REVIEWER (DEVPSYCH)

LESSON 7 : ADOLESCENCE

PHYSICAL GROWTH
Puberty - period of rapid growth and sexual maturation,
Distalproximal Development - growth proceeds from extremities toward the
torso.
Overall Physical Growth spurt
- 10-11 inches added in height
- 50-75 pounds in weight

*Sexual Development
1. Primary Sexual Characteristics
MALE : Have internal and external genitalia that are responsible for procreation and sexual
intercourse.
FEMALE : their external genitalia is collectively known as the VULVA.
2. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
MALE
- Broader Shoulders and lower voice because the larynx grows.
- Hair becomes coarser and darker
- Hair growth occurs in the pubic area, underarms, and on the face.
FEMALE
- Breast Development (around 10)
- Hips broadened
- Pubic and underarm hair becomes darker and coarser.

ACNE - unpleasant consequence of hormonal changes

- pimples on the skin due to overactive sebaceous (oil-producing) glands.

GENDER ROLE INTENSIFICATION

- states that girls and boys experience increased pressure to conform to culturally
sanctioned gender roles during adolescence.

ADOLESCENT BRAIN
- myelination and development of connections between neuron continues
- has a result in an increase in the white matter of the brain and allows adolescents to
make significant improvements in thinking and processing skills.

● Teens take more risks than adults

● Adolescents' brain's sensitivity to neurotransmitter dopamine peaks, dopamine is
involved in reward circuits.
● The adolescent's brain is affected by Oxytocin, which facilitates bonding and makes
social connections more rewarding.
● With dopamine and oxytocin involved, it is no wonder that adolescents seek peers
and excitement in their lives.
● And because of the changes in the adolescent brain, abnormal development can
occur (i.e mental illnesses)
 ● 50% of mental illness occurs at age 14 and 75% occurs by age 24. During this
period, the adolescent brain is especially vulnerable to damage from drug exposure.

ADOLESCENT SLEEP
- adolescents need about 8-10 hrs of sleep each night to function best.
- Insufficient sleep in adolescents (Troxel et al., 2019) - a predictor of risky
sexual behaviours. Another explanation of risky sexual behaviors is the lack of
sleep negatively affects impulsitivity and decision-making processes.

ADOLESCENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY

- by 10 or 11, most children increased sexual attraction to others that /affect social life.
- By the end of high school, more than half of boys and girls report having experienced
sexual intercouse at least once.

ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY
- In 2018, females ages 15-19 experienced a birth rate of 17.4 per 1000 women.
- adolescents seem to be less sexually active than in previous years, and those who
are sexually active use birth control.

RISK FACTORS
- parent/child closeness, parental supervision, and parent's values against teen
intercourse decreased the risk of adolescent pregnancy.
- residing in disorganized/dangerous neighbourhoods, living in lower SES Family,
living with a single parent, having older sexually active siblings/pregnant parenting
teenage sister, early puberty, victim of sexual abuse gives an increased risk of
adolescent pregnancy.

CONSEQUENCES
- 40% of teenagers who have children before age 18 graduate from high school.
- teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty
- 64% children born to unmarried teenage highschool dropout live in poverty
- 50% of children born to a teenage mother are more likely to repeat a grade in school
and are more likely to perform poorly on tests and dropout before finishing
highschool.
- among men, those who have less than a high school diploma fathered their first child
before 25.

EATING DISORDERS
- Anorexia Nervosa
1. intense fear of gaining weight
2. restriction of energy intake leading to a significant low body weight
3. disturbance in one's self-evaluation regarding body weight
- Bulimia Nervosa
1. recurrent episodes of binge eating
2. inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
(purging, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise)
3. Self-evaluation is unduly affected by body shape and weight
- Binge eating Disorder
 1. recurrent episodes of binge eating
2. marked distress regarding binge eating
3. Binge eating is not associated with recurrent use of inappropriate
compensatory behavior

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

- adolescents are able to understand abstract principles which have no physical
reference. This includes abstract constructs (beauty, love, Freedom, and morality)
DEDUCTIVE REASONING (General to Specific
- requires the ability to use a general participle to determine a particular
outcome.
ABSTRACT THOUGHT
- ability to think about abstract concepts. Beginning to consider possible
outcomes and consequences of actions
PROBLEM-SOLVING
- ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way
emerges. Able to plan quickly an organised approach to solving a problem.
HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- capable of thinking about abstract and hypothetical ideas.
- often ponder “what-if" type situations and questions

ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM
- enter a world of hypothetical possibilities and demonstrate egocentrism
(heightened self-fous)

Consequence
- Imaginary audience - belief that those around them are as concerned and
Focused on their appearance as they themselves are.
- Personal Fable/Belief - one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm
- Introspection -
- Idahstic -
- Hypocrisy -
- Pseudostupidity - purposely acting stupid to avoid responsibilities.
lNFORMATION PROCESSING
- Cognitive Control - executive functions (attention, working memory, and
cognitive flexibility) have been steadily improving since early childhood.
- Self-regulation - ability to control impulses, may still fail.

INDUCTIVE REASONING
- specific to general
- correct observations won't necessarily Iead you to correct general conclusion
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- general to specific
- your conclusion will be correct if all the statements you say are correct.

Intuitive vs Analytic Thinking

 Dual-Process Model
- Intuitive and analytic thought
- notion that humans have two distinct networks for processing information

Intuitive Thought
- automatic, unconscious, and fast. More experiential and emotional
Analytic Thought
- deliberate, conscious, and rational. They are distinct.

Education (nadiscuss ba?)

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Self-concept and self-esteem in Adolescence

- understanding of self is often full of contradictions.
- they may see themselves as outgoing but also withdrawn, happy yet moody, smart
and completely clueless.
- emphasize traits like being friendly and considerate, highlighting their increasing
concern about how others may see them.
- add values and moral Standards to their self-descriptions.

Self-esteem
- mid to late adolescence
- arise when they feel competent in their peer relationships, appearance, and athletic
abilities

Identity vs Role confusion

Identity - experiences, relationships, beliefs, values and memories that make up a
person's subjective sense of self.
Role Confusion - When they were not allowed to explore and test out different
identities. It results (1) unaware of who you are and where you fit, (2) drifting from one
job/relationship to another, (3) Feeling disappointed and confused about your place in life.
Has several different areas of identity
- Religious Identity
- Political Identity
- Vocational Identity
- Gender Identity
- Sexual Identity

Parents and Teens: Autonomy and Attachment

- Most adolescents get along with their parents but they spend less time with them,
which is a decrease in time spent and reflects their desire for independence or
autonomy.
- Teens who are securely attached to their parents have less emotional problems, are
less likely to engage in drug abuse and criminal behaviors, and they also have more
positive peer relationships.

Peers
- Function of homophily
- Adolescents who are similar to one another choose to spend time together

Can serve positive and negative function:

DEVIANT PEER CONTAGION - process by which peers reinforce problem behavior

by laughing or showing signs of approval that increase the likelihood of future
problem behavior.

ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS - open communication, high level of trust, and

partners who are relatively close in age. Helps to refine their sense of identity and
develop interpersonal skills, and provides emotional support.

LESSON 8: YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Young Adult
- Emerging adulthood
- Represents a period of time during which adult can figure out who they are and what
they want to be

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
 - Lack of physical activity is one of the risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and
mental health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and other health
conditions.
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON HEALTH
- Any disorder (obesity, asthma, cancers, etc.) is the product of interaction between
genes and environment.
BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH AND FITNESS
- Knowledge about health —> affects what they do —> affects what they feel.
- However, just by knowing about what is good and bad for us is not enough.

● BENEFITS
- helps to maintain healthy body weight
- builds muscles
- Strengthens heart and lungs
- Lowers blood pressure
- Protects against diseases
- Relieves anxiety and depression
NOTE: exercise is also related to cognitive functioning, a healthy body establishes and
maintains a healthy mind.

STRESS
- Psychological health affects physical health and that high levels of chronic stress are
related to a host of physical and immunological impairments.

HANDLING STRESS
- some may be engaged in risky behaviors such as drinking and smoking

SLEEP
- Majority of emerging and young adults often go without enough sleep.
- Factors that are associated with high level of insomnia are (1) family life stress, (2)
academic stress.

SLEEP DEPRIVATION
- affects not only physical but also cognitive, emotional, and social.
- Its primary cognitive consequence is impaired attention and vigilance.

ALCOHOL USE
- Moderate alcohol consumption is not harmful
- Heavy drinking over years may lead to CIRRHOSIS of liver, gastrointestinal
disorders, pancreatic disease, etc.
- Risky drinking - consuming more than 14 drinks a week or 4 drinks every day (men)
and 3 drinks (women)

RELATIONSHIP AND HEALTH

- SOCIAL INTEGRATION
- active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities, and
roles.
- Has been repeatedly associated with low mortality rates.
 -People with wide social networks are more likely to survive heart attacks and
less likely to be anxious or depressed.
- SOCIAL SUPPORT
- material, informational, and psychological resources derived from social
networks which a person can rely on for help.

MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

- Emerging adulthood transition brings to an end the relatively structured years of
highschool. Freedom and choosing a diverse path can be liberating, but responsibility
and financially self-supporting can be overwhelming.

- Freedom can be liberating, but the responsibility and financially responsibility can be
overwhelming.
- Use of illicit drugs peaks at 18-25.
- Marijuana is the most popular illicit drugs among young adults.
- Emerging adulthood also appears to be the sensitive period for depressive disorders.

Childhood-or-adolescent-onset-depression
- Adolescent-onset-depression
- Tend to have had significant childhood risk factors (development, disorders,
etc)
- Childhood-onset-depression

- Adult-onset-group
- Have had low levels of childhood risks, possess more resources to deal with

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES

- prime preoccupation of emerging and young adulthood.
- Casual Sex (hooking up) is common especially on college campus.
- Sexual assault is also a problem
- Sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) are illnesses that are transmitted ny having
sex.

REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES
- Women experiencing difficulty carrying pregnancy to term
- Women's fertility begins to decline in their late 20s with substantial decreases during
30s.
- At 40s, they may not be able to get pregnant without the use of Assisted
Reproductive Technology (ART)
- Men’s fertility begins to decline at 30s.

Major cause of declining fertility:

Women - deterioration in quality of ova, mucus in cervix, and decrease of the uterine lining
Men - low count of sperm

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AMONG YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Post formal thought - emotion an practical experience in the resolution of ambiguous
problems

SCHAIE: A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

K. Warner Schaie’s Life-span Model - developing uses of cognition within a social context

1. Acquisitive Stage (Childhood and adolescence)

- acquire information and skills for their own sake as preparation for entering
society.
2. Achieving Stage (late teens or early 20s to 30s)
- use what they know to pursue goals (career and family)
3. Responsible Stage (late 30s to early 60s)
- use of minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities
4. Executive Stage (30s or 40s)
- responsible for societal systems.
- Deals with complex relationship on multiple levels
5. Reorganizational Stage (end of middle age and beginning of late adulthood)
- reorganize their lives and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits
6. Reintegrative Stage (late adulthood)
- tend to be more selective on tasks they expend effort on.
- Focuses on what they do and concentrate on tasks that have the most
meaning for them.
7. Legacy-creating Stage (advanced old age)
- creation of instructions for the disposition of prized possessions, make funeral
arrangements, or write their life stories as legacy

ENTERING THE WORLD OF WORK

Occupational Sexism
- Involves discriminatory practices, statements, or actions based on a person's sex
Glass Ceiling
- invisible barrier that keeps women and minorities from rising to higher position
regardless of their qualifications
Glass Cliff
- Women and minorities being placed in leadership positions when the risk of failure is
high.

Young Adults experience INTIMACY vs ISOLATION

Intimacy
- developing a close and intimate relationship with others
Isolation
- can happen because of many reasons like childhood experiences, divorce of parents,
fears, past relationships, etc.

ATTACHMENT IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Secure
- Able to easily get close to others, doesn't worry about being abandoned.
Avoidant
- Uncomfortable being close to others, not completely trusting them. Becomes nervous
when anyone gets too close
Anxious/Ambivalent
- Noticed that others are reluctant to get close, worries that their partner doesn't really
love them

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Attraction
- what makes other people like, and love each other.

Factors Influencing Attraction

- Similarity
- Self-disclosure
- Proximity

Sternberg's Triangular Theory

Intimacy component - feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness
Passion component - motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance
Decision/Commitment component - initial cognition that one loves another person and the
longer-term determination to maintain that love

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Friends with Benefits: “FWB” “Booty calls” involves friends having casual sex without
commitment.

Hooking up Gender Differences: both male and female said that physical and emotional
gratification, and desire to initiate a romantic relationship

Emotional Consequences of Hooking up: high comorbidity of hooking up and substance

use.
- For those engaged in non-monogamous sex are more likely to have used marijuana,
cocaine, and alcohol

Choosing a Partner: many young adult pursuits a partner during early adulthood

LESSON 9: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Physical Changes
- Wrinkles
- White hair
Sensory Changes
- Presbyopia (hard time reading small print, hold material farther than arm’s distance,
seeing objects that are close, headaches, and eyestrain)
- Dry Eye Syndrome - occurs when the eye does not produce tears properly
Hearing Changes
Health Concerns
- Heart Disease, Hypertension, Cancer, Cholesterol, Diabetes, Obesity, etc
RISK FACTORS
- advanced age, sex-males, family history, smoking-nicotine, poor diet, etc.
Sleep

Climacteric
- Menopause - for women
- Andropause - for men, causes are loss of hypothalamic sensitivity, testicular
defects, increased shbg level, circadian rhythm dysfunction

Exercise, Nutrition, and Weight

Imidiate - moderate-to-vigorous physical activity provides immediate benefits
Long-term - provides important health benefits for chronic disease prevention

Sexuality
- Continues to be sexually active
- Women were less likely to be satisfied than men
- Midlife is the time when physical changes and changes in sexual response occurs
Brain Functioning
- Maintain not only many of the abilities of young adult but also gain new ones
- Continues to demonstrate plasticity and rewires itself
- Older adults use more of their brain than young adults
- They perform best on tasks.
- Their brain is calmer, less neurotic, more capable of managing emotions
- Focuses more on positive information

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Intelligence
- Influenced by heredity, culture, social context, personal choices, and age.
FLUID INTELLIGENCE
- capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities quickly and
abstractly
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
- accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives
Flow
- Mental state where a person is completely present and fully absorbed in a task
Tacit Knowledge
- pragmatic or practical and learned through experience rather than explicitly taught
- “Know-how” “Professional instinct”
Expertise
- Specialized skills and knowledge that pertains to particular topic or activity
- Intuitive, Automatic, Strategic, and flexible
Novice
- someone who has limited experiences with a particular task
Work at Midlife
Job Burnout - unsuccessfully managed work place stress
Leisure - time off work and duties

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Midlife Crisis
- Shift in identity that sometimes affects middle-aged adults between the ages 40 and
60
- Can affect self-concept and self-confidence
Causes
1. Relationships and roles are changing
2. Time of regrets

Stress
- Challenging times because of increased stressors
- Health and well-being, disruptions to daily schedules, plans for future and finances
Social Relationship and Stress
Social Integration
- Concept used to describe the number of social roles you have
Caregiving and Stress
- Caregiving a family member and parents

Coping Strategies
Problem-focused coping
- Addressing the event that is causing stress
Emotion-focused coping
- Regulates emotion that come with stress

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
Generativity - “making your mark” on the world by caring for others
Stagnation - failure to find a way to contribute.

Midlife Relationship
Sandwich generation
- Adults who have at least one parent (65 or older) and raising their own children or
providing support
Kinkeeping
- Person who keep the family connected and promote solidarity and continuity
Empty nest
- Post-parental period
 - Time period when children are grown up and have left home
Empty nest Syndrome
- Great emotional distress experienced by parents after children have left home

Middle Adult Lifestyles

● Singlehood
● Online dating
● Marriage/Divorce
● Grandparents

Friendship
- Close friend whom they could share personal feelings and concerns
- Lowers odd of psychiatric morbidity (depression and anxiety)
- Lessen the adverse effect of stress on health

Religion and Spirituality

- Demonstrated a strong relationship between spirituality and psychological well-being
- Related to a higher quality of life (individual and society)

LESSON 10: LATE ADULTHOOD

Lifespan/Maximum Lifespan
- Greatest age reached by any member of a given population
- 120-125 current lifespan
Life expectancy
- Average number of years that members of a population live

Age Division
● Young old - 65 to 74
● Old - 75 to 90
● Very old - 90 and older

Centenarians
- Oldest-old - 100 and older
- Supercentinarians - 110 and older
*In Manila, there are 662 Filipino centenarians

Health Problems in Older People

Common Physical Disorders
- Heart disease, cancer, and stroke
- Aging weakens the immune system, and they are more susceptible to infectious
disease

Psychological and Mental Disorders

Major depression
- Characterized by feeling of intense sadness, pessimism, and hopelessness
- Depression, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease
The Senses
Vision
- Changes in physical apparatus of the eye
Hearing
- Hearing loss from around 30% of 65 and 74 while 50% for 75 and older
Taste and Smell
- Changes in sensitivity to taste and smell

Type of Smell Disorders

Presbyosmia - smell loss due to aging
Hyposmia - loss of only cert odors
Anosmia - total loss of smell
Dysosmia - change in perception of odors. Familiar odors are distorted
Phantosmia - Smell odors that are not present

Brain Functioning
- 5% to 10% decrease in brain volume because of the shrinkage of neurons, lower
number of synapses, and shorter length of axons

Wellness in Late Adulthood

Promoting Good Health - enhance physical well-being and longevity by doing what people
all ages should do

Sexuality in Old Age

- People are still sexually active even in their 80s and 90s.

PHYSICAL TRANSITION IN OLDER PEOPLE

Approaches to Aging
1. Genetic Programming Theories
2. Wear-and-tear Theories
- Aging is due to cumulative effects of hard work and lifelong stress
- Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out
- Introduced by Dr. August Weismann
3. Evolutionary Theory
4. Cellular Clock Theory
5. Mitochondrial Damage
6. Free Radicals
7. Hormonal Stress Theory

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Leisure
- Leisure time remained at about 7 hrs a day but risen almost 30 mins per day
Ageism
- Prejudice and discrimination directed at older people
- Less than full command of their mental faculties

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
Integrity
- Person’s ability to look back on their life with a sense of accomplishment and
fulfillment
BENEFITS
- Ego Integrity
- Peace and fulfillment
- Wisdom
Despair
- Looking back on life with feelings of regret, shame, or disappointment
CONSEQUENCES
- increase in depressive symptoms
- Increased regret
- Decreased life satisfaction

GENERATIVITY IN LATE ADULTHOOD

● Volunteering
● Grandparents raising Grandchildren

Social Networks
● Relationship with Adult children
● Friendship
● Loneliness/solitude

Late Adult’s Lifestyle

● Marriage
● Widowed
● Divorce
● Dating
● Remarriage and Cohabitation
● Living apart together

DEATH AND DYING

Curative Care
- Overcome and cure disease and illness
Palliative Care
- Focuses on providing comfort and relief from physical and emotional pain to patients
Hospice Care
- Involves a team of professionals and volunteers who provide terminally ill patients
with medical, psychological, and spiritual support
- Help the dying be as free from pain

Euthanasia
- Intentionally ending one’s life ehen suffering from a terminal illness or severe
disability
Active Euthanasia
- Intentionally causing death, usually through a lethal dose of medication
Passive Euthanasia
 - Occurs when life-sustaining support os withdrawn.

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AFTER DEATH

Roman Catholic
- Annointed by a priest/Annointing of the Sick
Muslim
- Deceased are buried as soon as possible.
Hindu
- Hindus are cremated as soon as possible
Judaism
- Deceased is first washed and then wrapped in a simple white shroud and placed into
a plain wooden coffin
Green Burials
- Attempt to reduce impact on the environment at every stage of the funeral

Grief
- Normal process of reacting to a loss
Bereavement
- Period after a loss during grief and mourning occurs
Mourning
- People adapt to a loss
Support Groups
- Helpful for grieving individuals
- Reduce isolation, connect individuals, and offer a place to share their pain and learn
coping mechanisms.