Professional Documents
Culture Documents
How does weight, SES and gender affect puberty? Create a timeline of pubertal changes.
- Weight: overweight children will start puberty earlier- underweight children will start
- Culture also has a big part in adolescence. Those cultures that push work and other
adult behavior earlier will have a shorter adolescence. 1) early adolescence (11-14)-
this period of rapid pubertal change. 2) middle adolescence (14-16) pubertal changes
are now nearly complete. 3) Late adolescence (16-18)- the young person achieves full
underarm and pubic hair estrogens released by ovaries contribute to height spurt by
stimulating GH- which caused breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature, the body to take
on feminine proportions, and fat to accumulate, and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Boys= maturing testes release large quantity of the androgen testosterone, which leads
to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other male sex characteristics.
size). The testes secret small amounts of estrogen (some boys may experience to
- SES: those who come from a low SES or poverty-stricken areas puberty will be delayed.
Girls and boys with a history of family conflict, harsh parenting, parental separation, or
single mothers tend to reach puberty early. Those with arm, stable family ties reach
-they are more confident and but sometimes get in to an older crowd and could get in trouble.
-early maturing boys tend to be more confident socially and better athletes than late-maturing
boys
-girls who mature early develop a lower self-esteem and poorer self-evaluation than on-time-
maturing girls
-early maturation has been related to problem behaviors among girls who have had a history of
difficulties prior to adolescents
What has sports participation for boys and girls changed over the past five decades?
Sports have become very competitive. More girl sports are offered. Boys are more pressured to
do more sports- girls play more but do not feel as much pressure to play. US government
provides funding and there is more equality. 1960 women more involved in sports.
More equality.
- You will have more stress, depression, hallucinations, lack of function, worse grades in
school.
What are some of the similarities and differences between anorexia and bulimia?
Western European teenage girls are affected and 10 to 15 percent for boys (half of
which are gay or bisexual). This may be because they don’t want the bulky strong
weight loss, they exercise strenuously. They lose 25 to 50% of body fat. Girls will
pale skin, brittle discolored nails, fine dark hairs all over the body, and extreme
sensitivity to cold. If it continues, the heart muscles can shrink, the kidneys can
fail, and irreversible brain damage and loss of bone mass can occur. 5% die
- Bulimia Nervosa- young people (mainly girls, but gay and bisexual boys are
wight gain, such as deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise,
and early menarche increase the risk. Treatment is easier than anorexia, with the
help of support groups, nutrition education, training in changing earing habits, and
- Binge-eating disorder- binging at lease one a week for three months or longer,
social adjustment difficulties, and many binge eaters experience sever emotional
distress and suicidal thoughts. Effective treatments resemble those used for
bulimia.
How do North American parents approach the discussion of sexuality with their children?
- Those from low SES household, single mothers, girls who get in trouble a lot/ juvey
What should school and community programs include to reduce drug experimentation?
- Making kids aware of the health problems that may arise from this situation,
- Teenagers often fail to apply this reasoning to everyday situations. In the midst of
teenagers, who often overlook the potential consequences of risky behaviors. They
are lease likely to use condoms in relatively new relationships in which they feel
- Teenagers usually just do not think about those things, and if they do, they are
extremely concerned of what others' opinions are of them. They are also very
spontaneous and passionate and don’t know how to get contraception. They also do
not think of what early parenthood would be like, and how it will affect their lives,
not just now, but in the future as well. About 12% of US girls and 5% of US boys say
that they were pressured into having intercourse when they were unwilling. But, when
teenagers have a good, open relationship with their parents, safe sex is more likely to
- qs
& inhibition.
-
- Working memory- increases, enabling more information to be held in mind at
reasoning
of information.
- Imaginary audience - work revolves around the teen- inflated ego-- everyone is
looking at me. page 392 – everyone is looking at me- what I am wearing what I am
saying.
- Person fable- there is no way people can understand what you are going through
- Efforts to address the many factors in students’ lives related to leaving school
- Participate in extracurricular activities- they will feel more attached to their school.
They can be more involved with smaller school number. Moderate (not excessive)
reduce antisocial behavior, more favorable self-esteem and initiative, and increased
peer acceptance.
Comment on the gender gap in verbal abilities, writing mathematics and spatial abilities.
- Boys are naturally better at math, and girls are usually better at English and writing.
learning. Page 463.The more you make their applicable learning easier and applied in
- Efforts to address the many factors in students’ lives related to leaving school
- Participate in extracurricular activities- they will feel more attached to their school.
They can be more involved with smaller school number. Moderate (not excessive)
reduce antisocial behavior, more favorable self-esteem and initiative, and increased
peer acceptance.
According to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises that are distinctly social
in nature. These involve establishing a sense of trust in others, developing a sense of identity in
society, and helping the next generation prepare for the future. He extends on Freudian thoughts
by focusing on the adaptive and creative characteristic of the ego, and expanding the notion of
- SELF CONCEPT
- In early adolescence they unify separate traits (smart, and curious) in to more
abstract descripts (intelligent). But these generalizations are not interconnected and
combine their traits into an organized system. (I have a fairly quick temper). Their
- Self- esteem: Most people have higher self-esteem in mid to late teens, social
- SELF-ESTEEM
- Teenagers add several new dimensions of self-evaluation—close friendships,
- Level of general self-esteem also changes. Teenagers often assert that they have
American teenagers, who may benefit from greater extended family support and
ethnic pride.
- Teenagers who attend school or live in neighborhoods where their ethnic group is
exploration.
transition. And the pattern often varies across identity domains, such as sexual
Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation: this is where we try to avoid punishment
from authority.'
Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation: children start to become aware that people
have different perspectives on moral dilemmas, and understand reciprocity as equal exchange
of favors.
Stage 3: the "good boy and good girl" orientation or the morality of interpersonal
cooperation: desire to obey rules because of social harmony, which individuals want to
Stage 4: The social order maintaining orientation: rules must be enforced in the same
evenhanded fashion for everyone, and each member of society has a personal duty to uphold
them.
Stage 5: The social contract orientation: laws and rules are flexible instruments.
Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation: individuals typically mention abstract
stages the longer the person stays in school. The longer you are in college the more
you grasp
She argued that Kohlberg's classification of moral judgment is centered on principles of justice
and rights which are valued more by males than by females, rather than on values of caring and
- Girls: emotional closeness, just get together and talk, while their interactions contain
Boys: gather for an activity, discussions focus on achievements in sports and school
What's the difference between a clique and a crowd and what is their impact on the teen?
- Cliques- groups of about five to seven members who are friends and, therefore,
usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, values, and interests.
- Among wester adolescents attending high schools with complex social structures,
often several cliques with similar values form a larger, more loosely organized
broadcast, through dress, language, and preferred activities, who they are.
associated with hormonal changes of puberty that with age. This suggests that the
Girls are more prone to depression than boys. Besides greater stress reactivity, girls’
- Boys have more risk factors for suicide, including substance abuse and aggression.
Girls make more unsuccessful suicide attempts and use methods from which they
are more likely to be revived such as a sleeping pill overdose. Boys often choose
techniques that lead to instant death, (firearms, hanging). Lesbian, gay, bisexual
and transgender are at high risk, attempting suicide three times as often as other
adolescence.
Describe senescence.
are "caps" at the ends of chromosomes that protect your genes from being eroded each time a
cell divides. Specifically, they are repeating bases and proteins at the tips of chromosomes.
Free-radical damage increases with age, no clear evidence indicates that it triggers biological
Free radicals are not a major contributor to DNA mutations, cellular damage, and reduced
longevity. To the contrary, in some species, elevated free-radical activity—as long as it does not
reach toxic levels—is associated with longer life, likely because it serves as a “stress signal” that
- Vital capacity- how much air you have in your lungs at a given time
- T-cells are the generals and kill bad things in your body.
How is weight loss maintained? When do a substantial number of people in the US gain
weight?
- A lifestyle changes to a nutritious diet low in calories, plus regular exercise. Calorie
reduction rather than dietary composition predicts weight loss, though restricting
sugar and fat yield substantial health benefits. Adding an hour of brisk walking will
Keeping a food journal helps you understand how much you REALLY eat every day.
Following a portion-controlled serving size will help control intake and will aid in
weight loss.
- Social support- group or individual counseling and encourage from friends and
relatives help sustain weight- loss efforts by fostering self-esteem and self- efficacy
- Teaching problem-solving skills. Most overweight adults do not realize that because
their body has adapted to over-weight, difficult periods requiring high self-control
and patience are inevitable in successful weight loss. Acquiring cognitive and
behavioral strategies for coping with tempting situations and periods of slowed
- Extended intervention- longer treatments that include the components listed here
How many sexual partners have most adults been with in the past year?
2?
Know stats about sexual coercion and effective prevention and treatment programs for it.
Official statistics show that incidence rates of sexual coercion have been rising during
recent decades, partly due to an increased ability of women to label these experiences,
report them, and seek help. Also the growth of women with regard to personal and
applauded. Preventive strategies, must go beyond individual solutions and also address
Socio-situational factors that contribute to rape involve several factors that have helped to
he economic institution that is structured so that women are dependent on men makes it
Devaluation of housework and child care as well as the family structure, and division of
labor in the family, especially lack of involvement of men in child care, promotes
circumstances that can spawn sexual coercion behaviors. Objectification of women by the
people tend to cope with stress more effectively as they move from early to middle adulthood.
They may become more realistic about their ability to change situations and more skilled at
Aware of diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute
truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context. Thinking can be more
flexible and tolerant. Ideas are really individualized, and you begin to have respect for
how great their thought could be, without it being absolute. Relativistic thinking leads
to the realization that one's own beliefs are often subjective because several
frameworks and may satisfy the criterion of internal logical consistency. Giving up
towards this. Instead of choosing between opposing views. They try to formulate a
willingly revise their internal belief system when presented with relevant evidence.
in pursuit of personally meaningful beliefs values and goals essential to help identity
development.
Pragmatic thought- a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving
real-world problems.
feelings and coordination of them in a complex, organized structure that recognizes the
awareness of one’s own and others’ perspectives and motivations. Making sense of
both positive and negative feelings, it helps people regulate intense emotion and,
therefore think rationally bout real-world dilemmas, even those that are laden with
negative information.
1) Fantasy period. In early and middle childhood, Children gain insight into career
glamour and excitement bear little relation to the decisions they will eventually
make.
2) the tentative period: between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about cruise in
more complex ways, at first in terms of interest, and soon as they become more
3) The realistic period: By the late teens and early 20s, with the economic and
practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, now people start to narrow
their options. A first step is often further exploration-- gathering more information
about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. in the final phase
3) Realistic person- who prefers real-world problems and working with objects, tend
4) artistic person - who is emotional and high in need for individual expression, looks
possessions and social status, has traits well suited to certain business fields.
American employers regard recent high school graduates as unprepared for skilled business and
the weighty decisions the young person faces and encourage personally valued choices—is
In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of midlife, which is resolved positively if the
adult can integrate personal goals with the welfare of the larger social world. The resulting
-Most young people construct a dream—an image of themselves in the adult world
relative.
. A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver return to
assume that this is how relationships are meant to be. They will then seek out functional
In interviews with arranged-marriage couples from diverse countries who reported that their love
gradually grew over time, the contributing factor most often mentioned was commitment.
Participants explained that commitment helped bring about other qualities that strengthened their
love, including good communication, accommodation (caring and concern), and pleasurable
physical intimacy.
Characterize the typical U.S. adult living at home with their parents today.
- Still financial dependent, in between phases. Single. Other countries (Italy- age 30)
their teens to mid-twenties are more likely to divorce than those who marry later
What are the different types of marriage? How do couples juggle home responsibilities?
Egalitarian marriages- partners relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both
try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and
their relationship.
They women does most of the household responsibility when she gets home from work
Voluntary childlessness in not always permanent condition. Many people decide early
that they do not want to be parents and stick to their plans. But most make their
decision after they are married and have developed a lifestyle they do not want to give
up. Later, some change their minds. The voluntarily childless are usually highly
educated, have prestigious occupations, are very committed to their work, and are less
traditional in gender-role attitudes. Voluntarily childless adults are just as content with
their lives as parents who have warm relationships with their children. Childlessness
seems to interfere with adjustment and life satisfaction only when it is beyond a
person’s control.
The majority of U.S. married couples who cohabitated first will divorce. Which population
is an exception?
Lesbian and gay cohabiters are exceptions to the high risk for breakup just described. The legal
right to marry, granted to same-sex couples throughout the United States in 2015, is so recent
that many already viewed their cohabiting relationships as symbols of long-term commitment
Background factors that increase the chances of divorce are younger age at marriage, being
previously divorced, and having parents who had divorced—all of which are linked to marital
difficulties. For example, couples who married at younger ages are more likely to report
infidelity and jealousy. And research conducted in diverse industrialized nations consistently
confirms that parental divorce elevates risk of divorce in the next generation, in part because it
promotes child adjustment problems and reduces commitment to the norm of lifelong marriage
Single motherhood is especially prevalent among African-American young women, who are
considerably more likely than white women to give birth outside of marriage and less likely to
live with the baby’s father. As a result, more than half of births to black mothers in their twenties
are to women without a partner, compared with about 14 percent of births to white women
489- those who had a male mentor are more likely to succeed (biggest help). Female to have a
higher male mentor. There are more men who are CEO’s 499-500
-page 389- propositional thought abstract Can’t see it you know three is something there-