Developmental Psychology Study Guide #2 Ch.

8-13

Chapter 8 The Play Years: Biosocial Development

Corpus callosum -the process by which axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin, a fatty substance that speeds
transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron in the brain.
Myelination - the process by which axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin, a fatty substance that speeds
transmission of nerve impulses from neuron-to-neuron in the brain.
Differences between gross
Gross Motor Skills
1. Involve large body movements such as running, climbing, jumping, and throwing.
2. Generally children learn motor skills from other children, rather than through adult instruction.
3. According to sociocultural theory, learning from peers is the best way for children to master skills they will need.
fine motor skills
Fine Motor Skills
1. Involve small body movements (especially those of hands and fingers), are much harder to master than gross motor skills.
2. Pouring juice into a glass, cutting food with a knife and fork and achieving anything more artful than a scribble with a pencil are
difficult for young children, even with great concentration and effort.

Childhood accidents - Except in times of famine, more of the world’s children die of accidents than any other cause. Worldwide,
unintended injuries cause millions of premature deaths each year. Neurological immaturity makes young children unlikely to think things
through, so they plunge into dangerous places and activities.
At about what age does formal instruction in reading, writing, and math begin around the world?
Child maltreatment – includes all intentional harm to, or avoidable endangerment of, anyone under 18 years of age.
Abuse - deliberate action that is harmful to the child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
Neglect - failure to appropriately meet a child’s basic physical or emotional needs.
intergenerational transmission
What 2 factors seem universally conducive to maltreatment?
foster care - legally sanctioned, publicly supported arrangement in which children are officially removed from their parents’ custody
and entrusted to another adult or family who is paid to nurture them.
permanency planning -legally sanctioned, publicly supported arrangement in which children are officially removed from their parents’
custody and entrusted to another adult or family who is paid to nurture them.
kinship care - when a relative of the maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver, and issued for about one fourth of all foster
children in the U.S.
primary - to keep all maltreatment of children from ever beginning.
secondary - spotting warning signs and intervening to keep a problematic situation from getting worse.
tertiary prevention of maltreatment - intervention done to reduce the harm done by actual abuse—which sometimes comes too
late.

Chapter 9 The Play Years: Cognitive Development

Egocentrism - Piaget’s term for a type of centration in which the young child contemplates the world exclusively from his other personal perspective.
symbolic thinking
Piaget’s preoperational thought - Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; characterized by centration (including
egocentrism), focus on appearance, static reasoning, and irreversibility.
Centration - a characteristic of preoperational thought in which the young child focuses on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others.
Irreversibility - a characteristic of preoperational thought in which the young child fails to recognize that reversing a process can sometimes restore whatever
existed before the transformation occurred.
Conservation -the principle that the amount of a substance is unaffected by changes in its appearance.
Static reasoning
Vygotsky’s guided participation - the adult or other mentor’s aid in guiding the next step of learning, motivated by the learner’s need for social
interaction. the process by which young children, with the help of mentors, learn to think by having social experiences and by exploring their universe
apprenticeship in thinking - the preschooler’s tendency to look to others for insight and guidance, particularly in the cognitive realm. Vygotsky’s term for
the young child whose intellectual growth is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.
scaffolding - the building blocks for learning put in place by a “teacher” (a more knowledgeable child or adult) or a culture. Learners use scaffolds and then
discard them when they are no longer needed. sensitive structuring of the young child’s participation in learning encounters
zone of proximal development - Vygotsky’s term for a range of skills that a person can exercise with assistance but isnot quite able to perform
independently.
Private speech- Vygotsky’s term for the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves and through which new ideas are developed and
reinforced.
What are some guidelines for interview child witnesses to a crime?
Scripts
Theory of mind
Fast mapping - Vygotsky’s term for a range of skills that a person can exercise with assistance but isnot quite able to perform independently.
Overregularization
What factors constitute a good preschool?
Project Head Start

Chapter 10 The Play Years: Psychosocial development

Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt -the third of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, in which the youngchild eagerly begins
new projects and activities and feels guilt when his or her effortsresult in failure or criticism.
“onlies” and “dethronement”
Which countries have the smallest and largest family size in terms of number of children?
What is the advantages and disadvantages of being an only child?
Emotional regulation - the ability, beginning in early childhood, to direct or modify one’s feelings,particularly feelings of fear,
frustration and anger.
Phobia
Prosocial - behaving in ways that help other people without obvious benefit to oneself.
antisocial behavior - behaving in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive.
4 types of aggression (be able to list and define):
-Instrumental=anger aimed at keeping an object
-Reactive=angry retaliation to an accidental act
-Relational=insults or social rejection
-Bullying=unprovoked physical or verbal attack
rough and tumble play and sociodramatic play -play that mimics aggression through wrestling, etc...with no intent to harm.
Be able to list and define the 3 parenting styles:
-Authoritarian=likely to be cautious, obedient and quiet (not happy
)-Permissive=lack self-control (less happy)
-Authoritative=likely to be successful (happy)
Understand the various theories of gender-role development
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (including phallic stage, oedipus and electra complex)
Learning theory and social learning theory
Cognitive theory
Sociocultural theory
Epigenetic systems theory
Androgyny

Chapter 11 The School Years: Biosocial Development

What is the difference between variations in physique between poorer and richer nations?
BMI- a measure of obesity determined by dividing weight in kilograms by height squared in meters.
Be able to list the factors that lead to childhood obesity.
1) Heredity- Body type, including height, bone structure, amount and distribution of fat on the body, is inherited.
2) Lack of exercise- Inactive people burn fewer calories and are more likely to be overweight than active people, especially in infancy and childhood.
3) Television-While watching television, children eat more and burn fewer calories than they would if they were actively playing.
4)Cultural attitudes- In some cultures, overeating is a sign of wealth and happiness, so parents urge their offspring to have a second helping.
5) Precipitating event- For many children, obesity begins with a critical event or traumatic experience.
Asthma- defined as a “chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways,” affects between 10-20% of school-aged children.
What are the gender differences in motor skills ability? - Boys and girls are just about equal in their physical abilities during the school years,
although boys tend to have greater upper arm strength and girls to have greater overall flexibility
Achievement- Tests designed to measure how much a person has learned in a specific subject area.
Aptitude- Tests designed to measure potential, rather than actual accomplishment.
IQ tests- Aptitude tests designed to measure a person’s intelligence.
What are the 2 most widely used intelligence tests?
Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence- academic, creative, and practice
Gardner’s 8 multiple intelligences- linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, special, body kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
Child with special needs- a child for whom learning new skills and developing friendships are hampered by a psychological or physical discord.
Autism and what are the 3 deficit areas in kids with autism? - A disorder characterized by an inability or unwillingness to communicate with
others, poor social skills, and diminished imagination.
Asperger syndrome- A disorder in which a person masters verbal communication but has unusual difficulty with social perceptions and skills. (also known
as high-functioning autism
Echolalia-
Mental retardation- slow learning in all, or almost all, intellectual abilities. The degree of retardation is usually measured by an intelligence test.
Learning disabled- difficulty in mastering a specific cognitive skill that is not attributable to intellectual slowness, obvious impairment of the senses, lack of
education, or family dysfunction.
Dyslexia- a specific learning disability involving unusual difficulty with reading.
Dysgraphia-
Dyscalcula- a specific learning disability involving unusual difficulty with math.
ADHD- a behavior problem characterized by excessive activity, an inability to concentrate, and impulsive, sometimes aggressive, behavior.
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder-
What is the drug of choice for ADHD?-
Mainstreaming- an approach to educating children with special needs by putting them in the same “stream”- the general- education classroom – as all the
other children, rather than segregating them.
resource room- a designated room equipped with special material and staffed by a trained, teacher, where children with special needs spend part of their
school day getting help with basic skills.
Inclusion- an approach to educating children with special needs whereby they are included in the regular classroom while also receiving special individualized
instruction, typically from a teach or paraprofessional trained in special education.

Chapter 12 The School Years: Cognitive Development

Information-processing theory of memory
Sensory register- the component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be
processed.
working memory (short term memory)- the component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. Also
called short-term memory.
long-term memory- the component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts can be stored indefinitely.
Control processes- the mechanism consisting of selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation-that puts memory, processing speed, and
knowledge together in order to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
Selective attention- the ability to screen out distractions and to focus on the details that will help in later recall of information.
Automization
Knowledge base- a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject area that makes it easier to master new learning in that in that area.
Metacognition- “thinking about thinking,” or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust
one’s performance on that task.
Piaget’s concrete operational thought- term for the ability to reason logically about the things and events that one perceives.
5-to-7 shift
Identity- the logical principle that that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.
Reversibility- the logical principle that sometimes a thing that has been changed can be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was
changed.
Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral reasoning-
1. Preconventional moral reasoning
2. Conventional moral reasoning
3. Postconventional moral reasoning
Morality of care- the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute term terms because they are socialized to be nurturant,
compassionate, and nonjudgement.
morality of justice- the tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion, judging right and wrong in absolute terms.
Strict lecture method vs. open education
Code switching.
Formal and informal code
When is the best time to learn a second language? - by listening and talking is early childhood, the best time to be taught 2 nd language seems to
be during middle childhood.
Total immersion- an approach to teaching a second language in which instruction occurs entirely in that language and the learner’s native language is not
used at all.
reverse immersion
3 approaches to teaching English in the U.S.
1. Hidden curriculum- the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of
learning in school.
2. Phonics approach- the teaching of reading by requiring children to learn the sounds of each letter before they begin to decipher simple words.
3. Whole-language approach- the teaching of reading by encouraging children to develop all their language skills talking and listening, reading
and writing-all with the goal of communication.

Chapter 13 The School Years: Psychosocial Development

Freud’s latency stage- psychosexual stage for middle childhood, during which children’s emotional drives are quieter, their psychosexual needs are
repressed, and their unconscious conflicts are submerged.
Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority- The fourth of Erikson’s eight crises of psychosexual development, in which school-age children attempt to master
many skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious and competent or incompetent and inferior.
Social cognition- A perspective that highlights how the school-age child advances in learning, cognition, and culture, building on maturation and experience
to become more articulate, insightful, and competent.
Peer group- An aggregate of individuals of roughly the same age and social status who play, work, and learn together.
Social comparison- The tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other
people, especially one’s peers.
Society of children-
Aggressive-rejected- Referring to children who are actively rejected by their peer group because of their aggressive, confrontational behavior.
withdrawn-rejected- Referring to children who are actively rejected by their peer group because of their withdrawn, anxious behavior.
Bullying- child’s repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on another, particular child through physical, verbal, or social attacks.
What are the consequences of bullying? - Bullied children are not only anxious, depressed, and underachieving during the months and years of their
torment, but longitudinal studies show that self-esteem drops, and loneliness increases even when the child is no longer being actively bullied. Victims of bullies
are usually cautious, sensitive, quiet, lonely and abandoned at school.
How does a functional family nurture a child? - The ways in which a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need their families to
provide them with food, clothing, and shelter; to encourage them to learn; to develop their self-esteem; to nurture their friendships with peers; and to provide
harmony and stability at home.
Open style family-
closed style family-
Family structure- The legal and genetic relationship among the members of a particular family.
Who got custody in the 19th century as opposed to today after divorce? -
From what sources can kids receive social support? - A major factor that helps children deal with problems is the social support they receive.
Parents are agreat source for social support along with grandparents, unrelated adults, peers, and even pets.