COR 010
still perish needlessly in fires.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DISASTER AND
DISASTER RISK II
DISASTER
➢ is a culmination of risks that cause
global negative consequences in the
lives and assets of vulnerable and
exposed people, resulting in injuries,
deaths, property damage, environmental
degradation and disruption of livelihoods
and economic activities.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS
Natural Disaster - natural phenomenon that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, environmental damage, etc.
Human-made Disasters - are the
consequences of technological or human
hazards.
Examples of Disasters:
Flood
→An overflow of water that submerges land
that is usually dry.
Tsunami
→A large ocean wave that is caused by
sudden motion on the ocean floor.
Drought
→A natural disaster of below-average
precipitation in a given region, resulting in
prolonged shortages in the water supply,
whether atmospheric, surface water or
groundwater.
Landslide
→A range of ground movement, such as rock
falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris
flows.
Volcanic Eruption
→The release of hot magma, volcanic ash
and/or gasses from a volcano.
Fire (Urban)
→Even with strict building fire codes, people
The Basic Concepts in DRRM
Hazard- is a potentially destructive physical
phenomenon, event, or human activity. Hazards
may be active or may remain dormant, but may
however cause injury or death, damage of
property, economic and social disruption, or
environmental degradation
Exposure- when a hazard strikes, not everyone
can be equally affected by its dangers. Rather,
communities that reside in hazard-prone areas
are more exposed to such hazards and their
effects.
Vulnerability - refers to the lack of capacity to
flee from hazard exposure. May be caused by
poverty, lack of alternative options, or even
environmental degradation.
Capacity- are the basic factors that help a
community reduce its vulnerabilities, prevent
risks, and recover from disasters. They are the
positive strengths the community holds.
Risk- when combined, Hazards and Vulnerability
result in Risks, threatening people's lives and
assets.
RISK FACTOR UNDERLYING DISASTER
Climate Change
➢ Climate change can increase disaster
risk in a variety of ways - by altering the
frequency and intensity of hazards
events, affecting vulnerability to
hazards, and changing exposure
patterns.
Environmental Degradation
➢ It is both a driver and consequence of
disasters, reducing the capacity of the
environment to meet social and
ecological needs.
Globalized Economic Development
➢ It resulted in increased polarization
between the rich and poor on a global
scale.
Poverty and Inequality
➢ Poverty is both a driver and
consequence of disasters, and the
processes that further disaster risk
related poverty are permeated with
inequality.
Poorly-planned and Managed Urban
Development
➢ A new wave of urbanization is unfolding
in hazard-exposed countries and with it,
new opportunities for resilient
investment emerge.
Weak Governance
➢ Are investment environments in which
public sector actors are unable or
unwilling to assume their roles and
responsibilities on protecting rights,
providing basic services and public
services.
THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF
DISASTER
PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE
➢ Calamities are phenomena that cause
great physical damage in a community's
infrastructure, its people and their
properties, e. g. houses and
environmental sources of living.
➢ Effects of Physical Disasters - Injuries,
Physical Disabilities or Illness,
Sanitation, Damage in infrastructure
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
➢ Victims of disasters may suffer from
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
and other serious mental health
conditions, which are not being given
much attention to by the authorities.
SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
➢ Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters -
Change in individual roles, disruption of
social relationships and connections.
➢ Filipinos are generally known as
“matiisin”, resourceful, helpful,
optimistic, and prayerful. These
characteristics are manifested in the
country’s recent fight against COVID-19.
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
➢ Economic Effects of Disasters - Loss of
life, unemployment, loss of property,
loss of household articles, loss of crops,
loss of public infrastructure
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
➢ Natural disasters are commonly thought
to be less politically argumentative than
armed conflicts, yet a closer look shows
that both effects of natural disaster and
the resulting distribution of humanitarian
aid are profoundly linked to politics.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
➢ Disturbing effects caused by a prevalent
kind of disease or virus in an epidemic
or pandemic level.
Epidemic Level: Affects large numbers of
people within a given community or area like
dengue.
Pandemic Level: Affects a much larger region or
entire continents like Swine Flu.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HAZARD AND
DISASTER
HAZARD
→A dangerous situation needs to be heeded
because it can lead to disaster.
→Threats that can be managed by observing
warning signs and keeping in harmony with the
environment.
DISASTER
→A dangerous situation that has become out
of control.
→Are outcomes of hazards when warning
signs are ignored.
→Result of a hazard but also a hazardous
event.
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY
➢ Describes the characteristics and
circumstances of a community, system,
or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.
 TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Physical Vulnerability
→aspects such as population density levels,
remoteness of a settlement, the site, design and
materials used for critical infrastructure and for
housing.
Social Vulnerability
→ inability of people to withstand adverse
impacts to hazards due to characteristics
inherent in social interactions, institutions, etc.
includes levels of literacy and education,
existence of peace and security, access to basic
human rights, and a system of good
governance.
Economic Vulnerability
→ Poor are usually more vulnerable to
disasters because they lack the resources to
build sturdy structures to protect themselves
from disasters.
Environmental Vulnerability
→ Natural resource depletion and resource
degradation are key aspects of environmental
vulnerability.
RISK
➢ the probability of harmful consequences
as a result of intersections between
natural or human induced hazards.
FACTORS OF RISK
Vulnerability
Exposure
Hazard
ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDES;
People
Building
Businesses
Infrastructures
Agriculture and environment
EXPOSURE
➢ Refers to element of risk from a natural
or man-made hazard event, a necessary
but not sufficient determinator risk.
BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD
HAZARD
➢ Potentially disruptive physical
phenomenon.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
Geologic Hazards- a natural event in the crust of
the earth
Hydro-meteorological Hazards- caused by
meteorological/climate event
Atmospheric Hazards- things that can interfere
with the utilization of oxygen
Catastrophic Hazards-widespread loss of life,
financial damage, environmental harm
Rapid onset Hazards- occur quickly with little to
no warning
Slow onset Hazards- slowly occurring/may take
years to develop
EFFECTS OF HAZARDS
Primary Effects
→ occur as a result of the process itself. For
example, ground shaking during an earthquake,
thunder during a thunderstorm, and high sea
waves during a tsunami.
Secondary Effects
→ occur only because a primary effect has
caused the. For example, fires ignited as a result
of earthquakes.
Tertiary Effects
→ are long-term effects that are set off as a
result of a primary event.These include loss of
habitat caused by a flood, permanent changes in
the position of river channels caused by flood,
crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption etc.
 IMPACTS OF VARIOUS HAZARDS ON
DIFFERENT EXPOSED ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL IMPACT
➢ Death of people
➢ Destruction and loss of vital
infrastructure
ECONOMIC IMPACT
➢ Loss of property
➢ Infrastructure caused by an earthquake
➢ Loss of job due displacement
SOCIAL IMPACT
➢ Loss of Ife
➢ Injuries
➢ Physical and psychological health issue
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
➢ Damage to ecosystem
➢ Disturbances of biodiversity
➢ slides, slumps, and debris avalanches. These
BIOLOGICAL IMPACT
➢ Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
➢ Mental disorder developed from
consumption of contaminated foods
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
EARTHQUAKE
➢ Is the shaking of the surface of the Earth
resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves. It is caused by a
sudden slip on a fault.
VARIOUS POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
Ground Shaking
→ the first main earthquake hazard is the effect
of ground shaking. Ground shaking describes
the vibration of the ground during an
earthquake.
Faulting and Ground Rupture
→ it occurs only along the fault zone that
moves during the earthquake, andis thus a
primary effect?
Liquefaction
→ It is the mixing of sand or soil and
groundwater (water underground) during the
shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake.
When the water and soil are mixed, the ground
becomes very soft and acts similar to quicksand
Ground Displacement
→ a secondary or tertiary effect that is caused
by faulting. Earthquakes may cause both uplift
and subsidence of the land surface. If a
structure (a building. road, etc.)
Tsunami
→ It is what most people call a tidal wave, but
it has nothing to do with the tides on the ocean.
It is a huge wave caused by an earthquake
under the ocean.
Landslides
→ In mountainous regions subjected to
earthquakes ground shaking may trigger
landslides, rock and debris falls, rock and debris
are secondary effects.
Fires
→ these fires can be started by broken gas
lines and power lines, or tipped over wood or
coal stoves.
FAULT AND TYPES OF FAULT
FAULT
➢ is a fracture or crack where two rock
blocks slide past one to another.
TYPES OF FAULT
Normal faults
→generally occur in places where the
lithosphere is being stretched.
Reverse faults
→ A type of fault in which the hanging wall
moves upward relative to the footwall. This type
of faulting is common in areas of compression,
When the dip angle is shallow, a reverse fault is
often described as a thrust fault.
Strike-Slip fault
→ It is a generally vertical fault where the two
sides pass horizontally past each other. If the
block opposite an observer facing the fault
moves to the right, the shift style is called "right
lateral. If the block moves to the left, the
movement is called "left lateral. A fault on which
the two blocks slide past one another. The San
Andreas Fault is an example of a right lateral
fault.
Oblique fault
→ An fault occurs when the fault plane is at an
angle but the motion along the fault is both
horizontal and vertical
PLATE TECTONIC MOVEMENTS
Divergent Boundaries
→occurs when two plates slide apart, forming a
narrow rift valley. Here, geysers gush out
super-heated water and magma, or molten rock
that rises from the mantle and solidifies into
basalt forming a new crust.
Convergent Boundaries
→It occurs when plates collide with one
another. The collision bulges the edge of one or
both plates, forming a mountain range or
causing subduction of one of the plates under
the other, creating a deep seafloor trench.
Transform Boundaries
→It occurs when plates move sideways to each
other. The slip-sliding motion of plate boundaries
triggers many earthquakes.
APPLYING PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY
MEASURES
PREPAREDNESS: Before an Earthquake
1. Practice your earthquake drill: Drop, Cover,
and Hold.
2. Make an Emergency Plan: Create a family
emergency communications plan that has an
out-of-state contact. Plan where to meet if you
get separated. Make a supply kit that includes
enough food and water for several days, a
flashlight, a fire extinguisher and a whistle.
3. Identify safe places to take cover close to you
at home or school.
4. Protect Your Home: Secure heavy items in
your home like bookcases, refrigerators,
televisions and objects that hang on walls.
Store heavy and breakable objects on low
shelves.
5. Consider obtaining an earthquake insurance
policy.
RESPONSE: During Earthquakes
1. DROP down onto your hands and knees
before the earthquake knocks you down. This
position protects you from falling but allows
you to still move if necessary.
2. COVER your head and neck (and your entire
body if possible) under the cover of a sturdy
table or desk. If there is no cover nearby, get
down near an interior wall or next to low-lying
furniture that won't fall on you, and cover your
head and neck with your arms and hands.
3. HOLD ON to your cover (or to your head and
neck) until the shaking stops. Be prepared to
move with your cover if the shaking shifts it
around.
a) If you are in a car, pull over and stop. Set your
parking brake.
b) If you are in bed, turn face down and cover
your head and neck with a pillow.
c) If you are outdoors, stay outdoors away from
buildings.
d) If you are inside, stay and do not run outside
and avoid doorways.
RECOVERY: Stay Safe After
1. Expect aftershocks to follow the main shock
of an earthquake. Be ready to Drop, Cover, and
Hold On
2. If you are in a damaged building, go outside
and quickly move away from the building. Do not
enter damaged buildings.
3. If you are trapped, protect your mouth, nose
and eyes from dust. Send a text, bang on a pipe
or walk or use a whistle instead of shouting to
help rescuers locate you.
4. If you are in an area that may experience
tsunamis, go inland or to higher ground
immediately after the shaking stops.
5. Check yourself to see if you are hurt and help
others if you have training.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanoes
→ Are beneficial to humans living on or near
them. They produce fertile soil, and provide
valuable minerals, water reservoirs, geothermal
resources, and scenic beauty.
What are Volcanic Hazard and Volcanic
Risk?
A volcanic hazard refers to any
potentially dangerous volcanic process (e.g.,
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash) A volcanic
risk is any potential loss or damage as a result
of the volcanic hazard that might be incurred
by persons, property, etc. or which negatively
impacts the productive capacity/sustainability
of a population.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic Earthquakes
→ Earthquakes produced by stress changes in
solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of
magma (molten rock) are called volcano-tectonic
earthquakes (Chouet, 1993). These earthquakes
can occur as rock is moving to fill in spaces
where magma is no longer present.
Volcano-tectonic earthquakes don't indicate that
the volcano will be erupting but can occur at any
time.
Directed Blast
→ This blast was a result of depressurization
triggered by an earthquake initiated landslide on
the north flank of the volcano. The area affected
by the directed blast extended greater than 19
miles from the volcano
Tephra
→ When a volcano erupts it will sometimes
eject material such as rock fragments into the
atmosphere. This material is known as tephra.
The largest pieces of tephra (greater than 64
mm) are called blocks and bombs Blocks and
bombs are normally shot ballistically from the
volcano.
Volcanic Gases
→ Volcanic gasses are also produced when
water is heated by magma. Gasses also escape
from pyroclastic flows, lahars, and lava flows.
and may also be produced from burning
vegetation. Acid rain can be produced when
high concentrations of these gasses are leached
out of the atmosphere.
Lava Flows
→ Lava flows are the least hazardous of all
processes in volcanic eruptions. How far a lava
flow travels depends on the flow's temperature,
silica content.extrusion rate, and slope of the
land.
Debris Avalanches, Landslides and Tsunamis
→ debris is transported away from the slope.
→ landslide is a general term for mass
movement. It implies a gradual movement rather
than the more sudden movement of an
avalanche.
→ tsunamis are large sea waves that have long
wave periods. When these waves reach coastal
areas, they can go far inland. if such a wave
were produced by the collapse of a large portion
Pyroclastic Surge
→ are low density flows of pyroclastic material.
The reason they are low density is because they
lack a high concentration of particles and
contain a lot of gases. These flows are very
turbulent and fast. They overtop high
topographic features and are not confined to
valleys. However, this type of flow usually does
not travel as far as a pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic
surges can travel up to at least 10 km. from the
source.
Pyroclastic Flows
→ are fluidized masses of rock fragments and
gases that move rapidly in response to gravity.
They can form when an eruption column
collapses, or as the result of gravitational
collapse or explosion on a lava dome lava flow

Lahars
→Lahars are similar to pyroclastic flows but
contain more water. Lahars form;
➢ from debris avalanches that contain
water from snow and ice which, when
released, mixes with loose debris to
form a lahar.
➢ from pyroclastic flows and surges which
release water that mixes with debris,
➢ o from pyroclastic flows which dilute
themselves with river water as they
travel downslope, from natural dam
failure (i.e. a lava flow dam or crater
lake), and,
➢ from rainfall on loose material such as
ash.
INTERPRETING DIFFERENT VOLCANO
HAZARD MAPS
What to do before volcanic eruptions.
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers
that volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be
prepared to face whatever circumstances the
eruption may bring
2. Prepare all the necessary.
3. Store as much food, water, light souring
once evacuation is needed, useful in case of
emergency.
4. Prepare masks to cover nose and mouth for
the ash falls of the volcano
5 Safety of the kids first before anything
else
What to do during volcanic eruptions:
1. Avoid low-lying places because lava flows,
and mud flows are more likely to pass here
2. Seek cover in case of ash falls and rock
falls and use masks to cover your nose and
mouth and to avoid breathing in the ashes.
3. If inside the house, close all doors and
windows to avoid letting in the ashes
4. Always stay indoors and watch for your
kids, they might be tempted to go out.
5. Stay in the evacuation center and wait for
further instructions and do not leave until
said so.
What to do after volcanic eruptions:
1. Go back to your house but leave your kids
with someone who can take care of them while
you check your house.
2. When in your house, clean everything and
check if there's damages incurred Use masks
when cleaning.
3. Wait for further announcements related to
volcano activities.
4. Make sure that your house is still safe for
all of you.
BY: ISABEL AVES