Exercise 5: Combine the words to make meaningful e.g.: Teachers like hard-working students.

sentences. Remember the subject-verb and tense

agreement rules. You do not have to choose a word from 1. ________________________________________
each box. 2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
Place 5. ________________________________________
Subject
ARTICLES
* at home
* Teachers * in Mc Dean’s Articles are divided into two groups: indefinite
* My sister * in the factory (a / an) and definite (the).
* Jack * in the cafe
* She 1. Indefinite article
* The workers
* We “a/ an” are indefinite articles: they give the idea that
the object is not a specific object.
Adjective
Use “a / an”
* hardworking 1. with a COUNTABLE and SINGULAR noun.
* delicious
Verbs I am a student.
* cold
There is a factory near my house.
* like
* are
* have Adverb
2. the first time you speak of something.
* ate I live in a house.
* drank * always
* fluently I have a nice dog. It is very lazy but cute.
* speak
* watch

3. before the adjective + singular countable noun.

It is a nice dog.
Object There is an empty house at the end of the
Time * students street.
* English
* every morning * breakfast
* now * cake
* after dinner * soda
* yesterday * horror movies
* at the weekends

9
“a” OR “an” ?

1. Use ‘a’ before consonants (b,c,d,f,m,p, etc.).

a book - a car - a girl

2. Use ‘an’ before vowels (a,e,i,o,u).

an apple an umbrella
an English teacher an orange

**Exception**

The use of ‘a / an’ depends on pronunciation, not spelling.

an SOS message an hour
an honor a European city
a university
Exercise 1:Write“a” or “an”

1. ______ city 7. ______ poor man

2. ______ office 8. ______ hour
3. ______ university 9. ______ old car
4. ______ engineer 10. ______ good university
5. ______ girl 11. ______ UFO
6. ______ ugly girl 12. ______ NASA pilot

Exercise 2: Choose five nouns from Exercise 1 and use each in a sentence.
e.g.: My father has an old car.

1. _____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________
2. Definite article

There is only one definite article in English: “the”. It can be used with all nouns: countable or
uncountable, singular or plural. It shows that the noun is specific and that both the speaker and the
listener know which noun is being mentioned.

10
Use “the”
1. when you mention something or someone for the second time.

On Monday On Tuesday

Mike : Let’s do something after school. Mike : Hi, Jess. Did you buy the book?
Jessica : I can’t. I need to go and buy Jessica : Yes, here it is. Happy birthday 
a book. Mike : That is a big surprise. Thanks a lot.
Mike : What book?
Jessica : I can’t say. It’s a secret.
2. with nouns that are known to both the listener and 7. We usually have soup for_________ lunch.
speaker.
8. Ben has _________terrible headache.

Please, turn off the computer. 9. English is _______ universal language.

They are in the stadium.
The tables in the office are very new.
3. with one thing in particular.
the moon the sun the president
3. No article
Don’t use “a / an / the”
1. with a proper noun.
Boston is on the east coast.
2. with uncountable nouns in a general context.
Music brings people together.
3. with plural and countable nouns in a general
context.
I am afraid of dogs.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with a / an / the
or (-).
1. I like _________ green plants over there.
2. My car can go up to 150 km _____ hour.
3. Where’s ____USB drive I lent you last week?
10. I have two favorite dresses; ________ pink one
and ________ orange one. ________pink dress
is a present from my mum and ________ orange
one is a present from my best friend.
11. Can you open ________ door, please?
12. I like________ restaurants on this street.
WRITING NUMBERS IN SENTENCES
Numbers are one of the basic elements in
writing and it is important to know how they are
written. We need to know when we can use them as
a symbol or when we should use them in the written
form.
1. Write out the numbers 1-9:
I want two apples. 
I want 2 apples. 
We need four cups of flour for this cake. 
We need 4 cups of flour for this cake. 
There are 25 students in my class. 

4. Do you still live in _________ London?

5. Does your mother work in_____ old school?

6. Jude works as_________ electrician.

11
2. Numbers at the beginning of a sentence should also be written out.
Twenty-six students are from Istanbul. 
26 students are from Istanbul. 
Fifteen new computers have been installed in our office. 
15 new computers have been installed in our office. 

FINAL WRITING
Answer the following questions and then write an e-mail to introduce yourself to your pen friend in
England. This is your first e-mail. You can give more details about yourself.
• What is your name?
• Where are you from?
• Where do you live?
• What do your parents do?
• How many brothers or sisters do you have? How old are they? etc…..
• What do you do? What do you study at school?
• Do you have any hobbies? If yes, what are they?

To:__________________________
Cc:__________________________
Bcc:_________________________
Subject:______________________

Dear __________________,

My name ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

12
Unit
2
UNIT 2
COMPOUND SENTENCES

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses connected with each other. The words
and, but, yet, for, or, so connect these sentences.

Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause.

I enjoy watching DVDs, but my sister prefers going to the cinema.

Read the paragraph about a student’s new neighborhood.

My New Place

My new neighborhood is very nice. I like it a lot. It is small. Everybody knows each
other. The people are friendly. The people are very helpful. I feel lucky. The streets are clean. They
are quiet here. There is not a big mall. There are some small shops. There is only one movie-
theater. It always shows the best and latest movies. I always talk about my new place. My mother
is planning to come and see it next week.

As you see, all the sentences are correct, but the paragraph does not sound good because the sentences are
not connected. To overcome this problem, we should connect the sentences by using conjunctions.
Coordinating Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects words or sentences. Coordinating conjunctions are short and simple
ones, such as “for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so”. They are used to combine two or more words or simple sentences
that are equal or similar in terms of grammar and ideas.

The most frequently used conjunctions are “and, but, or, so”.

 “AND” combines two sentences with parallel ideas.

Martin’s mother is a teacher, and his father works for an international company.

I called for a taxi, and (I)* started to wait for it.

* We can leave out the pronoun after “and” if it is the same with the subject of the first sentence.
 “BUT” combines two sentences with opposite meaning or when we talk about a situation with an
unexpected result. It should follow a comma.

They invited me to the party, but I could not go.

The weather is very cold and rainy, but the kids are outside.
 “OR” connects two sentences which are alternatives to one situation.

She will cook for us, or we will eat out.

 “SO” connects a reason sentence with a result sentence. It should follow a comma.

My girlfriend left me, so I am depressed.

(reason) (result)
14
Exercise 1: Match the sentences with their endings.

1. The classes finish early on Friday, ___ A. so I have enough time for my hobbies.

2. I spent a lot of money on holiday, ___ B. or I’m going to talk to the manager of the cafe.

3. I studied hard for the exam, ___ C. so I am broke now.

4. I want to see the chef immediately, ___ D. and bought new furniture.

5. We redecorated the house, ___ E. but I failed in the end.

Exercise 2: Put in “and – but – or - so”.

1. I was overweight two years ago, _________ I started a diet.

2. The story was sad, __________ the children wanted to listen to it.

3. The teacher gave out a photocopy to the students, __________ she asked them to read it.

4. I have a headache today, __________ I cannot give you a hand with your work.

5. You can make your own cake, __________ you can buy some from the bakery. It is your choice.

6. Sandy missed her parents, __________ she is going to visit them next weekend.

7. The gardener cut the grass, __________ he planted some roses.

8. I wanted to give some money to the beggar, __________ I had no money on me.

Exercise 3: Read the paragraph “My New Place” and complete the sentences with “and, but, so”.

My New Place

My new neighborhood is very nice, _________ I like it a lot. It is small, _________ everybody
knows each other. The people are friendly _________very helpful, _________I feel lucky. The
streets are clean _________quiet here. There is not a big mall, _________ there are some small
shops. There is only one movie-theater, _________ it always shows the best and latest movies. I
always talk about my new place, _________ my mother is planning to come and see it next week.

15
Exercise 4: Decide if the following sentences are
correct. If they are correct, (meaning, punctuation,
structure, etc.) put a (✓). If they are incorrect, put
an ( X ), and correct the mistake.

1. My father put the file in his briefcase and went out.

__________________________________________
2. and _______________________________________
2. You can watch the film online or hiring a DVD.
__________________________________________

3. You should put €1 into the vending machine, and

you should choose your drink afterwards.
__________________________________________

4. The young man saw the policeman. So, he ran

away. 3. or___________________________________________
__________________________________________

5. I want to eat pasta, or I know it is fattening, but I

don’t eat it.
__________________________________________

6. We organized a party, and nobody came.

__________________________________________
Exercise 5: Complete the following sentences to 4. so ________________________________________
make them meaningful.
1. You have a lot of clothes, so ________________
2. My new flat is fantastic, and ________________
3. Mr. Curtis can play tennis well, but __________
4. We can play “Taboo” at home, or ____________
Exercise 6: Look at each picture and write 5. so ________________________________________
sentences by using suitable conjunctions.

1. “but” The man is poor, but he has a hi-tech mobile phone.

16
CAPITALIZATION 3. Days, Months and Holidays

Capitalization means writing the first letter • Damon is always very busy on Saturday
of a word with a capital (upper-case) letter. Every afternoons.
language has its own capitalization rules. Here are • My favorite month of the year is May.
some basic rules about capitalization in English.
• Children wear costumes at Halloween.
1. Proper Nouns
4. Geographical Names
a. Capitalize the names of people.
a. Capitalize names of streets and roads.
• My best friends are Adele and Justin.

• Adele is a singer. • Our house is on the left on Flower Street.

• Justin Timberlake is a famous singer and a
talented actor.
b. Capitalize the names of countries, continents
and cities.
• Keith: Are they from France?
Sally: Yes, they are. They are from Paris.
• There are 50 countries in Europe.
c. Capitalize the names of languages, nationalities,
races and religions.
• Their shop is at the end of Tulip Road.
b. Capitalize lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.
• The Seyhan River flows into the
Mediterranean.
• The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of
the world’s oceanic divisions.
5. Places
Capitalize the name of places; hospitals, hotels,
buildings, companies, schools, airport names.
• I am a student at the University of Gaziantep.

• I have an Italian friend and he knows three • Welcome to The Hilton.

• The major international airport in Istanbul is

languages: Italian, French and Spanish. Atatürk International Airport.
• Most of the Bosnian people are Muslim.
2. Sentence Beginnings

Capitalize the first word of a sentence.

• The teacher is from England.

• Who is your first teacher?

 The pronoun “I” is always capitalized.

• I have two pets, a cat and a dog.

• My friend and I like watching a football match

on TV.

17
Exercise 1: Correct the capitalization mistakes in each sentence.
1. Both tom and jerry like chinese food.
_________________________________________________________________
2. rafael nadal is a famous spanish tennis player.
_________________________________________________________________
3. does mrs.williams live in İtaly?
_________________________________________________________________
4. every sunday i go running in the forest in My village.
_________________________________________________________________
5. what is the name of the Ocean between north america and asia?
_________________________________________________________________
6. elton and i have enough money to buy a big house.
_________________________________________________________________
7. was your dormitory on oxford street when you were a student in london?
_________________________________________________________________
8. is your sister still living in the student hostel in town?
_________________________________________________________________

FINAL WRITING
Write a paragraph about an interesting/terrible/wonderful weekend. Combine your ideas by using suitable
conjunctions (and, so, etc.) Be careful about capitalization.
________________________

I had a wonderful / horrible weekend. ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________

18
Unit
3
UNIT 3
COMPLEX SENTENCES

A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause
cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead it must be attached to an independent clause. It does not express a
complete thought by itself.
The following sentences are both complex sentences. If you change the order of the clauses, the meaning
of the sentence does not change. However, if you start your sentence with a dependent clause, use a comma
after it.

Independent clause Subordinating conjunction Dependent clause

I’ll help my mum with the cooking after I finish my homework.

OR

Subordinating conjunction Dependent clause Independent clause

After I finish my homework, I’ll help my mum with the cooking.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions combine dependent clauses and independent clauses. Most common
subordinating conjunctions are after, before, because, although, when, while, if, etc.

After Jack arrives at his office, he drinks a cup of coffee first.

AFTER
Jack drinks a cup of coffee first after he arrives at his office.
Before Jack leaves home, he always has breakfast.
BEFORE
Jack always has breakfast before he leaves home.
Because Jack needs money, he works overtime.
BECAUSE
Jack works overtime because he needs money.
Although Jack doesn’t like his job, he earns a lot.
ALTHOUGH
Jack earns a lot although he doesn’t like his job.
When Jack is at home, he chats on the internet and listens to music.
WHEN Jack chats on the internet and listens to
when he is at home.
music
While Jack was driving home yesterday, he had an accident.
WHILE
Jack had an accident while he was driving home yesterday.
If the insurance company pays him money, he will buy a new car.
IF
Jack will buy a new car if the insurance company pays him money.

20
Exercise 1: Combine the following using the conjunctions in brackets.

1. Susan washed the dishes. Charlotte dried them. (before) ________________________________________

2. I do not like tea. I want to drink some today. (although) ________________________________________

3. I forget the time. I will miss the final exam. (if)________________________________________________

4. I cooked and cleaned the house. I got home. (after) ____________________________________________

Exercise 2: Order the words to make complex sentences.

1.watch / I / I / usually / TV/ when / eat / something

__________________________________________________________

2. him / She/ married / although / wasn’t / rich / he

__________________________________________________________

3. smokes / she / heavily / has / a bad cough / She / so

__________________________________________________________

4. My brother / after / gave / the good news / a big party / heard / he

__________________________________________________________

Complete Sentence
A complete sentence is a group of words which has a subject, a verb and a complete thought.
Marilyn cried. →This is a complete sentence because it has
• a subject (the doer: Marilyn),
• a verb (the action: cried)
• a complete thought (it can stand alone and make sense- it is independent).

21
Incomplete Sentence (Fragments and Run-on Sentences)
a. Fragments
A fragment is an incomplete part of a sentence. It usually lacks a component of a sentence, such as the
subject or verb; and thus, it does not reflect a complete idea.

Came in and gave the news.  ( The subject is missing.)

John the news.  ( The verb is missing.)

John came in and gave the news.  ( independent sentence)

However, the most frequent fragments are dependent clauses: sentences which start with subordinating
conjunctions (because, although, after, before etc.). They look like complete sentences, but they cannot stand
alone because they do not express a complete thought.

After I finish my homework.  (dependent clause)

Because you lied to me.  (dependent clause)
If you want to lose weight.  (dependent clause)

Exercise 3: Underline the independent clause and circle the dependent clause in the following.

1. Lisa had to go to the principal’s office after she was late for class again.

2. We decided to go for a bike ride although the roads were slippery.

3. If you want to meet your friends, you have to clean your room.

4. I want to be a fireman when I grow up.

5. I saved enough money before I went to London for an English course.

6. If I want to get a good grade, I’ll have to study more.

22
Exercise 4: Look at the items below and put an X if it is not meaningful on its own.
Put a ✓if it is meaningful.

1. _X_ When I moved to this neighborhood.

2. _✓_ Life in the city is more interesting.

3. ____ Because the weather was very warm yesterday evening.

4. ____ After the chef chopped the tomatoes.

5. ____ When I saw him, I couldn’t believe my eyes.

6. ____ Before breakfast, my father always drinks a cup of coffee.

7. ____ While Ali was cleaning the house.

8. ____ If I have a chance to travel all around world.

9. ____ Although I love dogs, my mum doesn’t let me buy one.

10. ____ Because my son feels very sick today.

Exercise 5: There are five incomplete sentences in Exercise 4. Complete them by adding independent
clauses.

1. When I moved to this neighborhood, there were only nine houses.

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________

6. __________________________________________________________________

23