MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT
College of Arts and Sciences
HOLY NAME UNIVERSITY
City of Tagbilaran

CHEMISTRY 106
Chemistry for Engineers
LABORATORY GUIDE
(1.0 units)

Class Schedule: ________________ Room No.: ___________

Semester: _________________ School Year: _________

________________________ ______________________
Name of Student Course & Year
 _________________________________________________
Name of Laboratory Instructor

Name: _______________________ CHEM 106 Lab. Schedule: ______________

Course & Year: ______________ Name of Lab Instructor: _______________
Group Number: ______________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Activity Date Instructor’s

No. Title of Activity/Experiment Performed Signature

1 Laboratory Orientation, Safety Rules

and Precautions

2 Common Laboratory Apparatuses

3 The Bunsen Burner

4 Coffee Cup Calorimetry

5 Heat of Combustion of Paraffin Wax

6 Metals and Some Aspects of Corrosion

7 Mechanical Properties of Materials

8 Water: It’s Properties and Purification

9 Determination of the Dissolved Oxygen

Content of Water

10 Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution

 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

I. APPARATUSES AND MATERIALS

1. Students work in groups of three or four.

2. Each group will borrow the needed apparatuses and materials from the counter at
the start of the laboratory period. A borrower slip is provided for this purpose.
3. The group should return these apparatuses at the end of the laboratory period.
Any broken or lost apparatus will be charged to the group.

II. EXPERIMENT REPORT

1. The official experiment paper with the HNU letterhead should be used for the first
page of each report. For the succeeding pages, the ordinary long bond paper may
be used.
2. Reports are due one week after the completion of the experiment. These reports
should be collected at the start of the laboratory period.
3. Later reports will not be accepted.
4. If the student lacks 30% of the prescribed number of experiments due to absence,
unsatisfactory work or late reports, etc. the student will automatically receive a
grade of 5.0.
5. If a student incurs a total of 10 successive or non-successive absences, he will
automatically be dropped from the class.

III. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

A. Working in the Laboratory

1. When working inside the laboratory, always wear the lab gown. See to it that the
lab gown is properly buttoned.
2. Wear shoes that completely cover your feet. Do not wear open shoes or sandals
inside the laboratory.
3. Tie back long hair. Take off jewelries and accessories.
4. Wear protective goggles when carrying out experiments involving concentrated
chemicals or while heating chemicals.
5. Eating, drinking and smoking are not allowed.
6. Behave in a careful and cautious manner. The laboratory is not a playground.

B. Preparing to Conduct an Experiment

1. Read the details of the experiment that you are going to perform before coming to
the lab.
2. Plan your work with your groupmates.
3. Make sure that you use the correct apparatuses and materials.
4. Make sure that you get the correct amount and concentration of chemicals.
5. Organize your work area by arranging the apparatuses and materials on your table
so you can work smoothly.

C. Safety Precautions During an Experiment

1. Do not look down into a test tube, beaker, or flask that contains chemicals while a
reaction occurs.
2. Do not point the open end of the test tube at a person while a reaction occurs.
Hold it up to the light and look at it from the side.
3. When placing chemicals in a test tube, first place the test tube in a test tube rack.
 4. When heating a test tube, hold it at an angle with a test tube holder and slowly
move it back and forth across the flame. Point the mouth of the test tube away
from yourself and from your groupmates.
5. When instructed to test for the odor of a substance, hold the container away from
you. Move your hand over the test tube to fan the vapor toward your nose.
6. Procedures that will produce dangerous or foul-smelling fumes should be
performed under a fume hood.
7. Before using the glasswares, check for cracks.
8. Handle hot glasswares with crucible tongs or test tube holders.
9. When inserting glass tubing through a hole in a stopper, first lubricate the glass
tubing with glycerol or water. Hold the lubricated glass tubing wrapped in a towel
before inserting it through a hole in a stopper. Then, push it through a stopper
with a twisting motion.
10. Turn off burners that are not in use. Reach around, not over; a flame.

D. Fire Safety
1. Fires in the chemistry laboratory may be caused by some chemical reactions,
electrical faults, gas leakage, and poor laboratory procedures.
2. Be familiar with the location of water and gas outlets, and fire exits.
3. Know where to find and use fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, fire blankets, and
buckets in case of fire or injury.
4. Smother small fires with a wet towel or sand. If it fails, use the fire extinguisher.
5. If your clothes catch fires, do not run. Cover yourself with a wet blankets or roll on
the floor or use the shower.
6. If a person’s clothes have caught fire, lay the person down, roll the person over,
and smother the flames with the fire blanket.
7. Do not play with the electrical sockets, gas fittings, or flammable chemicals in the
laboratory.
8. Completely extinguish matches after use and place them in a nonflammable
container. Do not throw matches into a waste basket.
9. Apparatus used in heating should be allowed to cool before washing or storing
them.
10. Hot objects should not be placed directly on bench tops, paper, or other
flammable substances. A cool gauze mat should be used.

E. Precautions about Acids and Bases

1. When making dilute acids, slowly add acid to water, not the other way around.
2. Only the laboratory instructor or the laboratory technician may handle
concentrated acids or strong bases.
3. Listen to your laboratory instructor for proper first-aid procedures in dealing with
accidents while working with chemicals, such as getting them into your eyes or on
your skin.
4. Wear protected glasses or safety goggles to protect the eyes when handling
concentrated acids.
5. When dilute acids and bases are spilled on the skin or in the eyes, immediately
wash the eyes or skin with plenty of water. Strong acids and bases can cause
burns. Weak bases can cause burns if they are left in contact with the skin.
6. Report all injuries to your laboratory teacher, no matter how small.

F. Disposal and Cleanup

1. Note carefully the method of disposing chemicals in each activity and follow
directions give by your teacher.
2. Throw insoluble wastes, such as paper or broken glass in the waste basket. Throw
solid chemicals in proper waste containers. Dispose liquid chemicals in disposal
jars. If directed by your laboratory teacher, solutions may be disposed in the sink
with plenty of running water.
 3. Do not return excess chemicals back to their containers.
4. Clean up spills immediately, even if they are just water, to prevent accidents.
5. Before you leave the laboratory:
a. Clean out the equipment you have used.
b. Wipe your working table clean.
c. Check that the water and gas outlets are closed.
d. Make sure that all your apparatuses and materials are kept in their respective
storage places.
e. Place your stool under the table

______________________________________________________________________________

AGREEMENT

This is to certify that I have read and understood the above mentioned laboratory safety
and precautions after having been discussed by the instructor in the chemistry laboratory.

Signed this __________________ at _________________________________________

month/day/year location

_________________________________
Student’s Signature Over Printed Name

___________________________________
Laboratory Instructor’s Name & Signature
 Name: _________________________________ CHEM106L Schedule: __________________
Course & Year: _________________________ Date Performed: ______________________
Group Number: _________________________ Name of Lab Instructor: ________________

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUSES

Activity No. 2

I. OBJECTIVE: To identify the common laboratory apparatuses and to know their uses.

II. PROCEDURE: Draw and give the uses of the laboratory apparatuses listed in the boxes
below.

1. Test Tube 6. Watch Glass

2. Erlenmeyer Flask 7. Wire Gauze

3. Graduated Cylinder 8. Iron stand

4. Beaker 9. Iron Clamp

5. Ordinary Funnel 10. Iron ring

11. Mortar & Pestle 16. Medicine Dropper

12. Evaporating Dish 17. Crucible Tong

13. Stirring Rod 18. Test Tube Holder

14. Thermometer 19. Clay Triangle

15. Test Tube Rack 20. Water-trough

21. Test Tube Brush 26. Separatory Funnel

22. Pipet 27. Buret

23. Volumetric Flask 28. Fish Tail/Wing Top

24. Cork Borer 29. Crucible and Cover

25. Florence Flask 30. Distilling Flask

31. Condenser 32. Adapter

33. Hot water bath 34. Iron clamp assembly

35. Capillary tube

 Name: _________________________________ CHEM 106L Schedule: __________________
Course & Year: _________________________ Date Performed: ______________________
Group Number: _________________________ Name of Lab Instructor: ________________

THE BUNSEN BURNER

Activity No. 3

I. OBJECTIVE: To study the construction, operation and function of the Bunsen burner.

II. APPARATUS: Bunsen burner, evaporating dish, glass tubing, crucible tong

III. MATERIALS: 1 piece of cardboard, pinch of charcoal, a box of match

IV. PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION:

1. Disassemble your burner. Name and give the function of each part. Note especially the
gas inlet and the nozzle or gas pud at the base of the burner. Clean each part.

Why is the nozzle hole very much smaller than the gas inlet?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE BUNSEN BURNER FUNCTION

1. Barrel _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

2. Air Hole _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

3. Gas Pud _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
4. Collar _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

5. Gas Inlet _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

6. Base _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

7. Gas Adjustment ____________________________________________________

Knob ____________________________________________________

2. a.) Reassemble the burner. Note that the air holes can be opened and close.
Connect the burner to the gas cock by means of a piece of rubber tubing.
b.) Light a match and hold it just slightly above the top of the burner, then slowly
open the cock until you have a flame about ten cm high: Open and close the
air holes and note the difference in the color of the flame. _________________
_________________________________________________________________

What influence does this operation (the opening and closing the air holes) have on the
amount of air mixing with the gas?___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. a.) Close the air holes of the burner. Note the characteristics of the flame.
b.) Hold your evaporating dish over the luminous flame until it becomes black.

What is the ordinary name of this black substance? _______________________

What is its chemical name? ___________________________________

How did it exist in the flame? Relate it to the type of combustion taking place ________
_______________________________________________________________________

What makes a flame luminous? _______________________________

4. a.) Adjust the air holes so that you have a blue or nearly colorless flame. Note that
there seems to be two cones, one inside the other. Draw a sketch of this flame.

b.) Hold a clean and dry evaporating dish over a non-luminous flame and note its effect.
Compare the results with 3b. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

c.) Spray a pinch of powdered charcoal to the non-luminous flame

What happens to the charcoal? ______________________________________________

What happens to the color of the flame? ______________________________________

What kind of flame is produced when solid objects (charcoal) is sprayed into the flame?
________________________________________________________________________
 d.) Wet a piece of cardboard (do not soak) and insert it vertically in the center of the
flame so that the bottom of the cardboard touches the barrel head until a drying pattern
begins to form on the cardboard. Do not wait until the cardboard burns.

What part of the flame is the hottest? ________________________________

What part of the flame is the coolest? ________________________________

Draw a sketch of the cardboard showing the drying pattern.

e.) Take a good match stick and quickly insert the head just above the barrel into the
center of the inner cone.

Why does it take some time before the match ignited? ____________________
_________________________________________________________________

f.) Take a piece of glass tubing and holding it at an angle insert one end into the inner
core of the flame. Apply a lighted match at the other end of the glass tubing.
Observations. Explain.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

5. Turn off the gas cock. Note:

a. Never blow out a gas flame.
b. If you are not using the flame, turn the gas off at the gas cock.
c. Never disconnect the tubing from the gas cock without first turning the gas off.
d. Always make sure the gas cock is closed when the gas is not being burned in the
burner. Some gases are poisonous.

6. Disconnect the tubing from the gas cock.

V. CONCLUSION:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

VI. APPLICATION:

1. What are the advantages of using a non-luminous flame? __________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of knowing the proper way of handling a Bunsen burner?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
 Name: _____________________________ CHEM 106L Schedule: ________________
Course & Year: _____________________ Date Performed: ____________________
Group Number: ____________________ Name of Lab Instructor _______________

COFFEE CUP CALORIMETRY

Activity No. 4

I. PURPOSE: To determine the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal.

II. APPARATUS: stirring rod, hot plate, top loading balance, crucible tong, thermometer

III. MATERIALS: unknown metal, 2 pcs. Polystyrene cups, cardboard, cloth

IV. PROCEDURE:

A. Preparation of a Calorimeter :

Set up a calorimeter which consist of two polystyrene coffee cups , (one cup placed over
the other).Fit into it a cardboard with 2 small holes for the cover .Insert the thermometer and
stirring rod through the holes . DO NOT FILL WITH WATER YET.

Assemble the experimental set up as shown in the figure below.

COFFEE CUP CALORIMETER

B. DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF THE UNKNOWN METAL:

1. Weigh the calorimeter (without the cover, thermometer and stirring rod).Record its
mass; (M1.)
2. Place 30 ml of water in the calorimeter and weigh again. Record the total mass.( M2)
Calculate the mass of water by this formula; M2 – M1, the difference will be the mass of
water: (Mw in grams )
 3. Measure and record the temperature of water contained in the calorimeter. This is the
initial temperature of water. (Ti.)

4. Weigh and record the mass of the unknown metal on the weighing scale, (M metal ).

5. Fill a 600 ml beaker with 2/3 full of water and place the unknown metal into it. Place the
beaker on the hot place and heat the water until its boiling point. Continue heating for at
least 15 minutes to ensure that the metals attains the temperature of the boiling water
which is 100 0C. This is the initial temperature of metal, (Ti of metal).Add water is
necessary, to maintain its level.

6. Carefully take out the metal from water, quickly dry it by placing it on a piece of cloth
and place on the calorimeter. Cover the calorimeter and stir the water-metal mixture
thoroughly. Record the maximum temperature reached by water. That will be the final
temperatures of both the water and metal. ( Tf water; Tf metal)

7. Calculate the amount of heat (Q) and specific heat capacity of the metal. Compare the
value obtained from the given table of heat capacities. Identify your unknown metal.

8. Repeat procedure for your second trial. BE SURE TO DRY THE METAL COMPLETELY before
reusing it.

9. When finished, return the apparatus to the counter. Clean your area.

Questions:

1. What is calorimetry?

2. What is the relationship between Heat and calorimetry ?

3. What is Specific heat capacity of a substance?

4. Which is larger. A Calorie or a Joule?

 EXPT. No. 1
COFFEE CUP CALORIMETRY

Name: ______________________________ Course & Yr. ________________

Group # _____________________________ Date Performed: ______________

DATA SHEET

DATA GATHERED:

Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of empty calorimeter g g

Mass of calorimeter and water

g g

Mass of water
g g
0
C
Initial temperature of water in the
calorimeter
( Ti water)
0
C
0
100 C
Initial temperature of metal ( assume 100 0C) 100 0
C
( Ti metal )

0 0
C C
Equilibrium temperature of metal and water
in the calorimeter
(T final water = T final metal )

0
C
Change in the temperature of water
0
(∆T) C

0 0
C C
Change in the temperature of metal
(∆ T)

Specific heat Capacity of metal Cal/g0C

Cal/g0C

C. Show your computations for the following items;

 1. Mass of water : (g)

2. Change in Temperature (∆ T) for water and metal

3. Amount of heat (Q) in cals :

Q gained by water

Q lost by metal

4. Specific heat capacity of metal : (c in cal/g 0C)

5. Average Specific heat capacity.

6. Percentage error

7. Identity of the metal.

D. APPLICATION :

The following is a list of specific heat capacities for a few metals.

C copper=0.385
C iron=0.444
C silver=0.240
C aluminum=0.900
1. A 50g sample of an unknown metal is heated with 800 joules. If the temperature of the metal
increases by 41.6oC, what is the identity of the unknown metal?

2. The specific heat capacity of an unknown liquid is 0.32J/ kg⋅K. The density of the liquid
is 0.0321gmL If a chemist applies 243 J of heat to 300 mL of this liquid starting at 27.1∘C,
what is the final temperature?

Name: _____________________________ CHEM 106L Schedule: ________________

Course & Year: _____________________ Date Performed: ____________________
Group Number: ____________________ Name of Lab Instructor _______________
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF PARAFFIN WAX
Activity No. 5

Introduction

In this activity, you will calculate the heat of combustion of a candle (paraffin wax) and compare
this quantity with the known value.

Materials:

Candle, index card, matches, ring stand, ring, stir rod, empty soda can, 100 mL graduated
cylinder, digital scale, thermometer.

Procedure (check off each step as you finish it):

___1. Hold a lighted match near the base of a candle so that

some melted wax falls onto a 3 x 5 index card. Immediately
push the base of the candle into the melted wax. Hold the
candle there for a moment to fasten it to the card.

___2. Determine the combined mass of the candle and index

card. Record the value in your data table.

___3. Carefully measure out 100 mL of chilled water. (The

chilled water, provided by your teacher, should be 10 to 15°C
colder than room temperature). Pour the 100-mL sample of
chilled water into an empty soft-drink can.

___4. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram, but do

not light the candle yet! Adjust the can so the top of the
candlewick is about 2 cm from the bottom of the can.

___5. Measure the water temperature to the nearest 0.1 °C. Record this value in your data
table.

___6. Place the candle under the can of water. Light the candle. As the water heats, stir it
gently.

___7. As the candle burns and becomes shorter, you may need to lower the can so the flame
remains just below the bottom of the can.
CAUTION: Lower the can with great care.

___8. Continue heating until the temperature increases by at least 25ºC. (For example, if your
water temperature is 15ºC before heating, you should heat it to at least 40ºC).

___9. When the desired temperature is reached, extinguish the candle flame. Continue stirring
the water until its temperature stops rising. Record the highest temperature reached.

___10. Determine the mass of the cooled candle and index card, including all wax drippings,
and record the value in your data table.

Measurement Value (with units)

Initial mass of candle plus index card
Initial water temperature
 Final water temperature
Final mass of candle plus index card

Recall that density = mass/volume.

Questions & Calculations:

1. If the density of water = 1.00 g/mL, calculate the mass of water heated (in grams).

Recall that density = mass/volume.

2. Calculate the temperature change of the water (∆T). The temperature change is equal
to the final temperature minus the initial temperature.

3. Calculate the heat (in joules) absorbed by the water using the formula below. The
specific heat capacity of water equals 4.18 J/g ºC.

Heat absorbed = (mass of H2O) x (Specific Heat of H2O) x (Temperature Change)

q = m x C x ∆T

4. Calculate the mass of paraffin burned in the experiment. This is the difference
between the initial mass of the candle and the final mass of the candle.

5. Using the formula below, calculate the paraffin’s heat of combustion in J/gram.

6. Convert the heat of combustion of paraffin into kJ/gram. 1 kilojoule = 1000 joules.

7. The actual heat of combustion of paraffin is approximately 42 kJ/gram. Using this

information and your answer to the previous problem, calculate your % error in this
experiment.
8. In calculating the heat of combustion, you assumed that all of the heat released from
the burning candle was absorbed by the water.

a. Is this a good assumption?

b. What else may have absorbed some of the heat? Be specific.

Name: _____________________________ CHEM 106L Schedule: ________________

Course & Year: _____________________ Date Performed: ____________________
Group Number: ____________________ Name of Lab Instructor _______________
 WATER: ITS PROPERTIES AND PURIFICATION
Activity No. 8

I. OBJECTIVE: To purify water and study its properties

II. APPARATUS: Distilling flask , beaker (250 ml), test tubes, watch glass, funnel, Bunsen
burner

III. MATERIALS: filter paper, 1 ml alum solution, 2 ml of ammonium hydroxide solution,

plant leaves, sawdust, starch, 0.25 g each of the ff: (cupric sulfate,
Gauber’s salt, calcium chloride, ferric chloride), 5 ml of distilled water, 10
ml of 1% soap solution, 15 ml of sodium carbonate solution, 5 ml of lime
water

IV. PROCEDURE:

Dissolved Impurities

1. Place a few drops of distilled water on a watch glass and evaporate to dryness on a
water bath. Record your observation.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Repeat the procedure using tap water. Which water left a residue on the watch glass?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

What are non-volatile impurities? ____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Add a drop of ammonia to 1 ml of distilled water and evaporate to dryness as in #1.

What happens? Explain. ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

What are volatile impurities? ________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Purification

1. Elimination of Suspended Solids

To a filtered 10 ml turbid water (water containing fine soil particles in suspension), add 1
ml of a solution of alum. Mix well and add ammonium hydroxide, a few drops at a time, until a
solution turns red litmus to blue after shaking.

What is formed when Alum reacts with ammonium hydroxide? ____________________

________________________________________________________________________

What happens when alum-ammonium hydroxide was thoroughly mixed with the turbid
water? ________________________________________________________________________
Filter this mixture and transfer 5ml of the filtrate to a test tube. Compare the color of
the filtrate with the original mixture.

Original mixture: _____________________ Filtrate: _____________________

 What is the role of alum in this experiment? ___________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Distillation
a. Set-up the apparatus for distillation and draw. Label the important parts correctly.

b. Put 25 ml of tap water into the 250 ml distilling flask, boil and collect about 5 ml of
the distillate. Evaporate a few drops on a watch glass over a water bath.

c. Describe the changes undergone by the liquid from the distilling flask to the tip of
the condenser.

d. Add a drop of ammonium hydroxide to the tap water and continue the distillation.
Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein to the distillate.

What happens? _______________________________________________________

Why? ________________________________________________________________

What impurities are removed from water by simple distillation?

_____________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
APPLICATION:

Why is there a need to purify water?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Name: _____________________________ CHEM 106L Schedule: ________________
Course & Year: _____________________ Date Performed: ____________________
Group Number: ____________________ Name of Lab Instructor _______________
 CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
Activity No. 9

OBJECTIVES:
1. Observe the air pollution in the community
2. Find out and identify the causes of air pollution
3. Devise ways of preventing air pollution

PROCEDURE:
A. Go to a busy intersection. Perform three trials for each of the following and find
their averages.
a) Count all the cars that pass by in 5 minutes.
b) Count all passenger jeeps that pass by in 5 minutes.
c) Count trucks and buses in another 5 minutes.
d) For another 5 minutes, count the vehicles emitting visible pollutants and be
able to list the plate number of each vehicle.

B. Take a walk around your neighborhood for about 30 minutes. Take note of
people, places, or things causing air pollution – factories, uncollected garbage,
burning trash, smoke from chimneys, uncovered dump trucks, ongoing
construction, dust, etc. Discuss your findings with the class.

OBSERVATION:

1. What is the proportion of cars visibly polluting the air? Passenger jeeps?
2. Describe the density or color of the pollutants emitted.
3. What safety measures should you take if the air in your community is polluted?
4. What are the causes of air pollution in your neighborhood? Draw them inside
the rectangular box.

CONCLUSION:

APPLICATION:

As a student and member of a community how are you going to lessen the pollution
within your vicinity? Enumerate your plans.