OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CABANATUAN

LABORATORY MANUAL
IN
PHARMACEUTICAL
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2022
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Pharmacy

Laboratory Safety Rules and Regulations

General Guidelines:

1. Submit a hard copy of the required forms to the Faculty coordinator/Program Head on the
prescribed schedule.
a. Accomplished Checklist of Requirements for Limited
Face to face
b. Informed consent
c. Health assessment form
d. Waiver of Liability
2. Only authorized persons should work in the laboratory
3. Unauthorized activities or investigations are prohibited.
4. The chemical storage area is prohibited to unauthorized personnel.
5. Working in the laboratory without the supervision of the instructor is prohibited.
6. Strictly follow safety protocols (ex. foot traffic). Location of the holding area/isolation
area should be known.
7. Eating and drinking inside the laboratory is strictly prohibited
8. Only students with negative antigen test shall be allowed on campus.

Conduct on the Use of Laboratory Equipment and Facilities

1. Personal protective equipment must be worn at all times inside the laboratory (Scrub
suit, Laboratory gown, Head cap, Gloves, Double masks, Face shield)
2. Hair ties should be used by students when necessary to prevent laboratory accidents.
Moreover, students wearing dangling jewelry, acrylic nails, sandals and open-toed shoes
are not allowed inside the laboratory.
3. Laboratory safety information and procedures must be read before using equipment or
conducting an experiment. Instructions should be followed in carrying out the activity or
investigation.
4. Location of all safety equipment (e.g. emergency shower area, fire extinguishers and
fume hood) present in the room should be known.
5. Bags and books should remain in an area designated by the instructor.
6. Students should stay in designated areas only; Loitering is not allowed.
7. Sitting on the laboratory tables is prohibited.
8. Log-in before and log-out after using the equipment. Refrain from operating any
equipment or instrument without proper instruction and authorization.
9. Students should work individually. Removing chemicals or equipment from the
laboratory table is prohibited unless authorized.
10. Precautions should be practiced when using flame-producing devices or heating
equipment. Never leave any fire unattended.
11. All accidents, chemical spills and injuries, no matter how trivial they may seem at the
time, must be reported immediately to the instructor.

After Experimentation
1. Work areas should be always kept clean and neat. Work areas should be cleaned at the
end of the laboratory period.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 2. Glassware should be washed with warm water and liquid detergent. They should be
rinsed, dried, and returned after the laboratory period.
3. Note: Hot glassware should not be immersed in cold water.
4. Observe proper disposal of waste.

Handling of Chemicals

1. The reagent bottle labels should be read twice before using. The student should be
certain that the reagent used is the correct one.
2. The reagent bottle should be immediately covered after using it. The reagent should be
at its designated location at all times.
3. Unused chemicals should not be returned to the reagent container. Directions for the
storage or disposal of these chemicals should be followed.
4. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter papers, broken glasses and other materials
should be disposed of in their proper waste containers, not in the sink.
5. Proper disposal of chemical waste should be practiced at all times. Mixing of chemicals
in the sink should not be practiced.
6. All chemicals in the laboratory should be considered poisonous. Chemicals should not
be handled with bare hands. Chemicals should not be smelled directly.

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS

I have read and understood the laboratory safety rules and regulations. I
acknowledge that these rules are necessary to prevent accidents and to ensure my own safety
and of others. Moreover, I will follow any additional instructions given by my instructor. I
understand that I should ask my instructor at any time about the instructions, rules and
regulations if they are not clear to me. I agree to follow and abide to these rules and regulations
in the laboratory.

Conforme:

___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Student Signature Course Instructor

(Signature over printed name) (Signature over printed name)

Date signed: ___________________

(To be submitted to the instructor)

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 First Aid in the Laboratory
ALL accidents, injuries, and spills should be reported immediately to the instructor. ALL
STUDENTS should know the following:
· Laboratory Safety Techniques
· Procedure in reporting an accident, injury, or spill
· Location of first aid kit, fire alarm, fire extinguisher and emergency shower
· Location of emergency escapes
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
College of Pharmacy

INCIDENT REPORT FORM

Name : ___________________________ Course:___________________

Year and Section : __________________ Instructor:_________________
Contact Information: ________________

Description of Incident

Location:

Date: Incident Details (How the incident happened, factors

affecting the event, and what took place. Be specific
as possible)

Time:

Incident causes: Actions taken:

Reported by:

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Basic First Aid Procedures for Laboratories

Situation Safe Response

Burns Minor – include small scalds or burns from hot objects.

⚫ Flush the burned area with cool water from the faucet or use cool
wet compresses to the skin.
⚫ Cleanse the burned area and apply burn cream from the first aid
kit.

Chemical Burn

⚫ Start treatment immediately by placing the burned area under

cool running water for at least 15 minutes.
⚫ If the chemical reached the eye, irrigate the injured eye with cool
water for at least 15 minutes. Make sure that the water will not
run into the other eye. Then, cover the eye with a sterile
compress.
⚫ Recommend the individual to seek emergency medical treatment.

Cuts & Bruises ⚫ Treat as directed using instructions included in the first aid kit.

⚫ Turn off all flames and gas jets, and then wrap the person on fire
Fire with wet cloth.
⚫ Use a fire extinguisher to put out the fire, DO NOT use water.

Foreign Matter in ⚫ Irrigate the injured eye with running water for 15 minutes.
Eyes ⚫ Seek medical help immediately.

Poisoning
⚫ Seek medical help immediately.

Severe bleeding ⚫ Apply direct pressure to the source of bleeding.

⚫ Seek medical help immediately.

Chemical spills, ⚫ Wash the area with running water, use a safety shower.
Acid burns, Base ⚫ For acid burns, apply sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).
burns ⚫ For base burns, apply boric acid.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 USING THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin

releases a locking mechanism that will discharge the
extinguisher.

2. Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. In order

to put out the fire, the fuel must be extinguished.

3. Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the

extinguishing agent in the extinguisher. If the handle is
released, the discharge will stop.

4. Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion,

fire extinguisher must be moved back and forth until the
fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a
safe distance, several feet away, and then move towards
the fire once it starts to diminish.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Experiment No. 4
Distillation

Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences

in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To
separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have
different boiling points, into the gas phase.

Objectives:
• To know the principle behind the distillation process.

Materials
Distillation setup Sample of Alcoholic beverage

Procedures
A. Assembly
1. Fill the distilling flask with the sample 1/3-1/2 full. Record the volume of the
sample being used.
2. Use an extension clamp on the distilling flask.
3. Add a few boiling stones to the flask.
4. Position the thermometer bulb just below the arm of the adapter, where vapors
turn toward the condenser.
5. Wet the condenser hoses with water before attaching.
6. Connect the condenser hoses such that water flow uphill: bring water from faucet
into the lower arm, and drain out the upper arm.
7. Make sure all of the connections are secure.
B. Begin Distillation
1. Turn on the condenser water.
2. Apply the heat source to the distilling flask.
3. Collect and record the amount of the distillate.
4. Record the temperature where the liquid is actively distilling.
C. Cease Distillation
1. Stop the distillation when the temperature changes dramatically or if the distilling
flask is nearly empty. (Never distill to dryness.)
2. Lower and remove the heat source, but keep water circulating until the flask is
just warm to the touch.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Results and Observations:

Compute for the percentage yield:

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Conclusion

Questions:
1. Explain the principle behind the distillation process.

2. Define the following terminologies.

Simple distillation –

Fractional distillation –

Reference/s (in APA format):

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Experiment No. 5
Alcohols and Phenols

Molecules of alcohols contain one or more hydroxyl groups (OH groups)

substituted for hydrogen atoms along the carbon chain. Ethanol is a common alcohol
used as a solvent, in some special fuels, in antifreeze, and to manufacture a number of
other chemicals. You are probably most familiar with it as a component of alcoholic
beverages. Alcohol’s intoxicating effects are well known, and it is a mild depressant.
Prolonged overuse can lead to liver damage.
Compounds in which a hydroxyl group is bonded to an aromatic ring are called
phenols. The chemical behavior of phenols is different in some respects from that of the
alcohols, so it is sensible to treat them as a similar but characteristically distinct group. A
corresponding difference in reactivity can be observed in comparing aryl halides, such as
bromobenzene, with alkyl halides, such as butyl bromide and tert-butyl chloride. Thus,
nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions were common for alkyl halides, but rare
with aryl halides.

Objectives:
• To know the different identification tests for alcohols and phenols;
• To differentiate alcohols from phenols.

Materials
Acetone n-butyl alcohol
Acetyl Chloride sec-butyl alcohol
Bromine Water tert-butyl alcohol
Chromic Acid Phenol
Ethanol Test Tube
Ferric Chloride Test Tube holder
Glycerin Test Tube Rack
0.1M KI solution Pipette
3M NaOH solution Aspirator
Water Bath

Procedures
A. Acetyl Chloride Test
1. Add 10 drops of n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol in
separate test tubes.
2. In the fumehood, dropwise add 10 drops of acetyl chloride to each test tube.
3. Observe any evolution of heat, and hold a piece of pH paper over the top of
the test tube ot determine any HCl gas generated.
4. After 2 minutes, pour the mixture into 2mL of water, shake it and note any
phase separation.

B. Chromic Acid Test

1. Place 10 drops of n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol in
separate test tubes.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 2. To each test tube, add 1mL of acetone.
3. In the fumehood, add one drop of chromic acid and swirl.
4. Note the time it takes for the formation of a cloudy blue-green suspension to
occur.

C. Iodoform Test
1. Add 3 drops of sec-butyl in 2mL water. Add 1mL 3M NaOH solution.
2. Add 0.5M KI solution drop by drop until brown color persists after shaking.
3. Place the test tube in a 60°C water bath and add more KI solution as
necessary until brown color remains after 2 minutes of heating.
4. Add 3M NaOH drop by drop until the brown color disappears.
5. Remove test tube form the water bath, add 10mL cold water and let it stand
for 15 minutes.
6. Repeat procedure using acetone

D. Bromine Water Test

1. Add 3mL of phenol and ethanol in separate test tubes.
2. To each test tube, add 10mL of water.
3. Add saturated bromine water drop by drop until the bromine color persists.
4. Observe formation of precipitate.

E. Ferric Chloride Test

1. Add 5 drops of phenol and glycerin in separate test tubes.
2. To each test tube, add 1mL water.
3. Add 2 drops of Ferric Chloride.
4. Solution and observe for changes.
Results and Observations:
Test Samples Observations
n-butyl alcohol

sec-butyl alcohol

Acetyl Chloride Test

tert-butyl alcohol

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 n-butyl alcohol

sec-butyl alcohol

Chromic Acid Test

tert-butyl alcohol

sec-butyl alcohol

Iodoform Test
acetone

Bromine Water Test phenol

ethanol

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Ferric Chloride Test phenol

glycerin

Conclusion

Questions:
1. Differentiate the structure of alcohols and phenols.

2. Give the principles behind Acetyl Chloride and Chromic Acid Tests.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 3. Give examples of alcohol or alcohol-related compounds with their use/s.
Pharmaceutical Structures Use/s
Compounds

Reference/s (in APA format):

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Experiment No. 6
Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are widespread in nature and are often combined with
other functional groups. Examples of naturally occurring molecules which contain an
aldehyde or ketone functional group are shown in the figures below. The compounds
below are found chiefly in plants or have animal origins.

Objectives:
• To know the different identification tests for aldehydes and ketones;
• To differentiate aldehydes from ketones.

Materials

Graduated cylinder Acetone

Formaldehyde Chromic acid reagent
Pipette Benedict’s reagent
Acetaldehyde Water bath
Aspirator 0.5 M iodine solution
Benzaldehyde 3M NaOH
Test tube rack Test tube holder
Cyclohexanone Distilled water
Test tube brush

Procedures
A. Benedict’s Test
1. Add 2 drops of formaldehyde to 2mL of water.
2. Add 2mL of Benedict’s reagent.
3. Heat the mixture to a boil.
4. Observe if a precipitate forms, and note its color.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 5. Repeat using acetone, glucose, and fructose instead of formaldehyde.

B. Tollens’ Test
1. Add 1mL of formaldehyde to test tube.
2. Add 2mL of Benedict’s reagent.
3. Heat the mixture for 5 minutes.
4. Observe if a precipitate forms, and note its color.
5. Repeat using acetone, glucose, and fructose instead of formaldehyde.

C. Chromic acid Test

1. Mix 1 drop of formaldehyde with 1 drop of acetone.
2. Add 1 drop of chromic acid reagent and swirl.
3. Note the time it takes for the formation of cloudy blue-green suspension to
occur.
4. Repeat using acetone, glucose, and fructose instead of formaldehyde

D. Iodoform Test
1. Add 5 drops of acetone to 2mL distilled water.
2. Add 1mL 3M NaOH to the solution.
3. Water bath the test tube in 60mins.
4. Drop per drop, add 0.5 M iodine solution until brown color persists up to 2
minutes of heating. Remove the mixture from the water bath.
5. Add 10mL cold water, and let it stand for 15 minutes.
6. Note the formation of precipitate. Repeat using formaldehyde as sample.
Results and Observations:
Tests Samples Observations
formaldehyde

acetone

glucose
Benedict’s Test

fructose

formaldehyde

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 acetone

Tollens’ Test glucose

fructose

formaldehyde

acetone

Chromic Acid Test

glucose

fructose

acetone

Iodoform Test
formaldehyde

Conclusion

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Questions:
1. What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

2. Give examples carbonyl-containing pharmaceuticals with their use/s.

Pharmaceutical Structures Use/s
Compounds
Aldehydes

Ketones

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Reference/s (in APA format):

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Experiment No. 7
Carboxylic Acids

The carboxyl functional group that characterizes the carboxylic acids is unusual in
that it is composed of two functional groups: the carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group
bonded to a carbonyl group. It is often written in condensed form as –CO2H or –COOH.
The change in chemical and physical properties resulting from the interaction of the
hydroxyl and carbonyl group are so profound that the combination is customarily treated
as a distinct and different functional group.
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature, often combined with other functional
groups. Simple alkyl carboxylic acids, composed of four to ten carbon atoms, are liquids
or low melting solids having very unpleasant odors. The fatty acids are important
components of the biomolecules known as lipids, especially fats and oils.

Objectives:
• To know the different identification tests for carboxylic acids.

Materials

Formaldehyde Cold water

Acetone Distilled water
Glucose Test Tube
Fructose Test Tube holder
Benedict’s reagent Test Tube rack
Tollens’ reagent Pipette
Chromic Acid solution Aspirator
Iodine solution Water bath
3M NaOH

Procedures
A. Litmus Test
1. Add a droplet of acetic acid, butyric acid, ethanol, and methanol on separate
blue litmus paper trips.
2. Observe any color change.
B. Sodium Carbonate Test
1. Add 5mL of each of acetic acid, and butyric acid in separate test tubes.
2. Add 5mL of saturated sodium carbonate dropwise on the sides of the test
tubes.
3. Shake the solution well and observe for any changes.

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Results and Observations:
Tests Samples Observations
Acetic Acid

Butyric Acid

Litmus Test
Ethanol

Methanol

Acetic Acid

Sodium Carbonate Test

Butyric Acid

Conclusion

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111

 Questions:
1. What differentiates carboxylic acids from alcohols and carbonyl-containing
compounds like aldehydes and ketones?

2. Give examples carboxyl-containing pharmaceuticals with their use/s.

Pharmaceutical Structures Use/s
Compounds
Aldehydes

Reference/s (in APA format):

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PORG111