The Child and Adolescent Learners.

Educ. 1
Complete name: Glen Ann M. Espidang
Contact #: 09452141967

Answer the following questions:

I. List down the rights of the Children and Young Persons. Identify at least two rights
that are often violated. Give reasons to what extent has the school participated in
child advocacy?

THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILDREN & YOUNG PERSONS

1. Every child has the right to be born well

2. Every child has the right to a wholesome family life
3. Every children has the right to be raised well and become contributing members
of society.
4. Every child has the right to basic needs.
5. Every child has the right to access what they need to have a good life
6. Every child has the right to education.

Now a days one of the most rights often violated is the no. 2 rights, EVERY CHILD
HAS THE RIGHT TO A WHOLESOME FAMILY LIFE. Every child deserves to have a
happy home. But today more couples are separating without thinking that choosing
to be a broken family create mental health issues to children. People forgets that a
conflict keeps a child constantly in threat. The negative effects of family problems do
hold on to a child’s impressionable mind for longer periods, well into adulthood. It
can also give them anxiety in social interactions, mental illness and substance abuse
as adults. Basically a “broken” home so to say, may just be far better than a damaged
child.

Second least rights often violated is No.4 EVERY CHILD HAS THE RIGHT TO BASIC
NEEDS. Poverty can negatively impact child health, well being, and child
development. It is not easy, Sleeping in the street, studying on an empty stomach,
missing out on trips with friends. Young people from poor back grounds have to fight
harder for their future. Many will have to work part time jobs on the side of the
school, they may not have access to the same learning materials, or they will miss
out on trips with friends because simply they can’t afford. This children coming from
poor background often targeted by bullies because parents couldn’t afford to buy
them nice clothes, basic food, even couldn’t afford to pay school fees. Some of these
children feels they need to step up and put food on table. There comes criminals
taking advantage of this, by recruiting these young people into gangs.

Schools has to be part in child advocacy for the following reasons.

1. The school is the first opportunity for an infant to become socialized. Children in
schools are not only introduce to fresh concepts, but also the same elderly fellow
countrymen. This generates social behaviors such as empathy, fellowship,
engagement, and encouragement that are essential in your adult life.
2. School is the basic foundation of knowledge for kids. A chance to learn about
different fields of Education, including humans, literature, culture, mathematics,
politics, and several other topics. This contributes to increase the thought processes
of kids.
3. In school, children are introduced to diverse sources from which they are able to
acquire tremendous information, which is important for their growth. School is also
important to instill life in children.”

II. Submit an article about the present situation of Filipino children and adolescents.

How can education help to solve the problem?

Schools can encourage good nutritional habits by; Developing a whole school food
policy. Involving pupils and parents in guiding them to eat more healthy foods like
vegetables, fish and fruits. Educate families about school meal program. Also
practice within the school and enabling them to contribute to healthy eating, and
acting on their feedback. Offering healthy foods in school canteens. Make Nutrition
education Part of instruction or classes.

III.Describe brain development during childhood and adolescence.

According to Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development it suggest that children move

through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on
understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the
nature of intelligence. Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning
process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make
observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around
them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and
adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information.

Piaget stages are the fallowing.

1. Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years old - During this earliest stage of cognitive
development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences
and manipulating objects. A child's entire experience at the earliest period of this
stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses. Example of basic
actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening.

During the sensorimotor stage, children go through a period of dramatic growth and
learning. As kids interact with their environment, they continually make new
discoveries about how the world works.

2. Preoperational Stage: Age 2 to 7 years old - The foundations of language

development may have been laid during the previous stage, but the emergence of
language is one of the major symbol of the preoperational stage of development.
The characteristics and developmental changes during this stage the child begin to
think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. They
tend to be egocentric ( thinking only of oneself) and struggle to see things from the
perspective of others. They get better with language and thinking, but still tend to
think in very concrete terms.

3. Concrete Operational Stage: Age 7 to 11 years old - While children are still very
concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much
more adept at using logic. The egocentrism of the previous stage begins to disappear
as kids become better at thinking about how other people might view a situation.
The major characteristics and developmental changes during this stage is that
children begin to think logically about concrete events. They begin to understand the
concept of conversation; for example the experiment showing the same amount of
water from a tall glass and the other one short glass. Thinking becomes more logical
and organized, but still very concrete. They begin to use inductive logic, or reasoning
from specific information to a general principle. Kids at this point in development
tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts.

During this stage, children also become less egocentric and begin to think about how
other people might think and feel. Kids in the concrete operational stage also begin
to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else
necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

4. Formal Operational Stage: Age 12 and Up - The final stage of Piaget's theory
involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an
understanding of abstract ideas. At this point, adolescents and young adults become
capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more
scientifically about the world around them.

The major Characteristics and developmental changes during this time is that the
child begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. They begin
to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical,social, and political issues that
require theoretical and abstract reasoning. Lastly they begin to use deductive logic,
or reasoning from general principle to specific information.

The ability to thinking about abstract ideas and situations is the key hallmark of the
formal operational stage of cognitive development. The ability to systematically plan
for the future and reason about hypothetical situations are also critical abilities that
emerge during this stage. 

IV. What is exceptional development?

Exceptional Development- This commonly refers to learners with exceptionalities as

persons who are different in some way from the NORMAL or AVERAGE. The term
‘exceptionality’ is used by the Department of Education to identify patterns of
strengths and needs common to groups of students. The “Exceptional Learners”
includes those with special needs related to cognitive abilities, behaviour, social
functioning, physical and sensory impairment, emotional disturbances, and gifted.

Differentiate it in terms of physical, sensory disabilities and attention deficit

hyperactivity disorders.

Physical disability- physical disability have an acquired or congenital physical and/or

motor impairment such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, arthritis,
developmental coordination disorder, amputations, genetic disorders, etc. The
disability may interfere with the development or function of the bones, muscles,
joints and central nervous system. Physical characteristics may include:

 paralysis
 altered muscle tone
  an unsteady gait
 loss of, or inability to use, one or more limbs
 difficulty with gross-motor skills such as walking or running
 difficulty with fine-motor skills such as buttoning clothing or printing/writing

The impairment may range from mild to severe, may have minimal impact on the
student or interfere substantially with functional ability. The effects of the disability
may be minimized through appropriate environmental adaptations and/or the use of
assistive devices.

Sensory Disabilities-A sensory disability is a disability of the senses (sight, hearing,

smell, touch, taste).

There are 4 types of sensory disabilities

1. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)- Autism spectrum disorders are a lifelong
developmental disability. They affect the way someone interacts with the world
around them, as well as with other people.

2. Blindness and low Vision- Blindness and low vision can occur as a result of a
number of different diseases, conditions, or accidents. Some eye conditions are
congenital (present at or near birth), while others are caused later in life. Some
specific causes of vision loss can include an injury to the eye, eye defects, albinism,
macular degeneration, diabetes, glaucoma, cataracts, and tumors.

3. Hearing Loss & Deafness-Hearing loss, also known as a hearing impairment, is the
partial or total inability to hear. If someone has very little or no hearing, the term
‘deaf’ may be used.

Damage to any part of the external, middle, or inner ear can cause hearing loss
which can range from being mild to profound.

Causes of hearing loss can be quite varied and can include problems with the bones
within the ear, damage to the cochlear nerve, exposure to noise, genetic disorders,
exposure to diseases in utero, age, trauma, and other diseases.

4. Sensory Processing Disorder- Sensory processing disorder is a condition where a

person has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes in through
the senses. This may mean they misinterpret everyday sensory information, such as
touch, sound, and movement.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders-is a condition that affects people’s

behaviour. People with ADHD can seem restless, may have trouble concentrating
and may act on impulse.

Symptoms of ADHD tend to be noticed at an early age and may become more
noticeable when a child’s circumstances change, such as when they start schooling.
Most Cases are diagnosed when children are 3 to 7 years old, but sometimes it’s
diagnosed later in childhood.

Sometimes ADHD was not recognized when someone was a child, and they are
diagnosed later as an adult. The symptoms of ADHD usually improve with age, but
many adults who were diagnosed with the condition at a young age continue to
experience problems. People with ADHD may also have additional problems, such as
sleep and anxiety disorders.

Name: Glen Ann M. Espidang

Prof Ed Sec: B
Mobile Number :09452141967

LINGUISTIC AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER.

1. Why teacher needs to internalize the linguistic and literacy development of

children and adolescents?

Teachers need to internalize the linguistic and literacy of children and adolescents to
be able to communicate and to understand their students. Linguistic teaches you
how language works in society, brain, mind, situation, behaviour and culture of this
young people which they will bring with them in the future career or life.

2. Describe bilingual development.

This refers development two languages introduced early and simultaneously at an

early age of a child. As for Cognitive advantage, bilingual children may have a
superior ability to focus on one thing and change their response, easily indicating
“cognitive flexibility.” Both traits require self-control, a very desirable trait in the
early childhood classroom as well as life. On the other hand bilingual development
has also cognitive disadvantage, deficits in lexical access may develop in the form of
the inability of a child who is brought up in a bilingual environment to express his or her
thoughts clearly in any of the languages. 
3. Explain the natural history of language development.

Language develop and acquired by children by using different principles of re-

enforcement. This re enforcement from the parents or caregivers increases the
probability of a child’s behaviour because it is being repeated. The Child then imitate
the behaviour. For some modern theorist holds on interactionist view, which
basically means a child learn about society through interaction with people. Naom
Chomsky an American linguistic uses LAD ( Language acquisition Device) wherein
children able to learn language early & quickly.Further Jerome Bruner an American
Psychologist came up with this LASS ( Learning Acquisition Support System)which
argues that children do have an innate ability to learn and acquire language, but also
require the interaction of other users of the same language to excel in their learning.
There are 3 Antecedents of Language, Pseudo dialogue the speaking and listening
training for infants. Second the Protodeclaratives, a child is being trained by giving
object, doing action to entity. Lastly the Protoimperatives this is a form of training
where you ask the child to get an object, you request him to do action. Example you
let him dance, smile, return the object to one particular place.

4. Discuss the significance for teachers in learning the different terms under
emergent and early literacy.

In terms of Emergent development, must be creative and patient because it is a

developing stage of a child. Having a literate teacher who able to introduce creative
ways to teach a child to be able for a child to develop his skills, knowledge and
attitudes in reading and writing. When this skills mastered by the child he will have
reading comprehension when he turns into primary or higher grade. While on the
early literacy of child, teachers plays an important role in developing educational and
fun activities for young children while also ensuring their safety. Patience, creativity,
enthusiasm, and sense of organization is needed because children at this stage are
more curious. Teachers are task to support basic cognitive, behavioral, social and
physical to be able to development child future milestones.

5. Explain the importance on the application of antecedents of language

development in teaching learning processes.

The importance of antecedents of language development in teaching learning

process. It supports the ability of your child to communicate, and express and
understand feelings. It also supports your child's thinking ability and helps them
develop and maintain relationships. Language development lays the foundation for
the reading and writing skills in children as they enter and progress through school.
6. Make a reflection (150words)

Language and literacy are major areas of early childhood development. These are
connected areas, but refer to different things. Language development involves the
development of the skills used to communicate with others through languages, while
literacy development involves the ability to read and write. Babies are born with the
capacity for development in these areas. There are simple ways that adults can
support this development. Further to understanding basic behaviors, adults should
also be aware of common communication disorders, which may disrupt language
and literacy development.

SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
Lev Vygotsky

Questions to Answer.
1. Explain the zone of actual development and zone of proximal development.

Zone of actual development means collaboration. A teacher and a learner team up.
When a child tries to discover his skills on his own tendency is that is its is less
competence. But with the guidance and help of parents or caregiver, who will assist
him in discovering new skills, the child competency will turn out to be higher. While
zone of proximal development define as the space between what a learner can do
without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration
with more capable peers.

2. State and demonstrate appreciation for the use of scaffolding to facilitate

learning

Vygotsky scaffolding is a teaching method that uses instructors and more advanced
peers to help students learn.  He felt that studies should be analyzing the individual
within the society and not the individual itself. Only then could you observe the level
of growth, as it is social interaction itself that promotes mental development. While
morals, values, and thoughts are believed to be influenced by society, the process of
learning is not seen as something that is copied. Vygotsky defined that interactions
with others created growth by making connections between concepts.

3. Why Vygotsky recognized social interaction and language are the two central
factors in cognitive development?

He believed that individual development could not be understood without looking

into the social and cultural context within which development happens. Without
language, Vygotsky believed that we would be limited to a more primitive
function. Language is ultimately the tool by which we communicate the desired
behaviors and therefore enable the development of a society and its culture.

4. What’s the theory is all about?

Vygotsky's scaffolding is a theory that focuses on a student's ability to learn

information through the help of a more informed individual. When used effectively,
scaffolding can help a student learn content they wouldn't have been able to process
on their own

Do the exercise below.

An Exercise in Scaffolding:

1. Choose a skill you are good in.

Customer Service Skills.

2. Identify an individual to whom you can teach this skill. Somebody who will
benefit from scaffolding

My nephew.

3. Break down the steps you will take in teaching the skill.
Session Plan
1. Who is a customer and how do we deal with them?
2. Communicating with customers.
3. Delivering a service.
4. When things go wrong.

3. Determine how you will use scaffolding. Describe the specific actions you will do
to scaffold.

 Orient with the product and services offered.

 Train the soft skills for better communication with the customers
 Orient with the company mission and values.
 Provide blended training program to acquire new skills
 Try a dry run or scenario based learning which will help increase the
effectiveness and impact of the training.
 Do execution

4. Teach the skill to the individual.

5. Describe how the learning activity went.

Learning Outcomes: He will be able to

 Explain the difference between a client and a customer
 Define customer service
 Describe a service delivery charter
 Create a service deliver charter
 Explain the procedural and personal dimensions of customer service
 Describe and explain the RATER customer service model
 Distinguish internal and external customers
 Define customer expectations

7. From the module on Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory, I learned that… (100

words)

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory views human development as as socially mediated

process where in children learned their cultural values, beliefs and problem solving
strategies through collaboration with more knowledgeable members of society. His
theory is comprised of concepts such as culture specific tools, private speech and the
zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s theories point out the fundamental role
of social interaction in the development of cognition, as he strongly believed that
community plays a big role in the process of learning.

THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Questions to answer:

1. Explain the advantages of learning the concepts of this theory?

By using Piaget's theory in the classroom, teachers and students benefit in several
ways. Teachers develop a better understanding of their students' thinking. They can
also align their teaching strategies with their students' cognitive level

2. In what way does basic cognitive concepts help the teachers to determine
students learning?
For example, if a child has to create a model of the solar system using materials they
have at home, there are a number of ways they could use them. Thinking of several
possibilities and then using the one that is the most logical or effective shows they
have hypothetical-deductive reasoning skills of a child.

Children at this stage can also examine and evaluate their own thoughts and actions.
For example, if they argue with a friend, they can consider how their opinions or
behavior might have contributed. They can then decide how to approach the
situation.

3. State the relationship of assimilation and accommodation.

Both processes are used simultaneously and alternately throughout life. Assimilation
is necessary as it assures that structures are continuous and that new elements can
be integrated into adaptation of schemas. While accommodation allows these
structures to adapt to individual circumstances.

4. What is the role of schema?

Schema is a mental structure to help us understand how things work. It has to do
with how we organize knowledge. As we take in new information, we connect it to
other things we know, believe, or have experienced. And those connections form a
sort of structure in the brain

5. Why there is a need for teachers to familiarize the four stages and their
respective age bracket of cognitive development? How this can be helpful in a
teaching learning process?

Teachers need to familiarize the 4 stages and their respective age bracket of
cognitive development these will be the guide on how to dealor handle their
students.

5. Discuss the advantages of knowing the development of each stage of cognitive

development.

 Cognitive development provides children with the means of paying attention

to thinking about the world around them.
 Everyday experiences can impact a child’s cognitive development.
 Cognitive development encompasses a child’s working memory, attention, as
well as a child’s ability to manage and respond to the experiences and
information they experience on a daily basis.
  Cognitive development can be compared to a child’s air traffic control tower
– taking in information and processing it on a daily basis with intent and
purpose.

6. Make a reflection in this theory (100 words)

Piaget’s stages of development is a theory that children go through clear stages from
birth to adulthood, with each stage bringing new skills and milestones as they
develop their knowledge of the world.

Piaget believed that children develop through a continuous drive to learn and adapt
schemas, which are mental device that help them understand things. His ideas still
have a considerable impact on child psychology and approaches to education.

Piaget made many significant contributions to theories about child development,

and many are still influential today. However, others have criticisms of his ideas.