DRARR REVIEWER
considered hazards when the
CONCEPTS OF DISASTER AND
READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
Disaster happens when the
probable destructive agent, the
hazard, hits a vulnerable
populated area.
occurrence of a disaster depends
on the interplay between a
natural phenomenon or event
and the vulnerability of
populations exposed.
Natural Phenomenon those that
occur or manifest without human
input.
Vulnerability is the characteristics
and circumstances of
community, system or asset that
make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.
Exposure refers to people and
property.
Natural events do not
automatically become hazards,
much less cause disasters.
A phenomenon often brings
corresponding hazards and risks
to anyone exposed to it.
Natural phenomena can be
threat of damage, injury, and
even death exists/potential.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Natural Hazards are naturally
occurring physical phenomena
caused either by rapid or slow
onset events.
Biological: phenomenon of
organic origin
Geological: Geological
phenomenon
Hydrometeorological:
phenomenon of
atmospheric, hydrological
or oceanographic nature
a Man-made Hazards originating
from technological or industrial
conditions, including accidents,
dangerous procedures,
infrastructure failures, or specific
human activities.
Factors That Determine the
Magnitude of Disaster:
1. The severity of the natural
event
2. The quantity of exposure of
the elements at risk which
includes lives and properties
3. Vulnerability level or quality
of exposure
THE ELEMENTS OF RISK
Disaster Risk can be expressed as
a function of hazard, exposure,
and vulnerability: Disaster Risk =
Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS
They come quickly with little or no
warning, resulting in widespread
death, injury, and property
damage.
They require immediate and
effective intervention of both
national government agencies
and non-government
organizations to help meet the
needs of the victims.
They know no political boundary.
They require restructured and
new responding organizations.
They create new tasks and
require more people as disaster
responders.
They render inutile routine
emergency response equipment
and facilities.
They worsen confusion in
understanding roles of peoples
and organizations
They expose lack of disaster
planning, response and
coordination.
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
There are a lot of impacts of
disasters like Deaths, Destruction
of buildings, crops, Decreased
quality or quantity of water,
Damage to critical facilities,
Disruption of transportation, Wider
economic impact, Global
environmental change, Social
and political impact.
CONCEPTS OF HAZARDS
Hazards a potentially damaging
physical event, phenomenon or
human activity that may cause
the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental
degradation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDS
Magnitude of the event is a
measure of its strength and is an
indication of how destructive it
can be.
Intensity is a measure on the
impacts on the ground, on
people, and on structures.
Speed of onset predicts a hazard
and how much lead time is
allowed by it, is critical in
determining how damaging it will
be.
Duration becomes a concern as EARTHQUAKES AND ITS HAZARDS
the chance of experiencing
Earth's lithosphere is fragmented
severe damage will depend on
into different tectonics plates
how long the hazard affects an
which constantly move in
area.
different directions in a specific
Frequency refers to how often an time.
event occurs.
Plate boundaries are the edges
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, where two plates meet. Most
ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING geologic activities, including
volcanoes, earthquakes, and
Hazard Assessment is the process
mountain building, take place at
of estimating, for defined areas,
plate boundaries.
the probabilities of the
occurrence of potentially The Philippines is situated in what
damaging phenomenon of given is known as the Pacific Ring of
magnitude within a specified Fire. It is a horseshoe-shaped basin
period of time. located in the Pacific Ocean. It is
bounded by subducting tectonic
Risk Assessment involves both the
plates called the Philippine Sea
assessment of hazards from a
plate in the East and the Eurasian
scientific point of view and the
Plate.
socioeconomic impacts of a
hazardous event. Earthquake is a weak to violent
shaking of the ground produced
Hazard mapping is the process of
by the sudden movement of rock
identifying the spatial variation of
materials below the earth’s
hazard events or physical
surface.
conditions. It is indispensable for
information and education TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
campaigns to hazards scientists,
Tectonic Earthquakes are
and to land use planners.
produced by sudden movement
Geographic Information System along faults and plateboundaries.
(GIS) is a powerful hazard
Volcanic Earthquakes are
mapping tool. It displays maps
earthquakes induced by rising
and assigns attributes to map
lava or magma beneath active
units. It analyzes data associated
volcanoes.
with the map units.
The earthquakes originate in the
tectonic plate boundary.
Hypocenter (focus) is the point
inside the earth where the
earthquake started.
Epicenter the point on the surface
of the earth directly above the
focus.
MEASUREMENTS
Magnitude is proportional to the
energy released by an
earthquake at the focus. It is
represented by Arabic Numbers
(e.g. 4.8, 9.0).
Seismographs are instruments
used to calculate earthquakes.
Intensity on the other hand, is the
strength of an earthquake as
perceived and felt by people in a
certain locality. It is represented
by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV,
IX).
Elastic Rebound Theory builds up
in the deforming rocks on either
side of the fault until it overcomes
the resistance posed by any
irregularity on the fault plane.
MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
P (Primary) waves, S (Secondary)
waves that travel in the rocks
below the surface of the earth.
Surface waves travel outward
from the epicenter. They also
travel slower than the other two
seismic wave types.
Ground shaking is potentially
destructive to buildings,
particularly the horizontal
component of seismic wave
motion.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND RUPTURE intensity of
shaking depends not only on
earthquake characteristics of the
materials the ground is made of.
Measures to Minimize the Effects of
Ground Ruptures:
1. Sound engineering and
construction practice may be
adopted to prevent total
destruction.
2. The best measure, however, is
avoidance of active fault traces
and deformation zones when
planning any construction.
3. Local government units, other
government agencies, business
entities, NGOs, and homeowners
may access available detailed
maps of local active faults from
PHIVOLCS.
4. Some critical parameters such as
steepness of the fault plane and
amount of fault displacement
during an earthquake are used in
estimating setbacks and in
determining hazard zones.
LIQUEFACTION is caused by the
passing of seismic waves, mainly
shear or S-waves, causing loss of
equilibrium or disturbance of the
granular structure of the ground.
Three Factors Required
for Liquefaction to Occur:
1. Loose, granular sediment areas
with deposits that are young
enough to be loose
2. Saturation of sand and silt
sediment by ground water
3. An earthquake strong enough to
liquefy susceptible sediments
FACTORS CAUSED BY LANDSLIDES
Removal of support at the base of
a slope which may be due to
erosion at the toe of a slope by
rivers or ocean waves.
Groundwater pressure during
sudden changes in the water
level of bodies of water adjacent
to a slope also acts to destabilize
it.
Volcanic eruptions are the
bulging of slopes and the force of
volcanic material ejection or
emission may also contribute to
slope instability.
Intense rainfall due to the
weakening of the slope material
by water saturation.
Human interventions contribute to
the instability of slopes through
construction activities (roads,
buildings, and other facilities)
Earthquakes prone to widespread
failure during earthquakes
because of the sudden shaking
of hilly and mountainous areas.
TSUNAMI waves propagate away
from the source with amplitude
far too small compared to the
wavelength.
MONITORING AND WARNING
Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre
(PTWC) monitors the ocean
surface using satellites, radar, and
buoys in the water that measure
current speed and waves.
PHIVOLCS has been setting-up
tsunami warning systems that are
equipped with sirens in selected
areas prone to tsunamis.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanoes is a vent, hill or
mountain from which molten or
hot rocks with gaseous material
have been ejected.
Lava flows are rivers of
incandescent of molten rock or
lava moving downslope
Pyroclastic Density Currents are
mixtures of fragmented volcanic
particles (pyroclastics), hot
gasses and ash that rush down
the volcanic slopes or rapidly
outward from a source vent at
high speeds.

Tephra or ash fall in an eruption

column eventually fall or
gravitationally settle over areas
downwind of an erupting
volcano, forming blankets of
tephra fall or ashfall.

Lahar is the process whereby a

wet cement-like mixture of
volcanic material and water flows
down the slopes of a volcano.

Volcanic gasses form a dissolved

component of magma that is
released to the atmosphere in
large quantities during eruptions.

Volcanic debris avalanches are

landslides that occur in volcanic
slopes.

Debris avalanches are faster and

their deposits more far-reaching
mainly due to the large amount
of material involved.