DISASTER, HAZARD,
VULNERABILITY AND
CAPACITY
DISASTER
 A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread
human material, economic or
environmental losses and
impacts. (The United Nation
Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction – UNISDR).
 Exposure to hazard (DepEd).
HAZARD
 A situation or an occurrence with
capacity to bring damages to
lives, properties and the
environment.
TYPES OF HAZARD
 Natural Hazards
 Manmade Hazards
 Combination or Socionatural
Hazards
VULNERABILITY
 A set of prevailing or
consequential conditions, which
adversely affect the community’s
ability to prevent, mitigate,
prepare for and respond to
hazardous events.
VULNERABLE SECTORS
 Most Vulnerable
 Less Vulnerable
 Not Vulnerable
CATEGORY OF VULNERABILITIES
 Physical/Material Vulnerability
 Social Vulnerability
 Attitudinal/Motivational
Vulnerability
CAPACITY
 The combination of all the
strengths, attributes and
resources available within a
community, society or
organization that can be used to
achieve agreed goals.
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
 The process by which people,
organizations and society
systematically stimulate and
develop their capacities over time
to achieve social and economic
goals, including thorough
improvement of knowledge, skills,
systems and institutions.
DISASTER RISK AND ELEMENT
AT RISK
DISASTER RISK
 The chance or likehood of
suffering harm and loss as a
result of a hazardous event.
 Defined as the probability of
harmful consequences of
expected losses resulting from
interactions between natural or
human induced hazard and
vulnerable conditions.
Risk = Chance x Loss
Risk = Probability x Loss
Disaster Risk = Hazard x Element of
Exposure x Vulnerability
*Risk is proportional to hazard x
vulnerability/level of preparedness.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER
 Human/Biological
 Social Effect of Disaster
 Physical/Material
 Economic
 Environmental Degration
 Political Impacts of Disaster
DISASTER RISK IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Asia region ranked 1st among the
regions of the world in terms of
impacts of natural disaster.
 Asia ranked 1st in 4 categories of
impacts of natural disaster:
occurrence, number of deaths,
number of affected people and
economic damage.
 Philippines, Indonesia and
Thailand are the most vulnerable.
 Human cost of weather related
disaster 1995-2015: Philippines
ranked 4th in terms of the highest
absolute number of affected
people.
THE PHILIPPINES IS HIGHLY
VULNERABLE TO NATURAL
DISASTER:
 Typhoons – 20 or more typhoons
every year.
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic Eruptions
 Annual Disaster Statistical
Review 2013 noted that the
Philippines ranked 4th in terms of
the number of reported number of
events and 1st in terms of disaster
mortality.
THREE FACTORS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGH
DISASTER RISK:
 People living in low lying coastal
islands
 Deforestation
 Underdevelopment
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
GROUND SHAKING
 It is what we feel when energy
built up by the application of
stress to the lithosphere is
released by faulting during an
earthquake.
HOW EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS
ARE GENERATED
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
 Original position
 Deformation
 Rupture and release of energy
 New position of equilibrium
SEISMIC WAVES
 Waves of energy that travel
through earth’s layers.
BODY WAVES
 Waves that travel below the
surface of the earth
 P-waves and S-waves
SURFACE WAVES
 Can only travel along the surface
 Love wave and Rayleigh wave
EFFECTS OF GROUND SHAKING
 Broken Infrastructures
 Casualty
o Moro Gulf Earthquake
(1976)
o Casiguran Earthquake
(1968)
o Luzon Earthquake (1990)
o Negros Earthquake (2012)
o Bohol Earthquake (2013)
HOW STRONG AN EARTHQUAKE
GROUND SHAKING?
 Size of fault rupture
 Magnitude of earthquake
 Distance from the epicenter
VIBRATION HAZARD ZONING
 Denser material = Faster wave
 Less dense material = Slower
wave
GROUND RUPTURE AND
LIQUEFACTION
GROUND RUPTURE
 When the earthquake movement
along a fault actually breaks the
earth’s surface.
 Blind fault (Crack under)
ACTIVE FAULT
 If there’s a movement observed
or evidence of seismic activity
during the last 10,000 years.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND
RUPTURE
  Type of fault (Strike-slip, normal
and thrust)
 Magnitude of earthquake
 Deformation

LIQUEFACTION
 Takes place when loosely
packed, water-logged sediments
at or near the ground surface
lose their strength in response to
strong ground shaking.

TYPES OF LIQUEFACTION
 Flow failure ( Landslide, happens
in slopes)
 Lateral spread (Horizontal
movement, happens in slightly
slanted surfaces)
 Ground Oscillation (Horizontal
movement, flat surface)
 Lose of bearing strength

EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION
 Sinking structures

AREAS PRONE TO LIQUEFACTION

 Manila
 Pasig

MITIGATING LIQUEFACTION
HAZARD
 Liquefaction resistant structures