately.
However, it also takes longer. (Everitt, 2022)
This is the exact opposite of the top-down estimation methodology. In this particular
technique, the cost of every component of the project is derived and then the final result
is obtained by combining these elements to get the total estimated cost of the project.
The aim of this technique is to obtain a proper estimate that will be an accumulation of
the estimates of the smaller components of the software. Depending upon the variety of
the projects both the methodologies are useful. The estimation methodology is best suited
for small projects to estimate the cost. (Ramos, 2020)
2.3.7 PERT Estimation Technique (3-Point Estimation)
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) estimation considers three values: the
most optimistic estimate (O), a most likely estimate (M), and a pessimistic estimate (least
likely estimate (L)). There has been some confusion regarding Three-point Estimation
and PERT in the Industry. However, the techniques are different. You will see the
differences as you learn the two techniques. Also, at the end of this chapter, the
differences are collated and presented. (Tutorialpoint, n .d). Actitime (n .d) describes the
PERT Estimation Techniques to be classified under class 3-1 of the US Depart of Energy
Estimation Ranking, which makes if fairly accurate.
14
2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF COST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
The accurate estimation of expected costs for the project's completion is a key goal of the
estimation process. According to Akintoye (2000), the project's complexity, scale and
scope of construction, market conditions, the construction method, site restrictions, the
client's financial situation, buildability, and the project's location are the factors that relate
to the accuracy of the cost-estimating practice. Undoubtedly, there are difficulties in
current practice as highlighted by Johansen et al. (2014). His findings show the
challenges impacting on the results of the estimation techniques as discussed below:
2.4.1 The Human/Team Problem (Ability of Estimators)
The problem is the human/team challenge, where research demonstrates that contextual
elements like training, role, and the degree of accountability of the various participants to
the project's outcomes have an impact on the members. (Project Management Institute,
2013). In their examination, Morrison and Stevens (1980) study found that the
performance of estimates was marginally better for school projects than for other
construction types, with the caveat that "this might be expected in this sample where
school projects constitute roughly 50% of the projects undertaken." This statement
implies that the estimators were more knowledgeable about and skilled in estimating
school projects.
These results are connected to the earlier described work by Lichtenberg (2000) and
Klakegg (1994). The accuracy of the estimate is higher if estimators work on repetitive
projects, if they have a lot of experience in the field, and if the market changes as a result
of changing economic conditions; unexpected changes in material prices and the
availability of labour for construction projects are minimal or regarded as normal.
15
(Pompescu et al, 2003). According to Albtoush et. al (2021), the accuracy of the predicted
cost of construction projects is actively influenced by the project cost estimation team. It
is necessary to select a team that is both technically and scientifically qualified. The
following characteristics of the estimating team stand out as having a significant impact
on cost estimation: Low degree of competence, lack of early involvement, and level
competitors. However, Flyvbjerg et al. (2002) admit that evaluation optimism might be a
valid explanation of underestimating if the estimate were generated by a novice
forecaster. Flyvbjerg et al. (2002) pointed out a flaw with the physiological explanation.
Evaluation optimism was found to be misleading.
2.4.2 The Detail Challenge (Completeness of cost information)
Some of the information will be missing in the absence of precise and detailed drawings
and specifications, which could result in an erroneous estimate, conflicts, and legal action.
(Akintoye, 2000). A significant amount of project information, project details, drawings,
and project specifications should be gathered by the construction firm before creating a
pre-tender construction plan and cost estimate (Akintoye, 2000). This information is
necessary in order to ascertain the kind of work to be done and the resources needed.
Therefore, to ensure an accurate estimate, the cost information used in the estimate by
the estimator should be accurate and from a trusted source
As the design develops, the estimator has access to more and more information. By
contrasting the accuracy of estimates generated early in the design process (conceptual
estimates) with those made when the design is essentially finished, it is possible to
evaluate the impact of growing information (detailed estimates). Ashworth and Skitmore
(1982, 1985) conducted a thorough analysis of the expected accuracy for these two types
16
of estimates and found that a standard deviation of 15 to 20% for conceptual estimates
and 13 to 18% for detailed estimates was suitable.
Johansen et al, (2014) states that the statistical impact of breaking down the cost items
into several little bits causes the relative amount of uncertainty in cost estimates to be
lowered greatly in comprehensive analysis. A typical engineer's strategy is to provide
additional details in order to provide accurate responses. However, according to
Lichtenberg (2000), a top-down estimation technique with just a few major things should
be adopted. He argues that going into too much detail too early only takes more time and
“give precise answers to the wrong questions”.
The current practice in the construction industry is moving toward evaluations that are
more in-depth, which runs the danger of masking the underlying uncertainty in the
specifics. (Torp and Klakegg, 2016). Pompescu et al, (2003) argues that the accuracy
range is directly correlated with the amounts of design knowledge available to estimate
the future cost (10, 30, 60, or 90% design complete).
2.4.3 Sizes of Contracts
McCaffer (1976) investigated any potential relationships between the low bid/designers'
estimate ratios and contract size. He divided the information into sets of contracts with
the same number of bids for the building and road contracts. The association between
the mean bid for each contract and the low bid/designers' estimate ratios for all the
contracts in each set was then evaluated using Spearman's rho rank order correlation
coefficient. McCaffer (1976) came to the conclusion that "there is no consistent pattern of
correlation between the accuracy of designers' estimates and contract value" after looking
17
at the resulting Spearman's rho values, which showed that only a few cases had
correlations that were significant at the ten percent level (p 198).
The association between low bid/estimate ratios and the estimated value of the contracts
was the subject of Harvey's (1979) attempts to design a number of regression models.
Though the regression coefficients appeared to change with time, it was discovered that
the square of the inverse of the projected value provided the best positive fit (i.e., bias is
reduced with growing project size). This regression was statistically significant at the 5%
level. Additionally, a statistically significant interaction between the categories of projects
and the square of the inverse estimated contract value was discovered, again changing
with time.
2.4.4 Project Complexity
Type of structure, scale and scope of construction, complexity of design, site restrictions,
and anticipated project organization make up the grouping of project complexity factors.
The fact that these variables are loaded under the same factor is noteworthy. The client's
needs for the proposed project's size, functionality, and quality are defined by the project's
scope. (Akintoye, 2000). Handy (1985) views size (the scope and scale of the work) as
a single variable in determining the ideal organizational structure for the construction
crew.
The complexity of the project should be carefully considered; the estimators should
completely comprehend the project to deliver the best pricing for each activity (in case of
a complex project, a detailed study should be implemented to recognize each and every
task on the project) (Hatamleh et al, 2018). The project scope, design complexity, and
site restrictions all play a role in project complexity. Project complexity can be measured
18
in terms of work volume and kind, degree of repetition, number of operations, and
predictability of activities. The performance on-site is determined by project complexity,
which also impacts contract time and, in turn, construction cost (Hatamleh et al, 2018).
2.4.5 Technological Requirements
Akintoye (2000) asserts that the contractor's tender amount includes both the markup and
the cost estimate. Mark-up also includes a general provision for recovering overhead
costs, profit, and other indirect expenditures. Contractors estimate a lump sum fee for the
intricacy of job items based on a judgment call and prior experience, according to
Skitmore and Wilcock's study from 1994. This further demonstrated that the experiential-
based technique of estimating is affected by behavioral and contextual elements such as
personality, motivation, incentives, and habit. When tender prices are submitted, indirect
cost estimation involves a significant level of subjectivity. Senior management weighs a
subjective percentage that is added to the expense estimate; this subjective decision-
making is characterized by qualitative information and knowledge that is difficult to
quantify. The same idea holds true for the availability and performance of the equipment,
which both have an impact on the overall estimate when the equipment cost changes.
(Akintoye, 2000). Morrison (1984) also asserts that the variability of the project under
consideration affects the estimate-influencing elements.
2.4.6 Labour productivity
The accuracy of cost estimates for building projects is thought to be impacted by the
availability of workers and equipment (Ahal, 2014) The percentage of cost variance
increased significantly when labour and equipment were "not available".
19
The project demonstrates that "Oman embassy residential building" is the source of that
jump as a result of other driving elements "Project location and Site condition" being
insufficient, according to Ahal's (2014) findings. These findings conclusively demonstrate
that the percentage of cost variance will decrease the more personnel and equipment
that are needed are readily available.
2.4.7 Project duration
The anticipated frequency and magnitude of changes to the client's building requirements
are factors that are grouped together to determine the length of the project. The size of
variances may have an effect on how quickly a project is completed. In addition to having
an impact on the resources needed for the project, these variables also have an impact
on the cost of preliminary costs, such as site overheads. The contractors participated in
the study conducted by Azzaro et al. (1987) believed that preliminary considerations,
notably time-related elements (i.e., project duration), were the factors that won or lost
them contracts and caused either a profit or loss on the contracts they won.
2.4.8 Geographical Location
Pompescu et al, (2003) argues that there are only few studies are available to draw a
final conclusion. Harvey’s (1979) studies indicate significant differences in estimating
accuracy (bias) across six Canadian regions. The six Canadian regions under study
differed significantly in their estimating bias, according to Harvey's (1979) analysis of
variance. After taking partial account of the effects of project type, were observed for the
20
Quebec, Capital, Ontario, Western, and Pacific areas in comparison to the Atlantic region.
There were also significant regional/project type interaction effects discovered.
2.4.9 Bidding Competition
Numerous studies conducted across numerous nations found a significant inverse
relationship between the ratio of low bids to engineering estimates and the quantity of
bids submitted for each contract (Pompescu et al, 2003). Findings of McCaffer (1976) all
support this analysis. In his study, of Belgian building contractors, it was found that a
significant negative correlation between low bid/designers’ estimate ratios and the
number of bids received for each contract with a Spearman’s rho of -0.97. Hanscomb
Associates (1984) analyzed the low bid/ engineers’ estimate over 1100 corps of
Engineers between 1977 and 1983 and find a significant negative linear correlation with
a Pearson’s r of -0.836. When there aren't many projects in a given area up for bid,
estimates are generally more accurate. There has been a general tendency toward
greater estimate accuracy as project size and the number of bidders have both increased
(Pompescu et al, 2003)
2.4.10 Economic Instability
Market circumstances or economic cycles: These are the swings in the economy between
expansionary and deflationary phases (recession). These are modifications to a country's
economic position. According to Ashworth and Skitmore (1983), market conditions are
thought to have an impact on estimate accuracy. When giving cost advise, cost experts
logically make reference to these developments.
21
Building cost estimates in a thriving construction industry are often less expensive than
those in years or regions with a struggling economy. A project estimator should take into
account more than just the extent of the work or design they are estimating, according to
Ponte (2009), when determining costs. The project cost estimate will be reduced as a
result of more information about external factors that are distinct from technical factors.
As a standard for cost estimates, estimators use cost data from prior projects. In order to
transfer the pertinent data from the prior time, location, and market condition to the
anticipated time, location, and market scenario surrounding the new project, according to
Morrison (1984), cost data selected for estimation are altered. Inflation, deflation,
escalation, taxes, and currency variation are some frequent terms used to describe cost
change, according to Seeletse & Ladzani (2012).
OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY.
Kayser (2016) proposed an estimation approach to improve the accuracy. (Torp and
Klakegg (2016) also came up with a strategy to implement the different estimation
techniques to improve accuracy. The strategies proposed are mentioned below:
2.5.1 Use well researched and documented technique
The basis for an estimation technique should be a recognized, documented, and
quantifiable methodology. This can include the most basic breakdown to complex
mathematical models (Kayser, 2016). It is possible to reuse data in the future and
22
increase the certainty of project estimates by making sure that the company's practice is
founded on the same method. (Kayser, 2016).
2.5.2 Use Multiple Estimation Techniques
A method that incorporates components from several of the cost estimation and
forecasting strategies mentioned above is shown by Torp and Klakegg (2016). The
essential method is Bayesian (combining the best possible available objective facts with
subjective expert judgement). Torp and Klakegg (2016). To express the degree of
uncertainty, it combines top-down estimating, work breakdown, and triple estimations.
Use the estimation techniques that are appropriate and have data available in each
unique scenario at the bottom of the breakdown. When different methods are used to
estimate the cost for the same project, the findings can be cross-checked, increasing the
estimate's overall confidence and certainty (Kayser, 2016). This cost assessment method
could be parametric, similar, or even resource-based.
2.5.3 The Estimator
One or more practitioners or Subject Matter Experts (SME) with expertise in the specific
industry, technology, or environment should do the estimations. It is obviously preferable
if they are the ones doing the task (Kayser, 2016).
23
2.5.4 Confidence levels measured and evaluated
Any quoted estimate should have a confidence level, which should increase during the
bid and execution/delivery processes. Confidence levels make sure that it is possible to
make a well-informed choice regarding whether or not to trust the estimate (Kayser, 2016)
2.5.5 Completes independent review for your projects
At predetermined checkpoints, such as before a project is launched, after a certain
number of objectives, or after a certain period of time, the estimates should be subject to
independent assessment (Kayser, 2016). By doing this, we can maintain track of the
project and regulate it, and we can stop using "fixed" numbers when we report to
management.
2.5.6 Audit trail of changes and approvals
It is important to keep track of all estimates and approvals so that you can determine
where they came from. This makes it possible to easily identify scope creep and other
unrecorded changes throughout the project life cycle (Kayser, 2016).
2.6 Conclusion
The broad consensus is that cost estimators take into account various aspects that serve
as the foundation for their costing, despite the tendency of the literature on cost estimating
to claim that the concept involved in cost estimating is a technical procedure. This
suggests that rather than focusing on estimating principles, more research should be
focused on the cognitive challenges faced by estimators while estimating project costs.
24
Carr (1989) presented this viewpoint, arguing that the literature and current estimating
practices pay little attention to creating a fundamental base or foundation for estimating
decisions so that the formats, procedures, and processes will produce estimates that are
accurate and helpful for decision-making.
25
3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The study's methodology is described in detail in the Chapter. In order to increase
accuracy and competitive advantage, this study looked at the various estimation
approaches currently being utilized in construction projects in Zimbabwe. In this regard,
the research philosophy and strategy were examined; the study population and sample,
as well as the procedures, techniques, and tools used for data collecting, were also
detailed. The limitations of the methodology and the limitations of the process were
considered. It is justified to utilize certain data gathering, processing, and analysis
methods and tools. A thorough explanation of the selection, targeting, and criteria
employed in the identification of study informants and how the data was acquired was
also given attention.
3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY
Research philosophies provide a framework by which the research problem should be
fundamentally treated (Davies and Hughes, 2014). There are four main research
philosophies: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, realism, and pragmatism (Abd,
2017). This research was conducted following a pragmatic philosophy. The term
paradigm is used to characterize a researcher's "worldview" in educational research
(Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). This worldview is the perspective, way of thinking, school of
thought, or collection of beliefs that guides how study facts are understood or interpreted.
Lather (1986) argues, a study paradigm necessarily reflects the researcher's views on
the kind of environment they desire to live in. As was the case in this study, which
26
addresses the persistent issue of estimation accuracy in the construction sector,
pragmatism is best applicable when the research is problem-oriented (Patton, 1990).
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design serves as the conceptual framework for the study and serves as the
manual for data collecting, measurement, and analysis. As a result, the design contains
a flowchart of the researcher's steps, from developing the hypothesis and considering its
operational implications through doing the final data analysis. A study design is
established, in accordance with Sekaran (2003), to determine, among other things, how
to gather additional data, analyze and interpret it, and provide a solution to the issue.
According to Cavana et al. (2001), research design is an organized collection of logical
decision-making principles or rules that help produce accurate and trustworthy study
findings. A mixed technique study is recommended for a good research design since it
ensures validity and reliability; one such method is triangulation (Zohrabi, 2013). Olsen
(2004) claimed that triangulation is accomplished through the synthesis of many
viewpoints, standpoints, and opinions relevant to the research in issue; this undoubtedly
sheds light on the subject. According to Olsen's (2004) claims, methodological
triangulation—a term that Olsen uses loosely—allows clear views about the study and
sheds light to reduce subject confusion. For these reasons, the researcher used
methodological triangulation by using questionnaires, case studies, and interviews.
3.2.1 Research Type
Analytical research is a thorough examination of the information that is now available and
allows for the evaluation of phenomena (Sseemant, 2010). In descriptive research, the
primary goal is to describe the traits of the population or phenomenon under study. Both
27
the analytical and the descriptive research styles were used in this study. This was mostly
due to the researcher's intention to gather both qualitative data, which follows analytical
research type, and quantitative data, which goes hand in hand with descriptive research
type. In order to have a deeper grasp of the topic, it also made it possible to analyze the
literature on the efficacy of the cost estimation techniques that were already in use.
3.2.2 Research Approach
Deductive and inductive research methodologies are the two primary types. Deductive
research entails condensing the data by applying categories and themes based on
inference and interpretation, whereas inductive research requires formulating a
hypothesis using theory (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2016). (Zhang and Wildemuth,
2009). Since the goal of this study is to determine the relationship between estimating
methods and cost accuracy in Zimbabwean construction, the research methodology is
mostly inductive. Since the pertinent literature was studied before the inquiry, the study
also included some inductive features.
3.2.3 Triangulation
Triangulation is the process of using a different viewpoint to support or refute previous
conclusions (Turner and Turner 2012). For the purposes of this research, triangulation
was used along with a quantitative and qualitative approach. It entails the creation of
quantitative data that can be rigorously analyzed qualitatively in a formal and strict
manner (Kothari, 2004). There are various types of triangulations, including data,
methodological, investigator, and theory triangulation, according to Turner and Turner
(2012). In this study, the researcher used methodological triangulation, which refers to
the employment of multiple data-collection techniques. In order to gather information for
28
this study, the researcher used case studies, interviews, and questionnaires. This
improved the validity of the data acquired because interviews and case studies also made
it possible to gather further information on cost estimation approaches outside of the
reviewed literature, in addition to data collected through questionnaires and the
examination of the literature (Patton, 2002).
3.3 SAMPLING DESIGN
3.3.1 Target Population
A population in survey research is the group of people from which the sample is drawn
(Davies and Hughes, 2014). The study used a multi-stakeholder method that included
professional construction specialists from the Zimbabwean construction sector as
participants. These participants provided a variety of perspectives that improved the
study's reliability and validity. The professionals working for construction firms registered
with CIFOZ and ZBCA were targeted. Contractors in category A to C were selected.
Quantity surveyors registered with ZIQS, architects registered with IAZ, and
civil/structural engineers registered with ZACE and Project Managers from reputable
institutes (e.g., PMZ) made up the study's target group. This was mostly due to the fact
that they are the major participants in the building sector, where estimation approaches
have a significant impact.
3.3.2 Sampling Frame
A sampling frame is simply the collection of source materials from which the sample is
drawn (Turner et al. 2003). The fundamental purpose of sampling frames, as stated in
this definition, is to give a method of choosing the particular target population members
who will contribute important information. Architects, project managers, qualified quantity
29
surveyors, contractor's quantity surveyors, civil/structural engineers. The researcher
gathered the data from the sources listed above because they provided a genuine
depiction of the major figures in the building industry. A perfect frame would be
comprehensive in terms of the target population if it included all of its constituents (the
universe) (Turner et al. 2003)
3.3.3 Sampling Technique
The two sampling techniques are non-probability and probability. With probability
sampling, the researcher can draw conclusions about the population from the sample.
Nonprobability sampling lacks a sample frame since it does not know the likelihood that
each example will be chosen (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2016). The presence of
many sampling methods, as well as probability and non-probability, is acknowledged by
Crawshaw (2001). Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were used in
this investigation, depending on the respondents dealt with.
3.5.3 Sample Size
According to Wegner (2003), sampling is the process of selecting a smaller piece from a
bigger universe. When the population is exceedingly vast, it is impossible to conduct a
census that includes all subjects due to time, money, and location restrictions. Therefore,
a sample is a portion of a population intended to represent the full group. In contrast to
quantitative research, which uses random probability sampling, qualitative research does
not have any set guidelines for determining sample sizes. The researcher's
considerations regarding the study's objectives, the value and reliability of the cases they
have chosen, and time and resource constraints ultimately determine the sample size
(Sayre, 2001).
30
The number of components that make up a statistical sample utilized in a given study is
referred to as the sample size (Phrasisombath, 2009). The selection of the sample size
is an important step in obtaining statistically valid results. A sample size of less than 30
offers too little assurance to be useful, according to Alreck and Settle (1985). All A, B and
C category contracting firms for construction projects are included in the study's
population. The samples were from each level of the two contractor categories and were
chosen at random. There were 259 contracting firms in total. To calculate the sample size
for an infinite population, the formula stated below (Bartlett et al., 2001).
𝑍 2 × 𝑃 × (1 − 𝑃)
𝑛=
𝐶2
• n= sample size.
• Z = z value for (90% confidence level =1.645).
• P= percentage of picking a choice, expressed as a
• decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed).
• C = confidence interval (0.1).
1.6452 × 0.5 × (1 − 0.5)

𝑛= = 67.9 ~ 68
0.12
Correction for finite population.
New
𝑠𝑠
𝑛∗ =
𝑠𝑠 − 1
1 + 𝑝𝑜𝑝
Where, pop = 259

31
68
𝑛∗ = = 54.01 ~ 54
68 − 1
1+
259
3.6 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS
These refer to numerous techniques used to get information on the ground from various
building industry personnel. These comprise, among other things, questionnaires,
observations, surveys, and interviews. In this study, semi-structured questionnaires were
employed to collect all the necessary data on project performance and efficiency.
3.6.1 Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a tool for gathering data that has a defined set of questions that address
the parameters of the research field. In order to eliminate ambiguity, negative language,
asking the same question twice, and double-barreled questions should all be avoided in
questionnaire questions (Tuckman, 1994). The way the questions were set up made it
possible to gather both qualitative and quantitative data.
3.6.1.1 Advantages of Questionnaires
1. Comparing responses from various respondents was made possible by using
questionnaires that contained similar or identical questions.
2. They made it possible to gather extensive data quickly.
3. They offered a less expensive method of data collection.
4. The anonymity in the questions allowed respondents to freely react with their own
interpretations while still guaranteeing confidentiality.
32
3.6.1.2 Disadvantages of Questionnaires
1. They have shown to be an inefficient method for getting thorough data, and they
primarily permit the accumulation of superficial knowledge.
2. They don't give a clear indication of who answered the questions.
3. Especially on open-ended questions, respondents left blank spaces when they did
not comprehend the question.
4. In case of ambiguity, they did not provide the researcher with a platform to explain
each portion to the respondents.
3.6.2. Interview
This describes verbal or telephone communication between the researcher and the
responder that takes place in person (Melvile and Goddard, 1996). Abawi (2013)
describes interviews as a data gathering technique that uses questioning in another
study. In order to increase participation and enable the gathering of more information
about the subject, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews (Easwaramoorthy
and Zarinpoush, 2006). A sincere and open communication with potential participants
was used to demonstrate professional suitability. The interviewees received the English-
language interview questions well in advance of the meetings. This was done to improve
the interviewers' readiness as well as the validity of the questions.
In order to assure comparability and high standards, the interviews were also done in
accordance with Berg's (2004) list of the ten commandments of interviewing. These rules
specifically focus on the environment and logistics of an interview. The following are good
33
ways to succeed: "show that you have alert hearing," "interview in a relaxed setting," or
"practice, practice, and practice some more" (Berg, 2004:110). A pilot case study was
also conducted to enhance interviewing techniques, setup, and guidelines so that
participants would be able to adhere to these directions for high-quality interviews.
3.7. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD
It relates to information gathered from books, papers, reports, journals, and any other
publications on the topic. All of them were used by the researcher to gather pertinent
information about various aspects that relate to the accuracy of various estimation
methodologies.
3.8 CASE STUDY
Case studies require the acquisition of in-depth knowledge about a particular case or a
select group of connected examples. The case is examined in the context in which it
occurs, and data are gathered through a variety of data gathering strategies, such as
observation, interviews, and documentary analysis. A case study, according to Mcleod
(2014), is a comprehensive investigation carried out by a single individual or group in
order to gather information through observations and interviews. Case studies made it
possible to gather both qualitative and quantitative information. According to Robson
(1995), case studies are best appropriate when the goal of the study is explanatory, hence
the researcher employed case studies to gather more data for this study.
34
3.9 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Table 3.1: Data Collection

DATA DATA COLLECTION TARGET
OBJECTIVE
REQUIRED INSTRUMENT POPULATION
What are the Estimation ✓ Questionnaire ❖ Quantity
estimation techniques ✓ Interviews surveyors
techniques currently being ✓ Case studies ❖ Project
currently being used in the managers
used in the Zimbabwean ❖ Architects
Zimbabwean Construction ❖ Civil/structural
Construction industry engineers
industry?
To investigate Factors affecting ✓ Questionnaire ❖ Quantity
factors affecting the effective of ✓ Interviews surveyors
the effective of cost estimation ✓ Case studies ❖ Project
cost estimation techniques in managers
techniques in enhancing cost ❖ Architects
enhancing cost accuracy in ❖ Civil/structural
accuracy in Zimbabwe engineers
Zimbabwe
What strategies Strategies can ✓ Questionnaire ❖ Quantity
can be adopted be adopted to ✓ Interviews surveyors
35
to improve the improve the ✓ Case studies ❖ Project
effectiveness of effectiveness of managers
cost estimating cost estimating ❖ Architects
techniques to techniques to ❖ Civil/structural
enhance cost enhance cost engineers
accuracy in accuracy in
Zimbabwe? Zimbabwe
3.10 DATA PRESENTATION
Bar graphs, scatter graphs, tables, and text form were employed for data presentation in
this study. The following disciplines were used to analyze data: Content analysis, Mean
frequency index, and Frequency Index.
Table 3.2: Data Presentation

DATA DATA
OBJECTIVE DATA REQUIRED
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS
What are the Estimation ✓ Text Content Analysis
estimation techniques techniques currently ✓ Table

Mean Index
currently being used in being used in the
the Zimbabwean Zimbabwean
Construction industry? Construction
industry
36
To investigate factors Factors affecting the ✓ Text Mean Index
affecting the effective effective of cost ✓ Table

Content Analysis
of cost estimation estimation ✓ Graph
techniques in techniques in
enhancing cost enhancing cost
accuracy in Zimbabwe accuracy in
Zimbabwe
What strategies can be Strategies can be ✓ Text Mean index
adopted to improve the adopted to improve ✓ Table

Content Analysis
effectiveness of cost the effectiveness of
estimating techniques cost estimating
to enhance cost techniques to
accuracy in enhance cost
Zimbabwe? accuracy in
Zimbabwe
3.10 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
3.10.1 Content Analysis
Performing a thorough, in-depth, systematic examination and interpretation of a body of
writing in order to spot trends, themes, presumptions, and meanings is known as content
analysis (Berg & Latin, 2008). Content is used to refer to the materials in question and
can be anything created by individuals for a variety of objectives, usually not research.
37
Krippendorff (2004) defines content analysis as the methodical interpretation of text,
visuals, and symbolic material, not always from the viewpoint of the author or user. It
counts and analyses the occurrence, significance, and connections of such terms. It was
used by the researcher to analyze qualitative data gathered using primary data collection
tools. The content analysis technique was presented by the researcher as the model for
the analysis of the majority of qualitative data.
3.10.2 Mean Index
The Mean Index was used to analyze the data of the factors affecting the effectiveness of cost
estimation techniques. Crawshaw and Chambers (2004) used the following formula to
determine the weighted means:
∑𝑎 ∗ 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑓
Where:
a – Weightage given to each response (ranges from 1 to 5)
n – Frequency of the response
f - Number of respondents
3.11 VALIDITY
Validity, according to Mugenda & Mugenda (2003), is the extent to which findings from a
data analysis accurately reflect the phenomenon being researched. By using professional
judgments and doing a literature review, the researcher provided content validity. These
examined the extent to which the identical study was adequately covered by the
38
instruments utilized. Because it reduced bias and enhanced transparency in a qualitative
study, the researcher was able to verify validity (Singh, 2016).
Regarding the procedures used to evaluate validity, at least two different forms of validity
would be mentioned and addressed.
Which are:
a) Face validity: The risk that a question may be misunderstood or misread. The pilot
study excluded pre-testing of survey items, which was a smart strategy to boost the
possibility of face validity.
b) Content validity: This examined whether the proposed instruments would adequately
cover the proposed study. This was done in this study by pre-testing the open-ended
questions, using expert comments, and studying the literature.
3.12 RELIABILITY
The degree to which a research instrument will measure and produce consistent results
even after numerous trials is known as reliability (Nsubuga, 2000). It literally defines the
degree to which the method of data collection or the process of analysis produced
consistent results. It demonstrates the degree of bias-free data. By preventing subject
mistake and making sure that only knowledgeable personnel reply to the questionnaires,
the trustworthiness of the data in this study was ensured.
To evaluate the validity of the study tools, the researcher used the following methods:
39
3.12.1 Test-Retest
In the test-retest procedure, the reliability coefficient is calculated by repeating the same
measurement two times (Graziano and Raulin, 1993). It is used to assess external
consistency, according to Mohajan (2017), who mentioned Allen and Yen (1979)'s
writings in his sources. This will be accomplished by giving the exact same instrument to
the same respondents' group twice. A greater correlation coefficient should indicate
improved reliability (Mohajan, 2017). The level of agreement between the two groups
served as a gauge for the instrument's dependability.
3.12.2 Parallel-Forms Reliability
According to Mohajan (2017), it is a dependability measurement that was produced by
giving the same group of respondents two different tools. Results that are highly
correlated indicate that the data is accurate, consistent, and less biased (DeVellis, 2006).
By distributing questionnaires and conducting in-depth interviews with some of the
respondents, the researcher was able to do this.
3.13 Ethics
Researchers are frequently expected to explain their position in the research process in
qualitative investigations (DeWalt and DeWalt, 2010). From developing an idea to
designing, interviewing, transcribing, analyzing, verifying, and reporting the concepts and
themes, the researcher is involved in every stage of the study. Therefore, for interviews
to be conducted, ethical considerations such as anonymity, confidentiality, informed
consent, and the researchers' possible impact on the participants and vice versa become
crucial. In this study, interviewing techniques were spelled out in writing and thoroughly
described to participants before interviews began.
40
According to Halej (2017), ethical considerations should also support data analysis and
reporting in addition to research design, data collecting, and data preservation. The
public's trust in research can be damaged by inappropriate or unethical analysis and
reporting practices, which can also result in the wasteful expenditure of resources on
actions based on false research findings and the establishment of inaccurate benchmarks
that may have an impact on future research. This study has taken note of a number of
unethical tactics, including "cherry-picking" qualitative statements and incorrectly
indicating that they are indicative of the data and misrepresenting participants' viewpoints.
3.14 CONCLUSION
This chapter has concentrated on the main task of the study's methodology. In order to
provide direction on how the research was conducted to accomplish the initial objectives,
the data selection, presentation, and analysis have been laid out. The analysis of the
gathered data will then continue in the chapter after that in the manner described above.
41
4. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter's focus is on presenting and analyzing unprocessed data that was collected
on the ground using semi-structured surveys and interviews. Following the questionnaire
questions that various respondents answered, the data is presented and examined in
relation to a literature study. Bar graphs, and tables are utilized to exhibit the data, and
the severity index will be used to analyze it in accordance with the methodology's
instructions. Microsoft Word and Excel were two of the software programs used to
analyze the data.
4.1 RESPONSE RATE AND REPRESENTATION
Job Description
8%
15%
15%
Architect
10% Engineer
Project Manager
8% Quantity Surveying
12% Contractor (A)

Contractor (B)
Contractor (C)
32%
Figure 4.1: Respondents Representation

In the first section of the questionnaire, the researcher offered information regarding
respondents. There were certain questions pertaining to the responders that affected the
42
dependability of the data. The data contains, among other things, the profession,
experience, and membership in professional organizations of the respondents. This
section's questions were all answered.
The researcher distributed 54 questionnaires to a variety of construction industry
professionals, including project managers, professional quantity surveyors, architects,
engineers and contractors. 40 responses were collected. Additionally, 1 case studies and
2 interviews were done, with pertinent data being captured throughout each.
Only architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and project managers were allowed to
respond. The majority of answers to these questions have training in quantity surveying.
The majority of project managers who took have experience in quantity surveying. This
is mostly due to the fact that more quantity surveyors are involved in project management
than engineers and architects. All of these specialists were thought to have a substantial
impact on the cost estimation of the overall project and the cost accuracy of the
construction project through their actions.
43
4.2.4 Affiliation to Professional Bodies
PROFESSIONAL BODIES OF RESPONDENTS

Professional Bodies of Respondents
OTHERS
NONE
ZIMBABWE INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY OF

SURVEYORS (ZIQS)
PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE OF

ZIMBABWE (PMIZ)
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ZIMBABWE

(IAZ)
ZIMBABWE ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING

ENGINEERS (ZACE)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 4.2: Professional Bodies

42% of respondents are members subscribe to small uncommon professional organizations
and 7.5% do not belong to any professional organizations, primarily because it is not
required, particularly for individuals who work as contractors or as non-associate
members of consulting companies. The non-affiliated members might not have yet
satisfied the minimal conditions for registration, which could possibly be the cause of this.
At least 35% of the respondents are members of various professional organizations.
ZIQS, IAZ, ZACE, PMZ, and a number of other international professional associations
were among the organizations that were frequently referenced. Membership in such
organizations conveys proficiency and, in a sense, professional excellence. Responses
from such experts give this study more legitimacy because all of the bodies come highly
recommended internationally.
44
Table 4.1:Interviews and Case Study Response Rate
Item Research Target Number Number Percentage

Instrument Executed
1 Questionnaires 54 40 74%
2 Interviews 3 2 66%
AVERAGE 70%
54 questionnaires distributed and the 40 questionnaire responses were obtained from the
survey. It demonstrates that a 74 percent response rate was reached. Two engineers
agreed to participate in the interview process of the 3 required. Overall, an average of
70% response rate was achieve. According to Baruch and Holtom (2008), a reaction rate
of 74 percent is adequate because academic research recommends a response rate of
52.7% for a better presentation. A greater response rate indicates that most respondents
took part. The population sample is fairly distributed, constituting mostly of quantity
surveyors which make 32% of the respondents. This indicates that various points of view
were acquired and permits comparisons between how factors, difficulties, and strategies
are seen by construction specialists as they relate to construction estimation technique
and cost accuracy. Additionally, because all respondents' groups were represented, the
study project was able to receive input from all of the construction industry's professionals,
reducing the skewness of the data. As seen, the researcher also conducted interviews.
45
4.2 GENERAL INFORMATION
4.2.1 Respondents Experience
Table 4.2: Respondents Experience
Item Experience Percentage
1 Below 5 years 35%
2 5 - 10 years 40%
3 11 – 15 years 7.5%
4 Above 15 years 17.5%
According to table 4.2 respondents with more than 5 years of experience made up 65%
the responders. This shows the relevance of our data because majority of the
respondents have had enough experience to give accurate data. Out of all the categories,
the category with 5-10 years of experience has the greatest percentage (40%) of all. This
is clearly attributable to the researcher's clear targeting of registered responders who
mostly work for consultants, the majority of whom have more than five years of
experience.
The findings indicate that 7.5% of the respondents had 11 – 15 years of experience. This
is primarily because this population moved to nearby nations in pursuit of better lands ten
years ago, in 2008, when the economy was in recession. Additionally, the researcher was
able to obtain 17.5% of replies from those who had been employed for more than 15
years. This is due to the fact that some individuals with more than fifteen years of
expertise are major partners in consulting firms. Comparatively speaking to people with
low levels of experience, their rate of migration is relatively low. With the respondents
46
having been exposed to various estimation approaches and having gained a better
knowledge, the results from this category would have the highest level of reliability.
4.2.2 Respondents Highest Level of Education Attained
ATTAINED RESPONENTS HIGHEST LEVEL OF

EDUCATION
Figure 4.3: Level of Education of Respondents
In all categories, the majority of respondents (55%) had bachelor's degrees. This may be
because degrees are highly valued in the Zimbabwean construction sector, and master's
degrees are seen as an extra benefit. 27% had diplomas attained from poly techniques.
A proportion of the respondents (10%) went on to earn a master's degree. This is because
most of the construction industry companies do not put emphasis on the applicants
holding a master’s degree when hiring. A higher percentage of degree holders
47
demonstrates more knowledgeable the respondents are. This strengthens the validity of
the information that was acquired.
4.2.5 Type of Projects Undertaken
TYPES OF PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN

Project Time Undertaken
Both 55
Building Projects 27.5
Civil Engineering Projects 17.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 4.4: Types of Projects undertaken
The projects that the businesses that employ the respondents have worked on are
depicted in Figure 4.4. Many of the respondents take part in both construction and civil
projects. Due to their field of work, almost all architects took part in construction projects.
Civil engineers are typically the ones that handle these projects. The study's findings also
indicate that engineers and quantity surveyors made up the majority of participants. As
responders from such groups have knowledge of project estimation techniques in both
building and civil engineering projects, this increases the validity of the data. As a result,
both civil engineering projects and building projects can benefit from their answers.
48
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
4.3.1 Estimation Technique currently being used in Zimbabwean Industry
The respondents were asked to put down the extent they use the estimation techniques
when coming cost estimate. A Likert Scale of 1 to 5 was used, with the following grades.(1
= Never, 2 = Rare, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Often, 5 Large Extent)
The table 4.3 below shows the response ranked in their order of us according to their
Mean Index.
Table 4.3: Frequency index of the use of different Estimation Techniques
ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY
Mean
ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES 5 4 3 2 1 Index Rank
Bottom-Up 17 11 9 3 0 4.05 1
Expect Judgement 7 27 6 0 0 4.03 2
Parametric 3 16 15 5 1 3.38 3
Top-Down 2 10 22 6 0 3.20 4
Analogous 1 9 23 6 1 3.08 5
PERT (3-Point) 2 10 16 9 3 2.98 6
Delphi Method 1 2 4 18 15 1.90 7
Bottom-up estimation technique the most used estimation techniques with a Mean Index
of 4.05. This is because most of the respondents were quantity surveyors. Bottom – up
estimation technique is the most trained estimation techniques from institutes like
49
National Science of Technology and Poly Technics. Rate build up from Bill of Quantities
and Elemental Estimation method make use of the bottom-up estimation technique.
Bottom-up estimation is also the most accurate technique to come up with a project cost
estimate. According to Waida (2022), bottom-up estimation strategy is thought to be more
accurate than most other approaches since it makes use of every known component to
ascertain the project's demands. However, even though bottom-up estimation technique
is the best, it requires a lot of time for preparing the estimates. Waida (2022) mentions
that due to the fact that bottom-up estimating is often not completed quickly, it is
incompatible with last-minute projects or work that has a short deadline.
Expert Judgment Estimation Technique is the 2nd used estimation technique with Mean
index of 4.03. This confirms the most of the professionals in the Zimbabwean construction
industry rely on their experience to come up with a conclusive cost estimate. This is
evidently seen by the majority of the respondents having 5 or more years of experience.
According to Satish (2015), one of the most widely used methods during the cost
estimation and planning phases of projects is expert judgment. The technique not only
reduces planning time but also highlights dangers that should be taken into account
during execution. Additionally, it enhances estimate quality and offers precise forecasts.
Parametric estimation technique ranked 3rd most used estimation technique with a Mean
index of 3.38. This is because most engineers use this technique when coming up with
cost estimates for repetitive civil works such as stormwater drain construction. Parametric
estimating can be applied to similar projects and activities, according to Udoagwu (2022).
Parametric estimating is excellent for repeatedly assessing your task-level costs and time
if the project will be carried out on a regular basis. As the forecasting formula and
50
algorithm continuously train, the quality of the data gets better with each project, building
a solid model.
PERT (3-Point) Estimation Technique which rank 5th with a Mean Index of 2.98. This
might because the PERT estimation is mostly common amongst project managers with
no quantity surveying background. Many project managers, even seasoned ones, are
unaware of the fact that PERT-created estimates are only about 50% trustworthy. (Davis,
2022) This is not a problem with the technique. This is specifically how reliable project
estimating works. The best estimate is one that has an equal chance of being right or
wrong. (Davis, 2022)
Delphi Method ranked last with a 1.98 mean index. It was least known technique amongst
the respondents. This is because of the way the Delphi technique is conducted. The
Delphi technique does not produce the same kinds of interactions as a live discussion,
according to Twin (2022). As ideas and views are presented, dissected, and then
reevaluated during a live discussion, a better example of consensus can occasionally be
obtained. The Delphi technique might have lengthy response periods, which causes the
discussion to move more slowly.
4.4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
Below is a table 4.4 of factors affecting the effectiveness of cost accuracy. The data
collected was processed using the mean index and ranked. The results are shown below.
The Likert Scale used is as follows (5 = very severe, 5 = severe, 3 = neutral, 2 = less
severe, 1= Not severe).
Table 4.4: Factors Affecting Cost Accuracy
51
ABSOLUTE
Factors Affecting Cost Accuracy FREQUENCY MI Rank
5 4 3 2 1
Economic Instability 33 4 3 0 0 4.75 1
Relevant experience of the estimation team 23 13 4 0 0 4.48 2
Bidding Competition 15 17 6 2 0 4.13 3
Completeness of cost information 15 15 9 1 0 4.10 4
Project complexity 14 13 12 1 0 4.00 5
Labour productivity 4 13 19 4 0 3.43 6
Project duration 2 11 26 1 0 3.35 7
Sizes of Contracts 2 11 21 6 0 3.23 8
Technological Requirements 2 9 22 6 1 3.13 9
Geographical location 1 6 10 19 4 2.53 10
It should be noted that the same factors appeared in numerous research, including
Akintoye (2000), Mohd Azrai (2012), Enshassi et al. (2013), and Alumbugu et al (2014).,
although with varied rankings among the top 10 categories (2014). These factors are also
linked to one another and directly affect project costs. The estimator should concentrate
on these factors during the estimation phase due to their significance.
4.4.1 Effects of Economic instability
According to its mean index of 4.75, economic instability is thought to be the first factor
affecting the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects. 33 respondents ranked
with 5 on the Likert scale.
52
Economic instability
1 0
ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY
2 0
3 3
4 4
5 33
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Number of respondents
Figure 4.5: Number of Respondents being affected by Economic Instability
It can be measured by taking into account the currency exchange rate, "stable, rising, or
fluctuating" material prices, labour wages, and taxes. Interviews participants all
respondent positively to being affected by the exchange rate fluctuations when coming
up with cost estimates. Economic instability has grown and the gap between predicted
cost and real cost has grown as well. This outcome demonstrates clearly that a thorough
examination of the nation's economic status may help to narrow the gap between
estimated and actual costs. This result is in line with the findings of Asal (2014) who
researched on factors affecting building construction projects’ cost estimating in Arabic
countries.
4.4.2 Effect of Relevant Experience of Estimating Team
Relevant experience of the estimating team ranks as the 2nd most affecting factors with
a Mean Index of 4.48 determining the accuracy of cost estimates for building projects.
There is an inverse relationship between the estimating team's relevant experience and
53
the discrepancy between estimated and actual costs. This indicates that as the estimating
team's level of relevant experience increased, the percentage of cost variance reduced.
In conclusion, cost estimating is more accurate the more experience the estimating team
has. Competencies of cost estimators were examined by (Alroono et al. 2010). Seven
criteria were found to be the most important after starting with 23. These elements are:
1. Communication and behaviour at work of the estimator
2. Essential information for estimators
3. Initial tasks to increase the volume of work
4. Ability of the estimator to evaluate the project scope and handle the strain of the
job
5. The capacity to assemble project components and make decisions
6. Knowledge of the construction process and judgment
7. The capacity to generate a trustworthy estimate
The assumptions that the estimator will make to get an accurate estimate may be
significantly influenced by their prior expertise in pricing building and civil projects. The
task of determining the quality and quantity of cost estimation in order to fulfil the project
type and quality expectations falls under the purview of the project team. The result is a
poor estimate due to the loss of experienced workers. This aspect affirms the importance
of the engineering staff's and the estimating team's level of experience.
4.4.3 Bidding Competition
Bidding competition ranked 3rd on the table with a Mean Index of 4.13. This shows that a
large number of respondents agree that the bidding climate affects the accuracy of the
cost estimates. Majority of the interview’s respondents admitted to adjusting tender prices
54
according to the number of bidders. Pompescu et al, (2003) matched the research
findings. Carr (2005) reported that his research indicated that fewer bidders would result
in higher project bid prices.
4.4.4 Completeness of Cost Information
Completeness of cost information ranked 4th with a Mean Index of 4.10. Tender
documents that are incomplete in terms of detail affect the estimates when the actual
works are being implemented. Claims and variations will follow when work starts, which
will increase the cost of completion. Every organization's decision-making process benefit
from the use of the cost information system. The cost information system is crucial
because it keeps track of how the other control systems, such as production control,
quality control, and stock control, are performing in terms of achieving an organization's
goals (Lepădatu, 2011)
4.4.5 Technical Requirement
Technical Requirements is the 9th factor affecting the effectiveness cost estimation
techniques with a mean index of 3.13. This is because majority of the respondents work
in well established contracting firm which can meet majority of the tender technical
requirements. According to Adnan (2013) both clients and consultants rated the impact
of government regulations requirements and social and cultural impact as the two least
important aspects, with RIIs of 0.649 and 0.540, respectively, and overall rankings of 60th
and 64th. Al-Khaldi (1990), who believed that these two elements have little impact on
the estimating process and scored 50 percent and 61 percent, respectively, concurred
with these findings.
4.4.6 Geographical Location
Project location is the tenth least impactful factor affecting construction projects cost
estimating accuracy according to its Mean Index of 2.53. Different locations have different
55
soil characteristics and weather patterns. This affects the cost of materials required for
the substructure. According to Chimwaso K.D. (2001), cost overruns are frequently
caused by design revisions, poor planning, unpredictable weather, and variations in the
price of building supplies.
OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY
In order to achieve effectiveness and enhancing cost accuracy, this section included
various literature-based tactics that are frequently employed in the construction industry.
On a specified Likert scale with ratings ranging from 1 to 5, respondents were asked to
score these tactics (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, and 5 =
highly agree).
Table shows the absolute frequencies under these ratings and the severity index of each
and every strategy.
Table 4.5: Effective Strategies to improve the effectiveness of Cost Estimation Technique
ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY
Strategies to enhance Cost Accuracy MI Rank
1 2 3 4 5
Use Multiple Estimation Techniques 0 3 5 11 21 4.25 1
The Estimator 0 1 11 11 17 4.10 2
Audit trail of changes and approvals 1 4 7 14 14 3.90 3
Use well researched and documented technique 1 0 13 24 2 3.65 4
Completes independent review for your projects 1 9 19 9 2 3.05 5
Confidence levels measured and evaluated 0 10 22 5 3 3.03 6
56
In general, all 40 respondents demonstrated familiarity with the various tactics employed
in the construction sector. Since practically all of them are rated as very effective, the
efficacy of some of these tactics cannot be questioned.
The findings suggest use of multiple estimation techniques is the best strategy to enhance
cost estimation with a Mean Index of 4.25. Use of different use of estimation techniques
is significantly assisting in the achieving cost accuracy in the Zimbabwean construction
sector. Interviewed respondents all agreed to using multiple estimation techniques to
improve the cost accuracy. This is due to the fact that expert judgement technique is
almost used with any other techniques by experienced professionals. As a result, they
may identify areas for improvement and make the necessary corrections to increase cost
accuracy. It is well acknowledged that precise estimates are essential in the early phases
of capital projects. Early project estimates play a significant role in business unit choices
and frequently serve as the foundation for the project's final funding (Oberlender and
Trost, 2001).
Hiring a professional estimator with a Mean Index of 4.10 ranked of 2nd most
recommended strategies to use in order to increase cost accuracy of cost estimation
techniques in Zimbabwe. This is because in Zimbabwe we have very reputable quantity
surveying firms that are competent. The estimator needs to be highly skilled in the primary
area of work to be done on the project as well as adept in a number of project-related
fields. (Contractlogix, n. d)
Audit trail of changes and approvals ranked 3rd as a strategy to adopt to improve the
effectiveness of cost estimating techniques with a Mean Index of 3.9. Keeping track of
57
progress through site visits can have a significant impact on a project's timeline and
expense. According to Stephen (n. d) considering a plan from the comfort of an office
may not always reveal issues and limitations, so if the estimator is unable to visit the site,
they will need to be briefed by someone who has—ideally, the project manager, but
definitely not the procurement officer.
Measuring confidence levels and evaluations is the least strategy recommended by
respondents with a Mean Index of 3.03. This could be because of the difficulty it is to use.
It is time consuming and tedious. It can improve the overall cost projection at competition.
Any quoted estimate should have a confidence level, which should increase during the
bid and execution/delivery processes. (Kayser, 2016)
4.7 CASE STUDY
Table 4.6: Case Study
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Type of project Filling Station
Estimation Technique Parametric, Analogous, Expert Judgment
Estimated Project Cost USD$ 450 000.00
Actual Cost USD$ 750 000.00
Project start date November 2017
Estimated completion time 24 months
Actual completion time 48 months
Contract project completion November 2021
date
58
Project time overrun 24 months
Project cost overrun USD$ 300 000.00
Table 10 above shows a commercial Filling Station Project in Victoria Falls that was
expected to cost USD 450 000.00 and to be completed in 18 months. However, due to
ineffective estimation techniques and COVID 19, the project lasted longer and costed
more than expected.
4.7.1 Estimation Technique Used in coming up with the Cost Estimate
Analogous estimation and Expert Judgment were used to come up with the initial project
estimates. This was due to the fact that the Client and his stakeholders has some
experience building filling stations in other regions in Zimbabwe. This made the estimates
very unreliable because they did not consult any Estimator or local engineers in Victoria
Falls about the site conditions, material markets, availability of resources such as plant
etc. During the course of the project, many cost adjustments had to be made.
4.7.2 Factors that Affected the Effectiveness of Their Estimation Technique on Cost
Accuracy
4.7.2.1 Completeness of Cost Information
Most of the required Engineering drawings for the Project were completed late, which
caused significant delays on site. Some additional works were added to improve the
structural components of the building, which added to the overall cost of completing the
project.
59
4.7.2.2 Geographical Location
Because no initial feasibility study to the ground soil type and water patterns of the area,
the Client and the Stakeholders assumed that the ground conditions were not going to be
of importance. When the sub structure works were in progress, the site engineer realized
that he had to hire plant to remove all the top soil and replace it with gravel. This was
because the soil type is Victoria falls is mostly red clay soil with poor strength ratio. To
avoid massive settlement of the building and cracking of the concrete slab, gravel had to
be used as backfill. This greatly increased the cost of completing the substructure works
by more than 50%. The equipment to collect the gravel and compact the ground was
expensive to hire. This resulted in the Client delaying progress on site to gather the funds.
4.7.2.3 Economic Instability
Due to the everchanging economic climate in Zimbabwe, the project was heavily affected.
During the onset of the COVID 19 pandemic, inflation rates increased and cost of material
rose significantly. The exchange rate which was expected to rise gradually over the
course of the 24 months expected project duration inflated higher than the anticipated
level. More money was needed to hire labour which was now getting scarce due to high
death rates. Cost of transporting material from other cities went up due to the lockdown
restrictions. Overall, the cost of continuing works according to the schedule was high
hence works were suspended. When the restrictions were eased down, the economy did
not return to its previous state when the project started and higher costs were incurred to
complete the project.
60
4.8 CONCLUSION
In general, the purpose of this chapter was to provide and analyze field data. The focus
of the chapter's first portion was on providing background information on responders. The
data regarding the variables affecting the efficacy of estimation techniques in the
Zimbabwean construction industry was then presented. The frequency index was
primarily used to analyze and report the data. The results demonstrate that there are no
novel elements affecting estimation procedures in the Zimbabwean construction sector.
Following this is a presentation and analysis of the relationship between the method used
for construction cost estimation and cost accuracy.
61
5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of cost estimation methods on
improving cost accuracy. Therefore, the purpose and goals of this study, which were
outlined in earlier chapters, serve as the foundation for this chapter. This chapter also
includes recommendations for cost estimation and cost accuracy.
In addition to the aforementioned, this chapter also includes suggestions for additional
research.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
In this study, survey data and a review of the literature were analyzed. It was shown that
Expert Judgment, Delphi Method, Analogous Estimation, Parametric Estimation, Top-
Down Estimation, Bottom-Up Estimation, and PERT Estimation Technique are the most
often utilized estimating approaches in the construction business (3-Point Estimation).
The Frequency index was used for evaluating the responses from the respondents and
the highest known estimation techniques used are Expert Judgement and Bottom-Up
Estimation.
With a Mean Index 4.05, the bottom-up estimate technique is the most used technique.
The fact being that bottom-up estimate approach is the most taught estimation technique
at institutions like the National Science of Technology and Polytechnics indicates that this
is the case. The bottom-up estimating method is used in rate build up from bill of quantities
and the elemental estimation method. A professional will use their knowledge to develop
62
cost estimates as they gain more experience in doing so. This is related to the second-
ranked Judgement technique's high frequency index of 80.5 percent. The majority of the
participants agreed on the use of this method to calculate costs.
The Delphi estimating technique is the least popular, coming in seventh with a mean index
of 1.90. The Delphi estimation technique is the least well-known and least reliable
because it heavily relies on expert views just to estimate costs.
5.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
Economic instability is regarded to be the first factor affecting the accuracy of cost
estimates for building projects, according to mean index of 4.75. According to Ashworth
and Skitmore (1983), the accuracy of estimates is assumed to be influenced by market
conditions. Cost gurus logically relate to these trends when providing cost advice.
According to its frequency index, project site is the tenth least important element
determining the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects. The accessibility and
delivery of materials, the distance from any local hazards, and the closeness to a major
paved road are all factors that affect a project location's quality.
OF COST ESTIMATION IN ENHANCING COST ACCURACY
The results indicate that using several estimation techniques is the best course of action
to improve cost estimation with a 4.25 mean index. In the Zimbabwean construction
industry, the adoption of various estimation approaches has made a substantial
contribution to cost accuracy. This is because skilled professionals nearly always
combine expert judgment with any other technique. The least preferred technique by
63
respondents is measuring evaluations and levels of confidence. This might be as a result
of how challenging it is to utilize.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
The following suggestions are being put forth based on the findings from the theoretical
framework of the study and the results from the statistical analysis of the data:
The findings indicated that several elements have an impact on estimation accuracy;
nevertheless, despite the fact that some of these criteria are crucial, it emerged from the
study that they had a negligible impact from the consultants' point of view.
Because of this, the construction industry in Zimbabwe should pay more attention to these
factors by using historical data, selecting the appropriate estimating method, increasing
the project manager's level of involvement, improving the quality of information and
streamlining information requirements, easing site constraints, etc.
The contractor and consultant working together and effective communication are key to
meeting project goals, especially early on. To ensure that the project is moving forward,
there is a need to raise awareness of the value of the partnership and effective
communication between the contractor and the consultant.
Students should research more on strategies to improve the effectiveness of cost
estimation techniques, like the use of Cost Estimation Softwares like New Foundation,
Blue Beam Estimator and Buildxact.
64
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77
7. APPENCICES
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE
78
Dear Sir/Madam
My name is Panashe Mandaza a 4th year University student pursuing a Bachelors of Quantity Surveying
honors degree at the National University of Science and Technology. As a partial fulfillment of completing
my degree, I am required to undertake a research project course. The title of my research is
“AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN ENHANCING OF
COST ACCURACY IN ZIMBABWE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS”
May you please take time from your busy schedule to respond to the questionnaire. I will ensure your
anonymity by excluding identifiable personal data from the dissertation. Your participation in this study is
on a voluntary basis and you are free to withdraw from the study upon informing me.
If you have any questions about my study, I will be glad to answer them.
Yours sincerely,
P. Mandaza
Department of Construction Economics and Management
N0188987m@students.nust.ac.zw
+263 785 196 922
Consent agreement
I, …………………………...……. have read the above statement and understand its contents. I have been
given the opportunity to ask questions and discuss any concerns. I agree to participate in the study as it
has been explained. I understand that extracts of the interview may be used, in anonymous form, in the
student’s dissertation. However, I understand also that my identity will not be disclosed by the researcher
or the University. Tick the appropriate box
Yes
No
79
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A: Respondent Background
Kindly indicate relevant answer by means of a tick where boxes are provided and on the provided spaces
for open ended questions.
1. What is your job description at the organization you work for?
☐ Architect ☐ Engineer ☐ Quantity Surveyor ☐ Project

Manager
Contractor
☐ Category A ☐ Category B ☐ Category C
2. How many years of experience do you have working?
☐ Less than 5 years ☐ 5-10years ☐ 11-15 years ☐ more than

15 years
3. Level of education attained in construction related profession.
☐ Diploma ☐ Degree
☐ Masters ☐ Other .........................................
4. Are you registered with any professional body? If yes, please state the professional body.
☐ Yes ☐ No
5. What nature of projects do you normally undertake?
☐ Civil engineering projects ☐ Building projects ☐ Both
SECTION B: Estimation techniques currently being used in the Zimbabwean Construction

industry
1. Which estimating techniques do you use?

.
80
2. How often do you use these estimation techniques?
.
3. How accurate are these estimation techniques that you use?

☐ Very Accurate ☐ Fairly Accurate ☐ Moderate ☐ Rarely Accurate ☐ Inaccurate
4. Cost Estimation Techniques are a systematic strategy of coming up with project estimate.
The following are some of the estimation techniques that are used in the Construction Industry. To what
extent do you frequently use these techniques?
Frequency use of Estimation

Techniques
Item Technique Frequency
Large extend Often Moderate Rare Never

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 Expect Judgement
2 Delphi Method
3 Analogous Estimation
4 Parametric Estimation
5 Top-Down Estimation
6 Bottom-Up Estimation
7 PERT Estimation Technique (3-
Point Estimation)
5. To what extend has your level of experience influenced your decision on the estimation
technique you use?
.
6. There are circumstances where more than one estimation technique is used to increase
cost accuracy. Please state the estimation techniques that you use together to improve
cost accuracy?
.
81
7. Explain these circumstances.
.
Section C: Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Cost Estimation Techniques
8. How closely an estimate matches the final total installed cost serves as a gauge of its
accuracy.
The following are some of the factors that affect accuracy of cost estimation. In your own
opinion could you please rank them by ticking appropriate section? Please indicate by numbers
given.
FACTORS AFFECTING COST ESTIMATION
Item Significance
Factor Very High Medium Low Very

high low
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 Relevant experience of the estimation team
2 Completeness of cost information
3 Sizes of Contracts
4 Project complexity
5 Technological Requirements
6 Labour productivity
7 Project duration
8 Geographical location
9 Bidding Competition
10 Economic Instability
9. Explain the relationship that exist between cost estimation technique and cost accuracy?
.
82
Section E: Strategies that can be adopted to improve project efficiency on Zimbabwean
construction projects.
1. Are there any strategies that your organization employs to improve the effectiveness of
cost estimation in enhancing cost accuracy?
☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Which strategies are being employed by your firm to improve the effectiveness of
cost estimation in enhancing cost accuracy construction projects?
3. In your view, how effective are these strategies?
On the question below, please indicate by use of tick.

Strongly disagree =1, Disagree = 2, Neutral = 3, Agree = 4,
Strongly Agree = 5
4. Amongst the strategies given in the table below, which ones would you recommend
as the most effective in ensuring efficiency on a construction project?
Likert Scale
Item Strategy
1 2 3 4 5
Use well researched and documented
1
technique
2 Use Multiple Estimation Techniques
3 Hiring Professional Estimators

Confidence levels measured and evaluated
4
for each estimation process
83
Completes independent review for your
5
projects
6 Audit trail of changes and approvals
Any comments
End of Questionnaire
84
APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW GUIDE
85
APPENDICES: INTERVIEW GUIDE
1. Which estimation techniques are you familiar with?

2. Which Estimation techniques do you use the most and why?
3. What are the factors that affect cost accuracy?
4. What is the relationship between cost estimation and cost accuracy?
5. Which strategies do you usually employ to attain cost accuracy?
6. To what extend are these strategies effective?
86
APPENDIX C: CASE STUDY
87
A CASE STUDY TO ANALYSE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COST ESTIMATION
TECHNIQUES IN ENHANCING OF COST ACCURACY IN ZIMBABWE CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
CASE STUDY CHECKLIST: PROJECT INFORMATION
Name of Project: ………………………………………………………….……………………………
Name of Contractor: ……………………………………………………………………………………...
Estimation Technique used: …………………………………………………………………………….
Relationship between efficiency and performance in terms of cost

Item Estimated cost Actual cost
Preliminaries and generals
Foundations
Concrete
Brickwork
Plastering
Floor coverings
Painting
Joinery and Iron-mongery
Metal work
Glazing
Roofing
Plumbing
Electrical works
88
APPENDIX D: ZIQS REGISTER OF QUANTITY
SURVEYORS 2018
89
NAME POSTAL
FIRM EMAIL ADDRESS ADDRESS CELL
HAWKINS, LESHNICK 7 Alan Wilson

AND BATH Avenue, Belgravia,
BATH L lindabath@mweb.co.zw 0772339531
QUANTITY Harare
SURVEYORS
QS CONSULT qsconsultpartnership@gmail.c 0712882937/
CHATORA A PARTNERSHIP Box 598, Harare 0772317654
om
Stand No. 18226,
S CHIKUHUHU 0718046914/
CHIKUHUHU S chikuhuhus@yahoo.com Culverwell Road,
PARTNERSHIP 0712757604
Arcadia
19 Van Praagh
BEP FITZWILLIAM
CHITUMBA A achitumba@gmail,com Avenue, Milton 0772236349
PARTENRSHIP
Park, Harare
MATT DOVE PO Box BW1750
DOVE M ASSOCIATES mattdove@zol.co.zw 0772285690
Borrowdale
MAHACHI GWAZE No 1 Princess
FAMBA K AND kfamba@mgp.co,zw Drive, Newlands, 0772859856
PARTNERS Harare
D GUTU & Box BW266,
GUTU D ASSOCIATES dgutu@africaonline.co.zw 0772405925
Borrowdale, Harare
No. 1 Princess
GWAZE O ECM ogwaze@mgp.co.zw 0712200107
Drive, Newlands
1890 Katsande
D JENA AND Way, New
JENA D M d.jena@sisk.co.zw 0772949531
ASSOCIATES Marlborough,
Harare
86 Carrick Creigh,
MK QUANTITY 0773558585/
KAUNDA M michaelkaunda@yahoo.com Helensville ,
SURVEYORS 0712203669
Borrowdale, Harare
163 Fife Avenue,
TURNER AND
LANDMAN D A dlandman@turntown.co.zw PO Box 2018, 0772604607
TOWNSEND
Harare
PO Box 4419
MAFUKIDZE P MAS QS Partnership masqspartnership@gmail.com 0772248826
Harare
PO Box 10288
MAJAKWARA J Promanint QS promanint@mweb.co.zw 0772292452
Harare
EC MARODZA AND ecmarodza@africaonline.co.z P.O.Box HG355,
MARODZA EC ASSICIATES 0772142717
w Highlands, Harare
P. O. Box AC939,
MUKAWA M NUST mernardmukawa@gmail,com 0772254599
Ascot, Bulawayo
MUKOROMBINDO mukorombindoassociates@g Box A90, 0773500277/
MUKOROMBINDO G ASSOCIATES 0712401049
mail.com Avondale, Harare
353 Samora
MUKUYU K C&M kmukuyu@corrymukuyu.co.zw Machel Avenue, 0772218284
Harare
SOKO CONSULTING sokoconsultingafrica@gmail.c 198 Sandton Park,
LEONARD AFRICA 263242003103
om Harare
27 Lawson
OCM QUANTITY 0712412032/077
MURASI O ocmurasi@ocmqs.co.zw, Avenue, Milton
SURVEYORS 2363910
Park, Harare
CASLING RIGBY
RIGBY E S
McHAMON erigby@mango.co.zw Box 4290 Harare 0772220982
90
Suites 302-3 #rd
0773215689/
SIMANGO B ABS CONSULTANCY absconsultzim@gmail.com floor Silundika
0734161260
House, Harare
1628 Bauhinia
TN ZUNZANYIKA
ZUNZANYIKA T N norman@tnza.co.za Drive, Westgate, 0774175191
ASSOCIATES
Harare
91
APPENDIX E: IAZ REGISTER OF ARCHITECTS 2019
92
AHMED I
9 Dunmore Avenue Architecton Design Studio
Queensdale
Harare #12 Murandy SquareEast, New Lands Shopping
Centre
Arch Ahmed I. Harare
0772 933 074 e-mail mukaratirwa@yahoo.com
Amandiz Architect Arch. Mukaratirwa H. MSc Arch (Poland)

50 Van Praagh 0774 165 250
Milton Park
Harare
Tel 757884/5 704003 Architects Design Centre
e-mail amandiz@mweb.co.zw
7 Malvern Road
Arch Mandizvidza A. B Arch (UCT) Mount Pleasant, Harare
Arch Mutereko M. BAS ,B Arch (NUST) Tel 702384/5 703487 e-mail
0712 408 293/0784 448 229 atmashakada@gmail.com
Apex Design Arch Mashakada B Arch (New Castle-Upon-Tyne)

0772 410 334
613 Gweuma Crescent Architectural Planning Studio
Victoria Falls
e-mail louischitolo@gmail.com 18 Mon Repos
Newlands
Arch. Chitolo L B Arch (Copperbelt) Harare
0712 434 303 Tel 776008/746448
e-mail admin@architecturalplanningstudio.com
Arch-Design
34 Bradfield Road Arch. Claypole M N B Arch (Natal)
Hillside Arch. Cochrane G BAS (UCT) M Arch (PE)
Harare Arch. Fox G. BAS, M Arch (UCT)
Tel 772103/4 0772 340 837 e-mail
cmadavo@mweb.co.zw Architrave Design Group
Arch. Madavo C.B Arch (Lahore) 4 Hill Road,

0772 340 837 Highlands
Harare
Archi-Craft Tel 443311 /496254/08644207960
Fax
5 Beryl Drive e-mail adgzim@gmail.com
Greendale
Harare 04- Arch Kanyanta C B A Honors Arch, Dip Arch
448320 0772 232 185
e-mail magwidesign@gmail.com
Awolaja A.
Arch Matondo T.A. B Arch.
0772 694 969 121 Adylin Road
Archiplan Architects P.O.Box 3828
Harare
19 Natal Road (gate from East Road)
93
Avondale. P.O. Box 5105 Harare Tel Tel
334752/ 334142/ 332045 Email Awolaja.albert@gmail.com
e-mail archplanzimbabwe@gmail.com
Arch. Awolaja A. B.Es, M.Ed (Lagos)
Arch. Tvrtkovic M Dip Arch
Arch Gacic M Dip Arch (Belgrade) 0712 608 5I9 Sarah Morgan
P.O. Box BW 326
9 Dunmore Avenue Borrowdale
Queensdale Tel 04 862753
Harare
Email smorgan@zol.co.zw
Arch Ahmed I. Arch Morgan S. B Arch (Cape Town) M A, M
0772 933 074 Phil
Amandiz Architect 0772 233 571
50 Van Praagh
SIMBARCHITECTS
Milton Park Office No 15
Harare
1
Tel 757884/5 704003 st Floor, Kopje Pavilion
e-mail amandiz@mweb.co.zw
79 Belvedere Road
Arch Mandizvidza A. B Arch (UCT) Harare
Arch Mutereko M. BAS ,B Arch (NUST)
Tel 0772 339 695
0712 408 293/0784 448 229 Email info@sarch.co.zw
Apex Design
Arch Naggo S BAS,B Arch (NUST)
613 Gweuma Crescent 0714 339 695/0772 339 695
Victoria Falls
Studio Arts Inc
e-mail louischitolo@gmail.com 4 Kempden Close
Arch. Chitolo L B Arch (Copperbelt)
Borrowdale Harare
0712 434 303 Tel 885820/885751/885763/93
Arch-Design e-mail studioartsinc@gmail.com
34 Bradfield Road Arch Matiza JB B Arch (Hons)MScArch (ABU)
Hillside
Arch Madusolumo DU B Sc(Hons)MScArch
Harare (ABU)
Tel 772103/4 0772 340 837 Arch Musekwa R. BAS. B Arch (NUST)
e-mail cmadavo@mweb.co.zw
Studio Five Architect
Arch. Madavo C.B Arch (Lahore)
No 5 Chaifont Rd
0772 340 837 Greencroft
Archi-Craft
Harare
5 Beryl Drive Tel 024 2332987
Greendale
Email bhnmadondo@gmail.com
Harare Arch B. Madondo BAS, B. Arch (NUST)
04-448320 0783 934 290/0775 257 104
e-mail magwidesign@gmail.com The Design Bureau
Arch Matondo T.A. B Arch.
No 29,
0772 694 969 6
Archiplan Architects th Street
19 Natal Road (gate from East Road) Gweru
Avondale. P.O. Box 5105 Harare
Tel 0772 896 544
Tel 334752/ 334142/ 332045 e-mail phillipmukura@yahoo.com
e-mail archplanzimbabwe@gmail.com
94
Arch. Tvrtkovic M Dip Arch Arch P.S. Mukura B.Arch (Copperbelt)
Arch Gacic M Dip Arch (Belgrade) 0712 608 0772 896 544
5I9 N. Maonde & Associates
Architecton Design Studio 10 Louis Road Greendale
#12 Murandy SquareEast, New Lands Harare
Shopping Tel 0772 247 693/0733 306 818
Centre e-mail nmarcht@mweb.co.zw
Harare Arch Maonde N B Arch (CBU)
e-mail mukaratirwa@yahoo.com 0772 727 381/0735 373 200
Arch. Mukaratirwa H. MSc Arch (Poland) Nyambuya & Associates
0774 165 250 1 Exe Road
Architects Design Centre Vainona
7 Malvern Road Harare
Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel 883655
Tel 702384/5 703487 e-mail nyambuyaarchitect@zol.co.zw
e-mail atmashakada@gmail.com Arch.Nyambuya S BSc Arch (Hamburg)
Arch Mashakada B Arch (New Castle-Upon- BA(Hons)
Tyne) 0712 218 894
0772 410 334 Pantic Architect
Architectural Planning Studio 3 Redhill Road
18 Mon Repos Highlands
Newlands Harare
Harare Tel 870232
Tel 776008/746448 Email luka.pantic@gmail.com
e-mail admin@architecturalplanningstudio.com Arch Pantic L. MA (Florence) Italy
Arch. Claypole M N B Arch (Natal) 0772 421 002
Arch. Cochrane G BAS (UCT) M Arch (PE) Pearce McComish Tarabuku
Arch. Fox G. BAS, M Arch (UCT) Architects
Architrave Design Group 71 Churchill Avenue,
4 Hill Road, Alexandra Park
Highlands P.O. Box 5299, Harare
Harare Tel 744078/08677101750/0772139035
Tel 443311 /496254/08644207960 Arch McComish J Dip Arch (Ldn)Fip L&Arb
Fax Arch Tarabuku M
e-mail adgzim@gmail.com BArch(Wits)MArch(Leuven)Belg
Arch Kanyanta C B A Honors Arch, Dip Arch Arch Pearce M L Dip Arch (AA)
0772 232 185 Ronald Mugandiwa
Awolaja A. Plot 9
121 Adylin Road Gold Dust Township
P.O.Box 3828 Mazvikadei
Harare Banket
Tel Email mugandiwaronald@yahoo.com
Email Awolaja.albert@gmail.com Arch Mugandiwa R. MSc (Cuba)
Arch. Awolaja A. B.Es, M.Ed (Lagos) 0733 356 644
Brain Muzwembiri Architect Arch. Mkanganwi
1 Hwiribidi Street TEDA
Msasa Park
95
Harare
Tel: 814309341 Arch Rowlands B Arch (UCT)
Email: brian@muzarch.com 0772 404 303
Arch:Muzwembiri B.M BAS, B Arch (NUST) 305 Fairways Avenue
0773 187 851 Borrowdale Brook
Bhunu Architecture Harare
140 Nelson Mandela Street Tel 0772 300 287
P.O. Box HR 924, Email teda@mweb.co.zw
Harare Arch. Dzvukamanja T
e-mail pbhunu2000@yahoo.com B.Arch Hons (UCT); BAS (UCT)
Arch. Bhunu Shava P MSc Arch (Ukraine0 719 300 287
0712 748 817 The Stone Beattie Studio
Bruno Azevedo 39 Arcturus Road
52 Ridgeway North P.O. Box HG 74
P.O. Chisipite Highlands Harare
Harare Tel 496342/497342
Tel 04-884275 e-mail beast.sbs@gmail.com
email ba.arq.zw@gmail.com Arch.Beattie RHS Dip Arch (Hons) Glasgow
Arch. Azevedo B. Arch Stone PD Dip Arch (Glasgow)
0772 780 596 Arch Kawadza RL BAS (Natal) M Arch(KZ
CGC Wilson Natal)
525 Brooke Drive Utria V.
Borrowdale Brooke Vengesayi Architects
P.O. Box BW 1929 10 Phillip Way
Borrowdale Belgravia
Harare Tel 730550/ 790592 /0772 290 669
Tel 774238/ 0772 410 334
Email craignottie@zol.co.zw e-mail vengesayimcr@gmail.com
Arch Wilson CGC B A (Natal) Arch Vengesayi M.C.R B Arch (Idaho)
Chikumba Christopher Wales- Smith A J Architect (HONORARY)
2/192 Smuts Road Fife Avenue
Prospect P.O. Box 2664
Waterfalls Harare
e-mail christopherchikumba@yahoo.com Tel 723113 / 727153
Arch Chikumba C. BAS, B Arch NUST e-mail
0772 855 664 Arch Wales- Smith A.J. B Arch (UCT)
DesignPro Architect CITY OF HARARE- City Architects
3505 Takely Drive Municipality of Harare
Sentosa, Harare Cleveland House
Tel 0773 226 667 92 Leopold Takawira
Email emielmurwira@gmail.com Harare
Email murwira@designpro.co.zw e-mail smangena@hararecity.co.zw
Arch Murwira E. BAS, B Arch (NUST) Arch. Chirombo L. B.A (Hons) Dip Arch
0733 390 140 (Birmingham UK)
Diagraphis Architects 0733 798 232/04 77194
Suite # 200 Pioneer House Arch Manyara O.M. B Sc Arch, M Sc Arch
Cnr 8th and Fife 0772 401 911
96
Bulawayo Mapundu Zvidzai
Tel 252919 6 A Athlone Road
e-mail jolumapicu@gmail.com Greendale
Arch. da Cunha Jose Luis Pinto Dip Arch Harare
(Brazil) Email: zmapundu@gmail.com
0712 200 716 / 0775 842 669 Arch Mapundu Z. BAS. B Arch (NUST)
Fleet Architecture 0027 787377794
1 Lewisam Avenue Masiyanise T.I Architect
Chisipite Flat 8 Avon Friars
Tel 480346 7 Oxford Road
e-mail fleetmail@fua.co.zw Avondale
Arch. Fleet G A. B Arch (Bristol) Dip Arch ) Tel 339746/334363/5
0772 774 029 e-mail masiarch@zol.co.zw
G Chitima Architect Arch Masiyanise I BA (Hons) Dip Arch (Ports
Suite 2 Princes Park Mansions 0772 344 907
L. Takawira Avenue/S. Parirenyatwa Street Memorage Architecture
Bulawayo 1826 Area D
Tel 09 887960 Westgate
e-mail gchitima@mweb.co.zw Harare
Arch. Chitima G. e-mail memoragearchitecture@gmail.com
0772 683 085 Arch Kamwaza M. BAS, B. Arch (NUST)
Gil Shepherd Architect 0772 778 566
9 David Den Close Metamorphosis AIDPM
Mt Pleasnt Harare Suite 23, 2nd Floor, Shawdon Court
Tel 336232 186 Herbert Chitepo Avenue
e-mail gil.shep@yahoo.com Harare
Arch. Shepherd S. G. B Arch C.T Tel 792802
0772 259 706 e-mail Masauso@metamorphosis.co.zw
Gloar Design Team Arch M Banda BAS, B Arch (NUST)
74 Selous Avenue 0772 251 345
Harare Metropolitan Architect
Tel 0772 309 350 64 West Road
e-mail gloararch@yahoo.co.uk Avondale
Arch. Chikuhuhu O. B Sc Arch, M Sc Arch Harare
0713 386 141 Tel 04 333489
Gura and Associate Architect e-mail dnwaks@gmail.com
Stand No 1019 Off Nursery Road Arch. Wakatama D B Arch, Dip Arch (Natal)
Mt Pleasant, Harare 0772 803 976/ 0712 728 639
Tel 0772 265 543 Mhenyu Architect
Email ishumaelgura@gmail.com 43 Hillside Road
Arch. I. Gura BAS, B Arch(NUST) Harare
0719 265 543 Tel 747640
HBN Simela Architect Email mhenyu@gmail.com
6 Barbour Avenue Arch Mhenyu B Arch NCA (Lahore)
Parkview 0712 603 485
Bulawayo Mthupha Practice Architect
Tel 09-88045/72219/77209 Wembley Crescent
97
e-mail info@hbnsimela.co.zw Eastlea North
Arch. Simela G MSc Arch (ODDESA) P.O. Box CY 1779
0737 655 163 Causeway, Harare
J. Dzimwasha Architect Tel 703487
4 Meredith Drive e-mail mzi.mthupha@mziarchitecture.com
Eastlea Arch Mthupha M G MSc Arch (USSR)
Harare 0773 465 980
Email Mucheri Architect
Arch Dzimwasha J MSc Arch Office 1 – 1
0773 848 676 st Floor, Patrick Court,
Juul Trevor 113 N Mandela/5th St.
121 Adylin Road P.O. Box CY 2916
P.O.Box 3828 Harare
Harare Tel 0715 811 101
Email tjuul@sbtjuul.com e-mail pzmucheri@gmail.com
Arch. Juul T.D. BA Dip Arch Arch Mucheri P Z B Sc Arch, M Sc (Slovakia)
0782 642 252 0773 437 670
Kurebgaseka Architecture Mugedeza TAJ Architect
20 Rhodesville Avenue 21 Northampton Crescent
Greendale Eastlea, Harare
Tel 443571/2 Tel 746524
e-mail kurar@zol.co.zw e-mail tajma@mugedeza.com
Arch. Kurebgaseka W M Dip Arch Arch Mugedeza TAJ B Arch (Idaho)
(Cheltenham) 0772 211 100
Dip Arch (Hull) Mukamba Architectural Practice
0712 400 878 /0777 612 834 25 Tweed Road
Maboreke Architect Eastlea
No 60 Mt Pleasant Drive Harare
Mt Pleasant Tel 443766, 443756, 443757
Harare Email admin@mmna.co.zw
Tel 744855/6 Arch.Mukamba CWP B Arch (UACG) Sofia
e-mail maboarch@gmail.com 0772 348 129
Arch. Maboreke GM B Arch (Kingstone) Dip Mutsambiwa Architect
Arch Masvingo Sports Club
0772 241 559 Rekai Tangwena Streets
Manditsera T.R. Masvingo
12295 Tynwald South (Westview) Tel 039 263879/ 264396
Harare e-mail cassian.mutsambiwa@gmail.com
Tel 702092 Arch Mutsambiwa C B Arch (Cuba)
Email tapmand@gmail.com 0772 420 874
Arch. Manditsera T.R. BAS, BArch (NUST) Rowlands Bruce
0772 690 587 Boscobel Drive West
Manyara Design Highlands
31 Western Road Harare
Greendale Tel
Tel 486705 e-mail brucerowlands@zol.co.zw
e-mail ozmany0404@gmail.com
98
APPENDIX F: ZACE REGISTER OF ENGINEERS 2018
99
100
101
102
4
103
APPENDIX G: CIFOZ LIST OF CONTRACTORS 2018
104
105
106
107
APPENDIX H: ZBCA LIST OF CONTRACTORS 2022
108
ZIMBABWE BUILDING CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION ACTIVE DATABASE
HARARE
CATEGORY 'A' UNLIMITED US$

COMPANY NAME CONTACT PERSON POSTAL/PHYSICAL ADDRESS
A & SONS CONSTRUCTION MR. A. CHAERUKA 31 WHEELER AVENUE, EASTLEA, HARARE
BIG NYATI TRUST CONSTRUCTION MR. M. SIBANDA 124 BLUE HILLS, CHRISTONE BANK, MAZOWE
BURCHAN LAND DEVELOPERS TOMSON MAKUYANA 4TH FLOOR, NORTH WING, RUNHARE HOUSE, 157 KWAME NKRUMAH AVENUE, HARARE
CONCRETE MASTERS JOSPHAT MAKUYANA 3BROWNING DRIVE, STRATHAVEN, MABELREIGN, HARARE
DARTEX PRIVATE LIMITED TAWANDA MARONGWE 8TH FLOOR, EASTERN WING, CONSTRUCTION HOUSE, 110 L. TAKAWIRA STREET, HARARE
DOUBLE “C” CONSTRUCTION MR. G. CHIPUMHA 63 GAYBON, ROAD, GREYSTONE PARK, HARARE
DRAWCARD ENTERPRISES MR. E. SAMSON 49 GREENDALE AVENUE, GREENDALE, HARARE
EXODUS & COMPANY MR. P. MAMBO 7 DUNGARVAN CLOSE, BORROWDALE, HARARE
FOCUS CONSTRUCTION DR. P. I. KANJERA 154 TILBURY ROAD, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
FOSSIL MINES t/a FOSSIL CONTRACTING MR. O. CHIMUKA 5 LOREY CLOSE, MSASA, HARARE
HELENSVALE CONSTRUCTION MR. A. TSORAI 9 MALVERN CORNER, 65 S. NUJOMA STREET, HARARE
HERBERTS CONSTRUCTION MR. H. MACHAWI 303 LONGCHENG PLAZA, BELVEDERE, HARARE
HERITAGE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY MR. TENDAYI TSVETU 33 CAITHNESS ROAD, EASTLEA, HARARE
HIT CONSTRUCTION P/L TALENT GUNDANI 6045 SOUTHLEA, PARK, WATERFALLS, HARARE
GALNET CONSTRUCTION GALDENCIA SIGAUKE STAND 531, ADYLINN PARK, WESTGATE, HARARE
MAK BOKANO CONTRACTING ENG. R. M. NHERERA 481 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE
MUTUAL CONSTRUCTION MR. MADAMOMBE 1063, TYNWALD SOUTH INDUSTRIAL AREA, HARARE
NENGO BUILDERS P/L MR. W. NENGOMASHA 1029 Chikurubi, Manresa Industries, Harare, Zimbabwe
NEXTCHIR CONSTRUCTION JOHN CHIWARA 9-NINTH AVENUE, MABELREIGN, HARARE
PEVIMAG CONTRACTORS MR. P. MAJENGWA 26 CLYDE ROAD, EASTLEA, HARARE
REEGUL INVESTMENTS MUNYARADZI SHUMBA 9868 OFF SHUMBA ROAD, RUWA
SHASLOR PROJECTS CONTRACTORS DR. ENG. C. D. MAWERE 266 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
SIR ALBERT CONSTRUCTION & ASSOCIATES MR. A. MACHANDO 157 BORROWDALE ROAD, GUNHILL, HARARE
SLOWGRAD INVESTMENTS t/a SLOWGRAD ENGINEERING MR. K. MANGEZI OFFICE 302, LONGCHENG PLAZA, BELVEDERE, HARARE
STRAIGHTLINK CONSTRUCTION MR. C. MHIKE Stand No. 6549 Westlea Industrial Harare
TASKBIRD INVESTMENTS CHARLES MUZAVAZI 15 TAOMINA AVENUE, MALBOROUGH, HARARE
TENSOR SYSTEMS (PVT) LTD ENG. N. MUSOWE 43 DANJUDSON, MILTON PARK, HARARE
TRANSITHOMES CONTRACTORS MR. TENDAI MATIMBA 23 POLLET AVENUE /6559 WESTLEA INDUSTRIAL, HARARE
TRANS-STAR (PVT) LTD MR. P. KAGWERE 481 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
TWENTY FIRST CENTURY BUILDING CONTRACTORS MR. M. SIBANDA 262 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'B' $6000 000.00 LIMIT

AARONT CONSTRUCTION MR. BLESSING CHIBVONGODZE 3 McCHLERY AVENUE, EASTLEA, HARARE
ARTISANS CONTRACTING P/L MR. N. MASHOKO 10 BERVIC BUILDING, EASTLEA MALL, HARARE
ELEAGNUS CONSTRUCTION SAMSON SHORIWA 474 POMONA INDUSTRIAL, HARARE
FOURWAYS ENGINEERING SERVICES SIMBA MUCHATUKWA 32H KENMARK CRESCENT, BLUFFHILL INDUSTRUAL PARK, HARARE
FRONTLINE CONTRACTING MR. T. CHIHOTA 9th Floor, Bard House, 69 Samora Machel Avenue, Harare
GERMAN CONSTRUCTION MANSON HLERE 27BASCOT ROAD, AVONDALE WEST, HARARE
GRINDALE ENGINEERING MR GRISON MUWIDZI 7 BRICKFIELD ROAD, MOUNT HAMPDEN, HARARE
PARKRIDGE CONTRACTORS RAY NYASHA MOYO 13089 MADOKERO ESTATE, TYNWALD, HARARE
PRAISE CONSTRUCTION PATRICIA CHIGOMBE 4B CAMPBELTOWN ROAD, BLUFFHILL, HARARE
PROJECT FIFTY SIX CONSTRUCTION TINASHE MUTARISI 41 KELVIN ROAD NORTH, GRANITESIDE, HARARE
RODIRSTY INTERNATIONAL MISS SPIWE KUTINYU 29 JOSIAH CHINAMANO/MAZOWE STREET, HARARE
SAFEAGE P/L MR. K. MAUNGA 17324 BORROWDALE ROAD, BORROWDALEVWEST, HARARE
TRIDOMINION ENTERPRISES PBC t/a TRIDOM CONTRACTORS MR. T. MANHANDO 6TH FLOOR, CONATRUCTION HOUSE, 110 L. TAKAWIRA STREET, HARARE
VAN DER BERG FACILITIES MANAGEMENT MR. T. CHIKOMO 225 MARTIN DRIVE MSASA, HARARE
CATEGORY 'C' USD$3000 000.00 LIMIT

LASTUNPACK PROJECTS MUTSEI KUDAKWASHE 3739 MAINWAY MEADOWS, WATERFALLS, HARARE
CATEGORY 'D' USD$1 500 000.00 LIMIT

BUILDCOR ENTERPRISES t/a CRISCON BLDG CONT MR. C. MAPUNGWANA 53 LORRAINE DRIVE, BLUFFHILL, HARARE
VISHTA DEVELOPMENTS VIMBAINASHE MHUTA 463 RYDALE RIDGE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'E' USD$1000 000.00 LIMIT
109
HIGHPAVE TRUSS SYSTEMS NELSON CHIGEDE 10547 WILLOWVALE ROAD, HARARE CATEGORY
'F' USD$800 000.00 LIMIT
COLOSSAL CONSTRUCTION STEVEN HAIRWADZE 16 TIVOLI GARDENS, CNR MAZOWE/H. CHITEPO AVENUE
EASTERN INITIATIVE ENTERPRISES VICTOR. T. GWEZERE 4 NRZ YARDMASTER COMPLEX, S.V. MUZENDA STREET/KENNETH KAUNDA AVENUE, HARARE
CAP-GREY CONSTRUCTION TENDAI MBARAJA 10 GEORGE DRIVE, MSASA, HARARE
CATEGORY 'G' USD$500 000.00 LIMIT
BROADHAVEN CONSTRUCTION DAKARAI A MAPURANGA 5 HEIGHTS CLOSE, ROLF VALLEY, CHISIPITE, HARARE
GOMULAH INVESTMENTS GABRIEL VUTETE 9 ADYLIN PLACE, MARLBOROUGH, HARARE
SOUTHCAPE GROUP PRIVATE LIMITED JUNIAS MACHENGEDZERO 609-6TH FLOOR, SAINT BARBARA HOUSE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'H' USD$250 000.00 LIMIT

ANDY BULK CONSTRUCTION ANDERSON CHIMBUNDE 34 BIDDULPH ROAD, CRANEBORNE, HARARE
COSLIC CONSTRUCTION NOVELTY MASHIRI 1ST FLOOR, BLOCK C, SMATSATSA OFFICE PARK, BORROWDALE, HARARE
DANIANGELS PRIVATE LIMITED FIBION RUTOPE 1 BRODIE/MANCHESTER ROAD, HARARE
MATER ELLIS ZIMBABWE ERIC JOEL NHODZA 50 HOGERLY BORROWDALE, HARARE
MELOMAK HOLDINGS ELISHA N MAKUVE 151 CHINHOYI STREET, SUNFLOWER, HARARE
ONE TOUCH ELECTRICAL SERVICES ABEL MDADADA 3514 HATCLIFFE EXTENSION, HARARE
REFRACTORY AND DESIGN HOLDINGS MR. E. J. MANDIWOMA 19603 TILCOR ROAD, CHITUNGWIZA
SATAKUS CONSTRUCTION DICK KARAREMBERA 503 EQUITY HOUSE, REZENDE NORTH, HARARE
TILING WORLD ENTERPRISES TINOTENDA THELMA CHIVI 58 NORTHAMPTON CRESCENT, EASTLEA, HARARE
YAMALEK INVESTMENTS T/A STARPAINTERS TICHAONA MAGWIDA 177 MONAVALE, HARARE
ZENITH BUILDING & CIVIL CONTRACTORS BRIAN NYAMA 4 HYDE ROAD, BELVEDERE, HARARE
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONTRACTORS
CATEGORY 'A' UNLIMITED USD$

BIG NYATI TRUST CONSTRUCTION MR. M. SIBANDA 124 BLUE HILLS, CHRISTONE BANK, MAZOWE
BITUMEN RESOURCES MR SIMBARASHE TEGEDE 206 TERESA CLOSE, GROOMBRIDGE, HARARE
BURCHAN LAND DEVELOPERS TOMSON MAKUYANA 4TH FLOOR, NORTH WING, RUNHARE HOUSE, 157 KWAME NKRUMAH AVENUE, HARARE
CHISIPITE DRILLING PRIVATE LIMITED MRS. D. WUSHE 19 BAY NOAKES ROAD, CHISIPITE, HARARE
CMED PRIVATE LIMITED STEPHEN MAVURA CMED CHIKURUBI, ARCTURUS ROAD, CHIKURUBI/REKAIN TANGWENA&H.CHITEPO, HRE
CONCRETE MASTERS JOSPHAT MAKUYANA 3 BROWNING DRIVE, STRATHAVEN, MABELREIGN, HARARE
COUNTRY COOL AIR CONDITIONING DR. T. WUSHE 15 SOMERSET DRIVE, EASTLEA, HARARE
DARTEX PRIVATE LIMITED TAWANDA MARONGWE 8TH FLOOR, EASTERN WING, CONSTRUCTION HOUSE, 110 L. TAKAWIRA STREET, HARARE
DRAWCARD ENTERPRISES MR. E. SAMSON 49 GREENDALE AVENUE, GREENDALE, HARARE
EXODUS & COMPANY MR. P. MAMBO 7 DUNGARVAN CLOSE, BORROWDALE, HARARE
FOCUS CONSTRUCTION DR. P. I. KANJERA 154 TILBURY ROAD, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
FOSSIL MINES t/a FOSSIL CONTRACTING MR. O. CHIMUKA/ RONALD 5 LOREY CLOSE, MSASA, HARARE
FROGMERGE CONSTRUCTION ENG. SHINGI VHIRIRI 15 FRANK JOHNSON AVENUE, HARARE
FRONTLINE CONTRACTING MR. T. CHIHOTA 9th Floor, Bard House, 69 Samora Machel Avenue, Harare
GALNET CONSTRUCTION GALDENCIA SIGAUKE STAND 531, ADYLINN PARK, WESTGATE, HARARE
GRINDALE ENGINEERING MR GRISON MUWIDZI 7 BRICKFIELD ROAD, MOUNT HAMPDEN, HARARE
HIT CONSTRUCTION P/L TALENT GUNDANI 6045 SOUTHLEA, PARK, WATERFALLS, HARARE
INSIG PROJECTS PRIVATE LIMITED INNOCENT BVUMA CHARLES 8TH FLOOR, CONSTRUCTION HOUSE, 108-110 L. TAKAWIRA STREET, HARARE
ITRO ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED CLAYTON MUSHATI M23, MEZZANINE FLOOR, ZIMDEF BUILDING, HARARE
MADZ CONSTRUCTION MR. MADZINGIRA 12 FABER ROAD, BLUFFHILL, HARARE
MAK BOKANO CONTRACTING ENG. R. M. NHERERA 481 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE
MUTUAL CONSTRUCTION MR. MADAMOMBE 1063, TYNWALD SOUTH INDUSTRIAL AREA, HARARE
PEVIMAG CONTRACTORS MR. P. MAJENGWA 26 CLYDE ROAD, EASTLEA, HARARE
SHASLOR PROJECTS CONTRACTORS DR. ENG. C. D. MAWERE 266 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
STRAIGHTLINK CONSTRUCTION MR. C. MHIKE Stand No. 6549 Westlea Industrial Harare
SYVERN INVESTMENTS PRIVATE LIMITED MRS. SILVEN CHISEWE 21 ST. QUINTIN AVENUE, EASTLEA, HARARE
TALCOURT CONSTRUCTION ONISMO MUZHINGI 56 PALMER ROAD, MILTON PARK, HARARE
TASKBIRD INVESTMENTS CHARLES MUZAVAZI 15 TAOMINA AVENUE, MALBOROUGH, HARARE
TENSOR SYSTEMS (PVT) LTD ENG. N. MUSOWE 43 DANJUDSON, MILTON PARK, HARARE
TRANS-AFRICA ENGINEERING COMPANY MR. A. MACHANDO 157 BORROWDALE ROAD, GUNHILL, HARARE
TRANSITHOMES CONTRACTORS MR. TENDAI MATIMBA 46 EDMONDS, ROAD, BELVEDERE/6559 WESTLEA INDUSTRIAL, HARARE
TRANS-STAR (PVT) LTD MR. P. KAGWERE 481 EMPOWERMENT WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
TSAPO CONSTRUCTION KUDAKWASHE MUZVONGI 184 MUTARE ROAD, MSASA, HARARE
WILTACON PRIVATE LIMITED WILLIAM TSVUURA 324 AFFIRMATIVE WAY, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
WRR MASTER SPECIALISTS & CIVIL PRIVATE LIMITED WELLINGTON RUNGANGA 8TH FLOOR, CONSTRUCTION HOUSE, 110 LEOPOLD TAKAWIRA STREET, HARARE
ZAMBUKO PROPERTIES PVT LTD OWEN MURUMBI 10B, SHERWOOD, WATERFALLS, HARARE
ZERBACRAFT PRIVATE LIMITED DANIEL MAMININGI STAND 11946 CHIKWANHA INDUSTRIAL, CHITUNGWIZA
CATEGORY 'B' USD$6000 000.00 LIMIT

ALBRITIM CONSTRUCTION PORTIA M. N. MARIGA 52A QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, ARDBENIE, HARARE
ARTISANS CONTRACTING P/L MR. N. MASHOKO 10 BERVIC BUILDING, EASTLEA MALL, HARARE
CELFET INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTD MRS BERNADETT N. RUZVIDZO 9528 CHIPUKUTU PARK, RUWA
EQUIPMENT WORLD MR. M. MABUWANA 2ND FLOOR, 102 FIVE AVENUE, HARARE
110
ESP CAPITAL EQUIPMENT JOHANE KAMANGA 16TH, 1ST STREET, BUSINESS HUB 442, SHOWGROUNDS, SAMOR MACHEL AVENUE, HRE
FOURWAYS ENGINEERING SERVICES SIMBA MUCHATUKWA 32H KENMARK CRESCENT, BLUFFHILL INDUSTRUAL PARK, HARARE
GERMAN CONSTRUCTION MANSON HLERE 27BASCOT ROAD, AVONDALE WEST, HARARE
STUB MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS KUDAKWASHE MARIMIRA 9 DART ROAD, VAINONA, HARARE
TAZVI PLANT AND EQUIPMENT JOSEPH TAZVIONA MHAKA 53 ROSSAL ROAD, GREENDALE, HARARE
ZINHONDO HOLDINGS ZIMBABWE DORCAS MACHANZI LAW SOCIETY HOUSE, SAM NUJOMA STREET/KWAME NKRUMAH AVENUE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'C' USD$3000 000.00 LIMIT

BROADHAVEN CONSTRUCTION DAKARAI A MAPURANGA 5 HEIGHTS CLOSE, ROLF VALLEY, CHISIPITE, HARARE
CORNADIC INVESTMENTS OSCAR MUNYARADZI CHIKORA 174 GLEN EAGLES, WOLLOWVALE, HARARE
DRIMSTRUCTURES PRIVATE LIMITED TAFADZWA MUKUWAPASI SHOP 64 LONGCHENG PLAZA, BELVEDERE, HARARE
MARJOLIC CONSTRUCTION TINASHE MAKUMBE 14 ROLLESTONE CLOSE, HOUGHJTON PARK, WATERFALLS, HARARE
PEARVILLE PROPERTY P/L CHRISTINE TSITSI MAREVA 9 AINTREE CIRCLE, BELVEDERE, HARARE
S & V DOMA INVESTMENTS STANFORD. C. DOMA 46 KWAME NKRUMAH AVENUE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'D' USD$1 500 000.00 LIMIT

FINMARK ENERGY GIFT YOSA 89 KELVIN ROAD SOUTH, GRANITESIDE, HARARE
OLYIC CONPRECAST HARDLIFE DUBE 30 RAYAMM EASTLEA, HARARE
CATEGORY 'E' USD$1000 000.00 LIMIT

ELGOMA ENGINEERING ENG. RAISON KAYONZA 6470 ZIMRE PARK, RUWA/ WORKSHOP 184 MUTARE ROAD, MSASA, HARARE
METTRA ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED RON. E. MARIGA 610 NEW MARIMBA, HARARE
VICTOFIELD ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED PORTIA M. N. MARIGA 52A QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, ARDBENIE, HARARE
CATEGORY 'G' USD$500 000.00 LIMIT

PROFFESSIONAL WATER DESIGNERS BENARD MUPAMBA 19603 TILCOR ROAD, CHITUNGWIZA INDUSTRIAL SITE, CHITUNGWIZA
WISETIES PRIVATE LIMITED SILENCE MOYOSVI 3585, 12TH STREET, GLEN NORAH 'A', HARARE
CATEGORY 'H' USD$250 000.00 LIMIT

AMACON CIVILS PRIVATE LIMITED TENDEKAI MAWIRE 41 KENSINGTON ROAD, HIGHLANDS, HARARE
DIVIN CHEN PRIVATE LIMITED PERSEVERANCE SHOKO 2416 HAYDON PARK, WESTGATE, HARARE
EARTHLYGATE PRECAST & CIVIL CONTRACTORS MISS MEMORY CHIKWINHO 7TH FLOOR, ZB CHAMBERS, CNR. GEORGE SILUNDIKA/1ST STREET, HARARE
FREEBRIG CONSTRUCTION KEWORERA BRIGHTON 8780 FAIRVIEW, RUWA
JETRISE INVESTMENTS TENISIFORD MAONEKE 8207 COLD COMFORT, TYNWALD SOUTH, HARARE
KURWA INTERNATIONAL TRADING PHARISY KURWAISIMBA 34 HARARE DRIVE, BORROWDALE, HARARE
INTERNET PRO TECHNOLOGIES LYDIA MANJOBO 1153 CRETE, WATERFALLS, HARARE
ROADWORX ZIMBABWE MADZINGA PASIPAMIRE 23 ALPES ROAD, VAINONA, HARARE
VELOR CONTRACTING PRIVATE LIMITED EDMORE NOAH MUKOTSANJERA 55 GLENEAGLES ROAD, WILLOWVALE, HARARE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERVICES

CATEGORY 'A' USD$UNLIMITED
ONEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS ENG. N. NYAMAKOPE 364 ESAP WAY, WILLOWVALE INDUSTRIES, HARARE, BOX HR 8755, HARARE
TAMOC ENGINEERING COMPANY MR. CHRIS B. NYASHANU 18RUDLAND AVENUE, BELVEDERE, HARARE
TRANS-AFRICA ENGINEERING COMPANY MR. A. E. MACHANDO 157 BORROWDALE ROAD, GUNHILL, HARARE
CATEGORY 'B' USD$3000 000.00 LIMIT

ENHANCED ELECTRICAL POWER PROJECTS WIRIMAYI MALENGUKA SWK HOUSE, 80 MUTARE ROAD, MSASA, HARARE
CATEGORY 'C' USD$1 500 000.00 LIMIT

REEFLITE ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS MR HONEST MUPANDUKI 14 LISBURN ROAD, WORKINGTON, HARARE
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COST

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Quantity Surveying in Partial fulfilment of the

submitted through the National University of Science and Technology (NUST).

and my upcoming career as a quantity surveyor. Ma'am, I can't convey my gratitude to

you enough in words.

delays in the construction industry in Zimbabwe, which is directly related to inadequate

introduction of reliable estimating methods. No matter how competent the management,

Zimbabwean contractors and professionals and introduce effective estimation

contribute to inaccurate estimates in Zimbabwe, such as the incapacity of the estimating

makes recommendations: clients should give contractors adequate time to accurately

effectiveness of their cost estimating processes and tactics to be profitable and

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xiv

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 2

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................... 4

1.3 RESEARCH AIM ................................................................................................... 5

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 5

1.5 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 5

1.6 JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................... 5

1.7 RESEARCH OUTLINE .......................................................................................... 6

1.7.1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................... 7

1.7.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review........................................................................... 7

1.7.3 Chapter 3: Methodology .................................................................................. 7

1.7.4 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Presentation..................................................... 8

1.7.5 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 8

2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 9

2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Cost Estimation ............................................................................................... 9

2.2.2 Cost Accuracy ............................................................................................... 10

2.3 ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

2.3.1 Expect Judgement ........................................................................................ 11

2.3.2 Delphi Method ............................................................................................... 11

2.3.3 Analogous Estimation ................................................................................... 12

2.3.4 Parametric Estimation ................................................................................... 12

2.3.5 Top-Down Estimation .................................................................................... 13

2.3.6 Bottom-Up Estimation ................................................................................... 13

2.3.7 PERT Estimation Technique (3-Point Estimation) ......................................... 14

2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF COST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES

2.4.1 The Human/Team Problem (Ability of Estimators) ........................................ 15

2.4.2 The Detail Challenge (Completeness of cost information) ............................ 16

2.4.3 Sizes of Contracts ......................................................................................... 17

2.4.4 Project Complexity ........................................................................................ 18

2.4.5 Technological Requirements ......................................................................... 19

2.4.6 Labour productivity ........................................................................................ 19

2.4.7 Project duration ............................................................................................. 20

2.4.8 Geographical Location .................................................................................. 20

2.4.9 Bidding Competition ...................................................................................... 21

2.4.10 Economic Instability .................................................................................... 21

2.5 STRATEGIES WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS

2.5.2 Use Multiple Estimation Techniques ............................................................. 23

2.5.3 The Estimator ................................................................................................ 23

2.5.4 Confidence levels measured and evaluated ................................................. 24

2.5.5 Completes independent review for your projects .......................................... 24

2.5.6 Audit trail of changes and approvals ............................................................. 24

2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 24

3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 26

3.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 26