COR-010 (DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION)

MODULE 1

BASIC CONCEPTS OF DISASTER AND DISASTER

DISASTER is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period that causes widespread human,
material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its resources.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
1. NATURAL DISASTER – natural phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, environmental damage...
2. HUMAN-MADE DISASTER –are the consequences of technological or human hazard.

CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES OF DISASTER PROFILE

NATURAL DISASTER FLOOD An overflow of water that
submerge land that is usually dry
TSUNAMI A large ocean wave that is caused
by sudden motion on the ocean
floor
DROUGHT A natural disaster of below
average precipitation in each
region, resulting in prolonged
shortage in the water supply,
whether atmospheric, surface
water or ground water
LANDSLIDE A range of ground movement,
such as rock falls, deep failure of
slopes and shallow debris flows.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION The release of hot magma,
volcanic ash and/or gases or
volcano
FIRE (URBAN) Even with strict building fire
codes, people still perish
needlessly fires
HUMAN MADE DISASTER HAZARDOUS MATERIAL The escape of solids, liquids, gases
SPILLS that can harm people, other living
organisms, property, or the
environment, from their intended
controlled environment such as a
container
NUCLEAR AND RADIATION An event involving significant
ACCIDENTS release of radioactivity to the
environment, and which leads to
major undesirable consequences to
people, the environment, or the
facility

THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF DRRM

• HAZARD is a potentially destructive physical phenomenon, event, or human activity. Hazard may be
active nor may remain dormant but may however cause of injury or death. They can be single,
 sequential or both, based on their origin and impacts. Each hazard is identified by its location,
probability, and frequency of occurrence.
• EXPOSURE happens when a hazard strikes, not everyone can be equally affected by its danger.
Communities that reside in hazard-prone areas are more exposed to such hazards and their effects.
• VULNERABILITY refers to the lack of capacity to flee from hazard exposure. This vulnerability may
be caused by poverty, lack of alternative options, or even environmental degradation.
• CAPACITY is the basic factor that helps a community reduce its vulnerabilities, prevent risk, and
recover from diseases. They are the positive strength the community holds.
• RISK is combined hazards and vulnerability result in Risks, threatening people’s lives and assets
RISK= HAZARDS X VULNERABILITY

RISK FACTOR UNDERLYING DISASTER

▪ CLIMATE CHANGE can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways –by altering the frequency and
intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns.
▪ ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION is both the driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the
capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs.
▪ GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT resulted in increased polarization between the rich and
poor on a global scale.
▪ POVERTY AND INEQUALITY are both drivers and consequences of disaster, and the processes that
further disaster risk related poverty are permeated with inequality.
▪ POORLY PLANNED AND MANAGE URBAN DEVELOPMENT is a new wave or urbanization is
unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment emerge.
▪ WEAK GOVERNANCE

MODULE 2

DISASTER is the culmination of risk that cause global negative consequence on the lives and assets of
vulnerable and exposed people, resulting in injuries, deaths, property damage, environmental degradation, and
disruption of livelihoods and economic activities.

THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF DISASTER

➢ PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE –Calamities are phenomena that cause great physical damage to a
community infrastructure, its people, and their properties, e.g., houses and environmental sources of
living.
❖ EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL DISASTER –Injuries –Physical disabilities or illness –Sanitation –Damage
in infrastructure.
➢ PHYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE –Victims of disaster may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) and other serious mental health conditions, which are not being given much attention
to by authorities or even by the victims themselves.
➢ SOCIO CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE –It is one approach to understanding why humans behave what
they do. Just like Filipinos, they are known as “matiisin,” resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful.
These characteristics are manifested in the country’s recent fight against COVID19.
 ❖ SOCIO CULTURAL EFFECT OF DISASTER –Change in individual roles, disruption of social
relationships and personal connections.
➢ ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE –Disaster affects the economic condition of a community because they
reduce local and international trade. It can also partially or totally paralyze a country’s transportation
system.
❖ ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DISASTER –Loss of life –Unemployment –Loss of property, loss of
household articles –Loss of crops –Loss of public infrastructure
➢ POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE –Natural disaster is commonly thought to be less politically argumentative
than armed conflicts, yet a closer look shows that both the effects of natural disaster and the resulting
distribution of humanitarian aid are profoundly linked to politics
➢ BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE –The disturbing effects caused by prevalent kinds of disease or viruses,
an epidemic or pandemic level is known as biological disaster.
❖ EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DISASTER –Loss of lives –Public demobilization –Negative economic
effects –Unemployment –Hunger

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HAZARD AND DISASTER

HAZARDS DISASTER
A dangerous situation needing to be heeded because A dangerous situation that has become out of control
it can lead to disaster and is a disaster
A threat that can be managed by observing warnings An international danger and threat to humanity that
and keeping in harmony with the environment needs intervention to bring the situation under control
Hazards are known to have specific warnings usually Disasters are the outcome of hazards when warming
man made to prevent disastrous events sign were ignored
Hazard can lead to disaster A disaster is the result of a hazard but at the same
time is also a hazardous event
Hazards are used not used to described everyday Disasters, although in literal terms are more severe
mishaps than hazards are used to describe events that are not
literally of a disastrous nature but rather an idiomatic
use of the word

MODULE 3

VULNERABILITY describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that
make it us acceptable to the damaging effects of a hazard

TYPES OF VULNERABILITY DEFINITION

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY The ability of the building environment, including
home, roads, or infrastructure, to withstand impacts.
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Refers to inability of people to withstand adverse
impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in
social interaction, institution etc.
ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY The poor are usually more vulnerable to disaster
because they lack the resources to build sturdy
structure and put other engineering measures in place
to protect themselves from being negatively impacted
by disaster
ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY Natural resources depletion and resource degradation
are key aspects of environmental vulnerability
REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY AND SPECIFIC STRUCTURE ARE MORE
VULNERABLE TO DISASTER THAN OTHERS

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
1. POPULATION DENSITY –the denser the population the more efficient a response can be.
2. AGE OF POPULATION –old and very young population are less mobile and able to respond to hazard
events well.
• DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION –regardless of density, population maybe distributed differently
within the hazard area.
SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS
• WEALTH –low-income population are less likely to be well prepared
• EDUCATION
• NATURE OF SOCIETY
• UNDERSTANDING OF THE AREA
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
• BUILDING CODES –building codes protects most buildings from collapse during earthquakes
• SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM –established monitoring can
prepare people for disaster
• COMMUNICATION NETWORKS –country with good quality and widespread networks allow
message to be quickly shared
• EMERGENCY PLANNING –where monitoring and communication is in place, the emergency
planning is likely to prepare for such events and act based on data, rather than prediction.
DEALING WITH THE AFTER EFFECTS
• INSURANCE COVER –individual purchase insurance to mitigate the loss, thus preparing them better
for similar future events
• EMERGENCY PERSONNEL –this is the after effect of training undertaken as a part of community
preparedness.
AID REQUEST –outside help is necessary during a disaster. However, this is sometimes slow to be requested.

MODULE 4

RISK is the probability of harmful consequences or expected loss of lives, people injured, livelihoods,
disruption of economic activities, and damage to the environment as a result of interaction between natural or
human induced hazards and vulnerable/capable conditons
HAZARD is an event or occurrence that has the potential for causing injury to life.
EXPOSURE refers to the “element at risk” from a natural or man-made hazard event. It is possible to be
exposed but not vulnerable
VULNERABILITY comprises conditions determined by physical, social economic, and environmental factors
or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community, school, or certain area in a locality to the impact
of hazards.

MODULE 5

Hazard is a potentially destructive physical phenomenon, event, or human activity. Hazards may be active or
may remain dormant, but may however cause injury or death, damage of property, economic and social
disruption, or environmental degradation. They can be single, sequential, or both, based on their origin and
impacts. Each hazard is identified by its location, probability, and frequency of occurrence.
Hazards that occur naturally include;
Geophysical Hazards - These comprise volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and dry landslides.
Hydrological Hazards - These comprise wet landslides, floods, and inundations.
Meteorological Hazards - These include storms, hurricanes, cyclones, excessive rain, and typhoons.
Climatological Hazards - Include droughts, extreme temperatures, fires, and heat/cold waves.
Hazards caused by biological agents - Such as insect infestations, epidemics, and animal stampedes.
Hazards induced by human beings - Such as chemical, nuclear, industrial, and technological hazards.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
HAZARDS DEFINITION
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS An extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that
pose a threat to life and property
HYDRO METOROLOGICAL HAZARDS Caused by extreme meteorological and climate
events
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS Include things that can interfere with the body’s
ability to transport and utilize oxygen, or that have
negative toxicological effects on the human body
CATASTROPHIC HAZARDS Events that could cause widespread loss of life, or
significant environmental harm, resulting also in
major reputational or financial damage
RAPID ONSET HAZARD Occur quickly and with little warning
 SLOW ONSET HAZARD Occur slowly and may take years to develop

• Primary Effects - occur as a result of the process itself. For example, ground shaking during an
earthquake, thunders during thunderstorm, and high sea waves during tsunami.
• Secondary Effects - occur only because a primary effect has caused them. For example, fires ignited as a
result of earthquakes, disruption of electrical power and water service as a result of an earthquake, flood,
or flooding caused by a landslide into a lake or river and tsunami because of earthquake.
• Tertiary Effects - are long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event.
These include loss of habitat caused by a flood, permanent changes in the position of river channel caused by
flood, crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption etc.