SEASONS AND TIME

 
 Essay Question

:
E

Equinoxes Utharayanam Local time

Summer solstice Dakshinayanam International date line
Winter solstice IST
വിഷുവ%ൾ
(ഗീഷ്മ അയാനാnം
Different Season
ൈശത5അയാനാnം
 Motions of Earth

Revolution (1yr) - Controls Seasons.

പരി�കമണം (1yr)—ഋത��െള നിയ��ി����.

Rotation (24hr) - Changes in Time.

�ഭമണം (24hr) - സമയം മാറിെ�ാ�ിരി����.
 Seasons
EXp¡Ä

Summer - th\¡mew

Winter - ssiXyImew

Autumn - tla´Imew

Spring - hk´Imew

Rainy - hÀjImew
 Earth’s Revolution
`qanbpsS ]cn{IaWw

In an elliptical orbit that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

     
 Parallelism of the Earth's axis
A¨pX@nsâ kam´cX

Earth maintains this tilt throughout its revolution.

    
Evaluate the features of summer solstice, winter solstice and
equinox based on the following indicators.
        
Day
Position of the Sun
Length of the day nigh
 Winter Solstice
Norther I ssiXy Ab\m´Zn\w
emerin
 Winter in
s gum

nawaf
capricos-ustom Cance
>
-

gor
>
-
Dec-22

I right oo
>
-

Day
--
cape
&
O- -
-

mo
-
On December 22, the sun reaches vertically above the Tropic
of Capricorn.
      
This day is known as winter solstice.
  
Longest night and shortest day found in Northern hemisphere
      
   
Summer Solstice
{Kojva Ab\m´ Zn\w
 Summer-under
-
> Zevia
-

, >
-
cance
June
easin
>
- -
21

D --
- &

O -
Carse
Nutr /

cap-
On June 21, the sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Cancer.
        
The day is known as summer solstice.
   
Longest day and shortest night found in Northern hemisphere
    
 Equinoxes
hnjph§Ä / kacm{X Zn\§Ä
On March -21 and September-23, the apparent position of the
--
sun will be over the equator
          

These days are called equinox.

     
The length of the day and night will be equal During these days
on both of the hemispheres.
      
 equinolis ed of ro
,

--

>
- equater ,

verug
-
march 21 Sep-23
>
-

>
I =
N -
O >ew
-

soh
-

-
 semiamo Zadamo
-

cau
cau june 21
-

gen
june 21
-

gen
cap
cap mor
Dec 22
v
mor
Dec 22
What is meant by apparent movement of sun?
Apparent movement of the Sun.
kqcysâ Ab\w
The position of the Sun shifts apparently between Tropic of Cancer
(23½° North) and Tropic of Capricorn (23½° South).
       

 Utharayanam
D¯cmb\w

Earth maintains this tilt throughout its revolution.

        
 Dakshinayanam
Z£nWmb\w

Movement of sun from north to south ie Tropic of Cancer to Capricorn.

   DEC :22     
 Apparent position of Features: Name of the day
the sun with date. Length of day and night.

Equator – March:21 & Equinoxes ; Day & night

Sep:23 equal.
     
   
  
Tropic of Cancer – June 21 Summer Solstice : Longest day
and Shortest night in
Northern hemisphere
      
  
  
Tropic of Cancer – June 21
   
Tropic of Capricorn – DEC :22
� 
Summer Solstice : Longest day
and Shortest night in
Northern hemisphere
  
  
  
Winter Solstice: Shortest day
and Longest night in Northern
hemisphere
 
 
  
 Transition seasons.
amä§fpsS Imew /kw{IaW Imew

There are two transition seasons .

  

Spring season


Autumn season
 
Following are a few natural phenomena occur during different seasons
in India. Identify the seasons represented by each.

A) Sprouting and blooming of plants.

B) Trees shed their
C) Drying of reservoirs
D) Dry atmosphere and low temperature.
 Spring season
hk´Imew

Winter
-
to Summer
-

   

- -

Increase in temperature.
-

 
- -

Plants sprouting, mango trees blooming and jackfruit trees

- - -
bearing buds..
-

    -

- - -
 
  
 Autumn season
tla´Imew

Summer to winter
-
-
   

=
-
Temperature decreases.

--
  
Trees generally shed their leaves.
  
-

Shortening of
-
day and lengthening of night..
- -

     

- -
 SUMMER SEASON

• The southward apparent movement of the Sun

begins from 21 June and again reaches
vertically above the Equator on 23 September
• Summer season is experienced in the
Northern Hemisphere during this period
 WINTER SEASON

• The northward apparent shift of the Sun

begins by 22 December and again reaches
vertically above the Equator on 21 March.
• This period marks the winter season in the
Northern Hemisphere.
Why seasons change?
  
Revolution of the Earth
ഭ�മിയ�െട പരി�കമണം

Tilt of the earth's axis

അ��ത�ിെ� സമാ�രത

Parallelism of the Earth's axis

അ��ത�ിെ� ചരിവ്

Apparent movement of sun

സ�ര�ൻെറ അയനം
 Seasons
EXp¡Ä
Seasons
Months
The apparent EXp¡Ä
movement of the sun
amk§Ä Northern Southern
kpcysâ Ab\w hemisphere hemisphere
D¯cmÀ[ tKmfw Z£nWmÀ[ tKmfw

8
From March 21 to June 21 From the Equator to Spring
+ Autumn
      Tropic of Cancer  
 

From June 21 to From Tropic of Cancer Summer Winter
September 23 to the Equator  
    
   
From September 23 to
December 22
  
From the Equator to
Tropic of Capricon
 
O
Autumn

Spring


   

From December 22 to
March 21
  
From Tropic of Capricon
to the Equator
 
O
Winter

Summer


   

 Seasons
EXp¡Ä

Autumn
Summer

Spring
Winter
 Rotation and calculation of time
{`aWhpw kabw IW¡m¡epw.

Earth rotates on its axis.

   
Earth’s Rotation - West to East.
    
Rotation = 24 hrs = 1 Day.
     
Sun rises in the east.
   
 kabw IW¡m¡Â

For 360° rotation = 24 hours.

°    
24 hours into minutes 24 X 60 = 1440 minutes .
  ×  
For covering 1° longitude is 1440➗360 = 4 minutes
     ÷ 

Ie within 1 hr = 15° 1° = 4 minutes

   ° °   
Time increasing towards East and decreasing towards west.
      

11.56 am 12.00 Noon 11.04 pm

10 West 00 10 East
 Local Time
{]mtZinI kabw

The time estimated at each place, based on the apex position of

the sun is termed >
as the local time.
- -

-
- -

      

- - -
 Longitudes
tcJmwi tcJIÄ

Pole to Pole
 
180° towards west.
°  WH EH
180° towards East.
° 
 Greenwich time (GMT) / Prime Meridian.
{Ko\n¨vkabw / ss{]w sadnUnb³.

-0° Longitude.
GMT
° 
Passing through Royal
-
British Observatory Greenwich.
        
- - -

Time is calculated worldwide based on the Greenwich Line.

-
-

     

Greenwich Mean Time: Local time at Greenwich line
-

°       

 Time Zones
kabtaJeIÄ

Based on the Greenwich Merdian, the world is divided into 24 zones,

each with a time difference of one hour.
         

 Indian Standard Time (IST)
C´y³ Ìm³tUÀUv kabw
-

82 ½° E, longitude - standard meridian of India.

- -

82 ½° E     

Er - -

Local time along this 82 ½° E is generally

considered as IST.
-

82 ½° E      


 International Date line
A´mcm{ã Zn\m¦tcJ
-
180° Longitude/ 
If 180° longitude passes
through a country, the places
- -

- -

situated East and West of this

-

line will be having two

-

- -

different days.
-

Beginning and End of a Day

>
-
Broken Nine

Mosbeger : o 3 been
 Crossing 180° Longitude .
A´mcm{ã Zn\mt¦cJ apdn¨pIS¶mÂ.

>
-
W E E W

Lose one day Advance 1 day in calendar

°
- - -

   

- -

E W
E -
W
Gain -
one day
-
Deduct one day in calendar
-

   

-
GMT : / Pu 10 =
4
120 EG) =
ES = +

70 we
2 -

wer
° =

°
120 & Ei + 450 minut
120x

=+
=
Shr
9 : 00 pm
-
T
-
-

23n2 C se
6
- 601
↳

0
 70x
70W = -280 mut
-
4
= -
4ho kommt 250
-
I

= 8 : 20 an
-°
-
-
60
e o
iii e
9
-
↑

-
82 : =
82 .
301

GMT = + 5 : 30

ami :
4 Pu
 Huma n re s o u rc e D eve lo p me nt

Different levels of Quantitative features Qualitative

human resource -Names features
development -Education -Health
 Human resource Development

Dif ferent levels of human resource development

Quantitative features -Names
Qualitative features -Education -Health
Human resource development

Development of man's physical and mental abilities

through education, health care, and training.

മാനവ വിഭവേശഷി വികസനം

വിദEാഭEാസം, ആേരാഗEപരിപാലനം, പരിശീലനം, ൈനപുണി

വികസനം എnിവയിലൂെട മനുഷEെn കായികവും
മാനസികവുമായ കഴിവുകൾ വികസിpിkുnത്.
 Different levels of human resource development.
മാനവവിഭവേശഷി വികസനtിെn വിവിധ തല?ൾ

• Individuals take efforts to develop their own skills.

-

• സ; പരി,ശമtിലൂെട കഴിവുകൾ വികസിpിkുnു.

--

• Family creates an environment for the development

-
-

of the potential of individuals.

--

• കുടുംബം അതിനാവശEമായ സാഹചരE?ൾ ഒരുkുnു.

-
Various institutions and agencies provide facilities for
°
- -

education and training.

sാപന?ളും ഏജൻസികളും പരിശീലനം പഠനം എnിവk്

--
-

സാഹചരEെമാരുkുnു.

Nation provides the necessary facilities for its people to

-
-
develop their skills
-

രാഷ്,ടം ജന?ളുെട കഴിവുകൾ വികസിpിkുnതിന്

-
- -

ആവശEമായ സൗകരE?ൾ ഒരുkുnു.

 levels
I
Individual -

offe
Zibsfrem
Family -

-
need
Institutions
, so
s
Nation -
 Features of Human Resource,
മാനവവിഭവtിെn സവിേശഷതകൾ
O OO
OO
00000
00
Qualitative factors.

Education • Healthcare • Training • Social capital

ഗുണപരമായ ഘടക?ൾ

വിദEാഭEാസം, ആേരാഗE പരിപാലനം, പരിശീലന?ൾ,

സാമൂഹിക മൂലധനം
Advantages in developing Human Resource.

O O

% C
②
മാനവവിഭവേശഷി െമcെpടുnത് െകാlുY ,പേയാജന?ൾ.

C
O
80
Education and human resource development.
വിദEാഭEാസവും മാനവ വിഭവേശഷി വികസനവും.
eds
↓
S kill
↓
Tech

job
fr
stare
Projects implemented to develop education and skills.
ഇnE വിദEാഭEാസ രംഗt് നടpിലാkിയ പdതികൾ.

--

·
--

--

--

-- °
--

- --

--

- -

--
-

- -

---
--
--
-

°
 --

--

--

°
-

- -

-
 -

O
Right to Education Act (RTE Act) in 2009

Ensures “Elementary education for all" through RTE

വിദEാഭEാസ അവകാശനിയമം 2009

എlാവർkും ,പാഥമികവിദEാഭEാസം എn ലkEം ഉറpാkുnു.

 Problems in the education sector
വിദEാഭEാസ രംഗt് ഇനിയും പരിഹരിേkl ,പശ്ന?ൾ

Certain sections drop out from schools without

--

completing primary education

-

,പാഥമിക വിദEാഭEാസം പൂർtിയാkാെതയുY

-

െകാഴിuുേപാk്.
There is a lack of availability of basic facilities in the
--

education sector.
-

വിദEാഭEാസ േമഖലയിൽ അടിsാന സൗകരE?ളുെട ലഭEത

-
കുറവ്.

Quality of education has to be improved.

-

ഗുണനിലവാരം െമcെpടുേtlതുl്.
-
Human resource development and healthcare.

Health is a state of physical, mental and social

wellbeing.

ശാരീരികമായും മാനസികമായും സാമൂഹEവും ആയുY

സുsിതി ആണ് ആേരാഗEം (WHO).
 Healthy persons and progress of a country.
-

ആേരാഗEമുY വEkികളും രാജEപുേരാഗതിയും.

Production
--
increases with the increase in efficiency and
the number of working days.
-

െതാഴിൽ ദിന?ളുെട എ[ം വർധിkുnത് െകാlും

-

കാരEkമത വർdിkുnതുെകാl് ഉൽpാദനം കൂടുnു.

-

Natural resources can be utilised properly.

,പകൃതിവിഭവ?ൾ ശരിയായി വിനിേയാഗിkാൻ ആകും
 Medical expense can be reduced, thereby
reducing the government's expenditure.

ചികിtാെചലവുകൾ കുറയ്kാനും അതുവഴി സർkാരിെn

സാmtിക െചലവ് കുറയ്kാൻ കഴിയും

Economic development is possible through increase

in
production.
ഉൽപാദന വർധനയിലൂെട സാmtിക വികസന സാധEമാകും.
Class continues: 2:07PM
 BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESISTANCE
  
Land Revenue System, ഭൂനികുതി വ)വs
PEASANT REVOLTS (കർഷക കലാപ0ൾ)
TRIBAL REVOLTS (േഗാ4ത കലാപ0ൾ)
FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE,
1857
 Land Revenue System regions
    

⑭    

Permanent land revenue settlement
>
-
zamindhar
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions
(BBOs
Ryotwari system South Indian regions
> british
   -

 

Mahalwari system North West regions

- Village
    
head
What are the Features of Permanent land revenue system.

    

imp
-
In the permanent land revenue settlement the tax was collected
-

by zamindars.
-

Zamindar was the owner of the entire land where he had the
-

jurisdiction to collect tax.

--

While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual
-

--

farmers became tenants.

-
      
 
-
-

     

-- -

  

      
--
Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the yield as tax
Tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield

-
-
The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut-off date.
-

(Before introducing this system, tax could be paid in)

>
-

60 % - ebeh
tax Pic
poorfield >
-

>
-

fac Must be as Cash

>
-
      
    
   O 
-
Lord Convalis British
Governor General
introduced this system
PEASANT REVOLTS  
INDIGO REVOLT 

MAPPILA REBELLIONS  

It was used for dyeing, for, no artificial colours were used then.
Each farmer who accepted the advance amount from the
British was liable to plant indigo in a fixed portion of his land.

  O  

       
--

       

The farmers were also
compelled to cultivate it at
the most fertile part of the
agricultural land.

 
 
  
 Later when artificial
colours were invented,
indigo became
obsolete.

     


 This made the plight of
the farmers more
miserable, for they had
used much of their land
for indigo cultivation.

      

  
TRIBAL REVOLTS  
 rams
-

KURICHYA REVOLT 

O
·

<
M
Ra
· Mahal
P >
-

SANTHAL REBELLION  

SANTHAL REBELLION  
 RAJMAHAL HILLS
O1855

FOREST ACTS 

SIDO AND KANHU
KURICHYA REVOLT  
 RAMA NAMBI
1812

Kurichya and the Kurumba tribes

 O
imp
I
DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES
  
-
 Village industries Cause odf decline

Pottery Import of aluminium vessels

Tanning Export of raw leather to Europe
Carpentry Use of machines made of metals

   

   
  
 
   
Decline of indian textile
industry

Machine Export of Raw

Mach import of
Made
meterials
fexile Mechine
of
have cheap textile Expansion
Ra te Railway
The import of machine made textiles from Britain.
Low price of machine made textiles.
The expansion of railway

      

      
  
      
Higher taxes imposed on the price of Indian textiles exported to
Britain.
Traditional weavers lost their village markets.
Export of raw materials.

   

       
 FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE, 1857

⑭
First War of Indian
Independence, 1857

-
  
1
Genera
- 1 to
Gree
-
1
-
-
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLT OF 1857
    
Miseries of farmers  
Poverty of the craftsmen   
Dissatisfaction of kings  
C
Miseries of the sepoys  
de
In Barrackpore in Bengal, Mangal
Pandey, an Indian soldier, shot at a
British officer, who forced him to
use the new cartridge.
   
    
   
 Dissatisfaction of kings
 

Doctrine of Lapse,
  
Centres of Revolt Leaders
Delhi Bahadur Shah II
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai
Lucknow Begum Hazret Mahal
Kanpur Nana Saheb, Thantia Thopi
Faizabad Maulavi Ahammedullah
Bahadur Shah II Rani Lakshmi Bai Thantia Thopi

Begum Hazret Mahal Nana Saheb

REALISING THE EXPLOITATION
 
 DRAIN THEORY
  
ente
abekne
BCB
 How did the Indian wealth flow to Britain
    
Export of Indian raw materials.
Salary and pension to the British officers in India.
Profit gained through the sale of the British products in India.
Tax from India.

      

     
       
   
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM

The National Rural Health Mission operates in the rural

sector , and aimed to make available quality health
services to all.

േദശീയ ,ഗാമീണ ആേരാഗE മിഷൻ (NRHM)

,ഗാമീണേമഖലയിൽ ഗുണേമnയുY ആേരാഗE േസവന?ൾ

ലഭEമാkാൻ ,പവർtിkുnു.
National Urban Health Mission

Provides improved health services to the residents

of urban slums and other marginalised people in
towns with a population of more than 50,000.

േദശീയ നഗര ആേരാഗE മിഷൻ

50000 tിൽ അധികം ജനസംഖEയുY നഗര?ളിെല േചരി
നിവാസികൾkും പിേnാkkാർkും ആേരാഗEേസവന?ൾ
ലഭEമാkുnു.
 Landscape analysis

6
'
· through maps
ഭൂതല വിശകലനം ഭൂപട-ളിലൂെട
 Landscape analysis through maps
ഭൂതല വിശകലനം ഭൂപട-ളിലൂെട

0000
Uses of
topographical
map
symbols Grid Contour Line
 Topographic Map
Large scale map, Depict in minute details, all the natural and
-

manmade features on the earth's surface.

- -
-

ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട,ൾ

.പകൃതിദtവും മനുഷ:നിർmിതമായ എlാ ഭൗേമാപരിതല

സവിേശഷതകെളയും വളെര സൂk്മമായി ചി.തീകരിkുn വലിയ
േതാത് ഭൂപട,ളാണ് ഇവ.
In India, the preparation of Topographic maps
- Survey of India.
- n

ഇn:യിൽ ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട നിർmാണtിെn ചുമതല

സർേv ഓഫ് ഇn:
-

So I
 Uses of topographic maps
ധരാത ലീ യ ഭൂപട,ളുെട ഉപേയാഗ,ൾ

>
- Analysis of the physical and the cultural features of the earth surface.
-
- - -

ഭൂ.പേദശ,ളുെട ഭൗതികവും സാംസ്കാരികവുമായ സവിേശഷതകൾ വിശകലനം െചyുnതിന്

- - - -

Identification and studying of the natural and the cultural resources of a region as part of
> economic planning.
-
-

സാmtിക ആസൂ.തണtിെn ഭാഗമായി ഒരു .പേദശtിെn .പകൃതിദtവും

-

മനുഷ:നിർമിതവുമായ വിഭവ,ൾ കെXtി പഠിkുnതിന്

-
1
For military operations and the preparation of military maps
- -
ൈസനിക .പവർtന,ൾkും ൈസനിക ഭൂപട,ളുെട നിർമാണtിനും
-

For urban planning.

>
- - -

നാഗരാസൂ.തണ.പവർtന,ൾk്
-
 Layout and numbering of toposheets
ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട,ളിെല േല -ഔ2ും നmറി,ും

The number of the toposheet denotes the area it represents.

ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട,ളിെല നmർ ഭൂപടം .പതിനിധാനം െചyുn .പേദശെtയാണ്
സൂചിpിkുnത്.

G
The whole world is picturised in 2222 sheets.
2222 ഷീ]ുകളിൽ േലാകം മുഴുവൻ ചി.തീകരിcിരിkുnു.
-
Between 60° North and South latitudes
60° ഉtര-ദkിണ അkാംശ,ൾkിടയിൽ
- -

1800 --
Between 60° and 88° in both hemispheres
60 മുതൽ 88 ഡി.ഗി വെരയുb .പേദശ,ളിൽ
-
-

↳ 20
For both the poles -

രX് .ധുവ,ളിൽ

2
 Maps in this series is in 1:1000000 scale, these are known as million sheets.
- -

ഇവ ഓേരാnും 1:1000000 എn േതാതിലാണ്, ആയതിനാൽ മില$ൺ ഷീ(ുകൾ

- -
-

എn് പറയുnു

-
 Million sheets മില$ൺ ഷീ(്

4° latitudinal and 4° longitudinal extent.

- - -

Given index numbers from 1 to 105.

4° അkാംശവും 4° േരഖാംശവും വ$ാപ്തി. മില$ൺ ഷീ(ുകൾk്
- -

1 മുതൽ 105 വെര നmറുകൾ നൽകിയിരിkുnു.

- -
 Million sheets divided into 16 parts known as
degree sheets.
മില:ൺഷീ]്െന 16 ഭാഗ,ളായി തിരിcിരിkുnു
ഇവ ഡി.ഗി ഷീ]ുകൾ.

Marked A, B, C, D,..upto P.

1°latitudinal and longitudinal extent

1°അkാംശ,േരഖാംശ വ:ാപ്തി,
scale 1:250000
1:250000 എn േതാത്
Degree sheets are further divided into 16 equal
parts.

15' (15 minutes) latitudinal and longitudinal

extent and are numbered as 1, 2, 3,..16.

ഡി.ഗി ഷീ]ുകെള വീXും 15' മിനി]് അkാംശ-

േരഖാംശ വ:ാപ്തിയുb 16 ഭാഗ,ളായി തിരിc് 1
മുതൽ 16 വെരയുb നmറുകൾ നൽകിയിരിkുnു.

Scale=1 : 50000.
 oh
will Deger
D
-
-

45
10 -minute
e
 Conventional signs and symbols
The colours and symbols used in the toposheets are
internationally accepted.

അംഗീകൃത അടയാളDളും ചിhDളും

ചിh,ളും നിറ,ളും അnാരാഷ്.ടതലtിൽ അംഗീകരിcതിനാൽ
ഒരു രാജ:kാർ തyാറാkുn ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപടം മ]ുbവർkും
എളുptിൽ മനsിലാkാവുnതാണ്.
-

- -
-
I
-

*
 -
O =

-
--

-
-

-
 -
-

- - -
E
-
 x
O
·
-

- -

o
- -
BLACK

BLUE

GREEN

YELLOW
WHITE
RED
RED
BROWN
BROWN
BLACK

BLUE

GREEN

YELLOW
WHITE
RED

BROWN
 Grid reference
For identifying precise location of minor geographical features in
toposheets.

.ഗിഡ് റഫറൻസ്

ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട,ളിെല വളെര സൂk്മമായ ഭൂ-സവിേശഷതകെള

sാനനിർണയം നടtാൻ..
 wo Eastings ഈsിങ്സ് E
>
-

These are north-south lines 2021222324

വടk് െതk് ദിശയിൽ വരcിmുb േരഖകൾ.

Their value increases towards the East.

മൂല:ം കിഴേkാm് കൂടിവരുnു.

2021222324
.

- -
 Northings േനാർtിങ്സ്
N

↑
These are lines drawn in the east-west direction.

കിഴk് പടിnാറ് ദിശയിൽ വരcിmുb േരഖകൾ

Their value increases towards the north. He

14
മൂല:ം വടേkാm് കൂടിവരുnു.
=
13
13

12
12
-

11 19

I
10 10
 Grids .ഗിഡ്

The grids formed jointly by the eastings and the

northings are called reference grids.

ഈsിങ്സ് േനാർtിങ്സ് േരഖകൾ േചർnുMാകുn

ജാലികകെള റഫറൻസ് Qഗിഡ് എnു പറയുnു.
Find out the location of settlements and graveyards in the given
grid using 4- figure grid reference method
നാലk .ഗിഡ് റഫറൻസ് ഉപേയാഗിc് പാർpിടtിെnയും ശ്മശാനtിെnയും
sാനം കാണുക

Graveyards

Settlements

O
Find out the six figure grid reference of the given feature?
ആറk .ഗിഡ് റഫറൻസ് കാണുക.

-
EN 6 Signer
--

Po ed
well
82

Fort-eag
-7352
-

8134 e

· it Tubere
-

-
-

&

-
-

n it'
G
-

I
ja
-

-'I
 Contour Lines
Imaginary lines drawn on maps
- -
-
V

⑳ ↓
connecting places having equal elevation
from the sea level.
- -

േകാXൂർ േരഖകൾ
സമു.ദനിരpിൽ നിn് ഒേര ഉയരtിൽ ഉb sല,െള
- -

േയാജിpിcു വരയ്kുn സാolിക േരഖകൾ.

-
Respective altitude marked
- contour values.
േകാXൂർേരഖേയാെടാpം അവയുെട
ഉയരം േരഖെpടുtിയിmുXാകും
അതിെന േകാXൂർമൂല:ം എn്
പറയുnു.

Difference between the value

of two adjacent contours
-contour interval.
രXു അടുtടുtുb േകാXൂർ
േരഖകളുെട മൂല:,ൾ തmിലുb
വ:ത:ാസെt േകാXൂർ ഇടേവള
എn് പറയുnു
 Three things can be assessed from the contour lines.
-
-
>
-

േകാXൂർ േരഖകളിൽ നിn് മൂnു കാര:,ൾ നമുk് മനsിലാkാം.

- -

-Altitude of the place ഭൂ.പേദശtിെn ഉയരം

-Nature of the slope െചരിവിെn സqഭാവം

aShape of the landform ഭൂരൂപtിെn ആകൃതി..

Contour lines close together- Steep Slop
Contour Lines far apart - Gentle Slop

അടുtടുtു വരുn േകാXൂർ േരഖകൾ

ഭൂ.പേദശtിെn കുtെനയുb െചരിവ്
െനയും, അകnകnു കാണുn േകാXൂർ
േരഖകൾ .പേദശtിെn െചറിയ
െചരിവിെനയും ആണ് .പതിനിധാനം
െചyുnത്.
 Intervisibility േനർkാഴ്ച

If any two places are mutually visible,

then we can establish that these
places are intervisible.
ഒരു ഭൂപടtിെല രX് sല,ൾ തmിൽ
പരസ്പരം ദൃശ:ം ആേണാ എn്
കെXtുn
 Applications of intervisibility േനർകാഴ്cയുെട ഉപേയാഗ,ൾ
-

-
electric posts, -
ൈവദ:ുത േപാsുകൾ
െമാൈബൽ ടവറുകൾ
- mobile towers and -വയർെലസ് .ടാൻസ്മിഷൻ ടവറുകൾ

-
wireless transmission towers. തുട,ിയവ sാപിkുnതിന്
*
A +
+
 Toposheet interpretation
-

ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപട വിശകലനം

-

Marginal Information/Primary information. .പാഥമിക വിവര,ൾ

- -

Physical/Natural features ഭൗതിക സവിേശഷതകൾ

- - -

Cultural/Man-made features സാംസ്കാരിക സവിേശഷതകൾ

 Marginal information .പാഥമിക വിവര,ൾ

The general information given outside the margins.

The toposheet number, name of the area, latitudes and longitudes, values of
northings and eastings, scale of the map, contour interval, years of survey and
publication and the agency…

ഭൂപടtിെല നmർ, .പേദശtിെn േപര്, അkാംശ, േരഖാംശ sാനം, ഈs്ങ്സ് െnയും

േനാർtിങ്സ് െnയും മൂല:,ൾ.. തുട,ിയവ.
 Physical features ഭൗതിക സവിേശഷതകൾ

Water bodies such as rivers, streams, springs, etc. as well as the different
landforms are the physical features in topographic maps.

ജലാശയ,ൾ, വിവിധ ഭൂരൂപ,ൾ തുട,ിയവ ഈ വിഭാഗtിൽെpടുnു.

 Cultural features സാംസ്കാരിക സവിേശഷതകൾ

Settlements, different types of roads, boundaries, places of worship,

agricultural lands, post office, police station, bridges, wells and tube wells
etc.
ധരാതലീയ ഭൂപടtിൽ മനുഷ:നിർmിത സവിേശഷതകളായ പാർpിട,ൾ
വിവിധ തരം േറാഡുകൾ അതിർtികൾ ആരാധനാലയ,ൾ കൃഷിയിട,ൾ
കിണറുകൾ തുട,ിയവ ഇതിൽെpടുnു..
PaRt 1
CHAPTER 5
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND
PUBLIC REVENUE
 Debt
②
Reason for the Increase in India's Public Expenditure
--

-
Increase in the defence
-
expenditure -

-Welfare activities
-
Urbanisation
-Disaster management
-
-
  O
   

  

2 so

~ 
-

-
-
- 
  
 Public Expenditure

Developmental Non-Developmental
Expenditure Expenditure

Road
 

 
 

O
Road,
Hospital
schael
war- ,

Interse
pension
(aeco)
Developmental Expenditure  
Constructing roads , Bridges and harbours
Starting up new enterprises , Setting up educational
institutions, etc
    
    
Non-Developmental Expenditure  
War , Interest , Pension , etc
  
Government earns income primarily from two sources

PUBLIC REVENUE

②
Tax revenue
C Non-Tax revenue
 



S 
O 

& -
India
Direct
DIRECT TAX
The burden of the tax is borne by the same person on
whom tax is imposed.
-

The tax payer undertakes the burden of the tax.



    

  
   
Major Direct Taxes in India   
Personal Income Tax
Corporate Tax
 
 
Personal Income Tax  
The tax imposed on the income of individuals.
The rate of tax increases as the income increases.
   
    
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
It was introduced in India on 1st July 2017
--

Merging different indirect taxes imposed by central and

state governments
-1

-
    
       
     
Goods and Service Tax -
Why GST was implemented.

To simplify the indirect tax system

--

To introduce one tax across the country

-
  [Goods and Services Tax (GST)]
      
  
Tax is collected only on value addition.
The tax paid in the earlier stages need not be paid by the
final consumer.
GST registration is mandatory to the traders if the turnover
/

is more than 20 lakh in a financial year

     
     
  
 -
center
CGST
--

TYPES OF SGST
GST -

IGST
-
   
  CGST
  SGST
  IGST
Central GST (CGST)
The tax imposed by the central government
-

   

-
State GST (SGST)
The tax imposed by the state government
--

     

-

These taxes are collected jointly from the consumers and

are shared equally by the centre and state governments
Integrated GST (IGST)
The GST on interstate trade is imposed and collected by the
-

central government.
-
-

-
-

The share of the state government on IGST is given by the

Central government
    
  

KL >
- TN
GST Rates
GST is arranged under four slabs as 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%
----

       

     
GST Council  
The chairman of GST council Union Finance Minister
The members Union Minister of State in charge of finance
and state finance minister
   
      
RECOMMENDATION
*
Taxes, cess and surcharges that are to be merged into GST
- --
- -

The goods and services that are to be brought under GST

Determining GST rates
-

The time frame for including the excluded items into GST
-
-- -

Determining the tax exemption limit on the basis of total

-- -

turnover
-

-
 stan
br
↳ ,

>
-

       

      
 --
-

  

-

      

-- --

 
    
--


-
-
Other Two Sources of Income
surcharge
cess
tak
-

>
-
adition -
Surcharge 
It is an additional tax on tax amount.
--

This is imposed for a certain period of time.

--

Usually surcharge is imposed as a given percentage on

the income tax
- -

    

--

    

-- -

     

--

 -
Cess 
Cess is an additional tax for meeting some special purpose
--

of government.
--

Cess is withdrawn once sufficient revenue is collected.

-

- -

Education cess on income tax is an example.

-

     

--

 
-
-

    

--
Non Tax Revenue  
Fees
Fines and penalties
Grants
Interest
Profit
Fees 
Fees is the reward collected for the government's services.
License fees, registration fees, tuition fees, etc. are examples.

     

      

Fines and penalties
-

Punishments for violating the laws.

   
Grants
Grants are the financial aid provided by one government
or organisations for meeting a specific objective.
-
- -
--
- -

For example, grants are provided by central and state

-

governments to local self governments

-

     

    
    
Interest
Government receive interest for loans given to various
enterprises, agencies and countries
    
   
Profit
Profit is the net income received from the enterprises
operated by the government.
For example, profit from the Indian Railways
      
     
-
 BUDGET
BUDJET
Budget is the financial statement showing the expected
income and expenditure of the government during a
financial year.

In India, financial year is from April 1 to March 31.

      
  
 Types of Budgets

Balanced Budget Surplus Budget

&
Deficit Budget
--
--
-
  

 
- O O

-
 
--

Inu) <exp
exp
In = Exp Fou
BALANCED BUDGET  
When income and expenditure are equal, it is called a
balanced budget.
    
DEFICIT BUDGET   

When expenditure is more than income, it is called deficit

budget
   
DEFICIT

BUDG
ET

EXPE
NSES
SURPLUS BUDGET  
When income is more than expenditure, it is called surplus
budget
     

SURP
LUS
FISCAL POLICY
FISCAL POLICY 
Government's policy regarding public revenue, public
-- -

expenditure and public debt is called fiscal policy.

-

      

-

  -
--
GOALS OF THE FISCAL POLICY

E
Attain economic stability
Create employment opportunities
Control unnecessary expenditure
To increase production
~
To stabilize prices and wages.
   ��
~ 
- 
-  
- 
- 
 EYES IN THE SKY AND
ANALYSis of INFORMATION

 
Chapter-6
REMOTE SENSING 
A method of collecting information
about an object,place or phenomenon
without actual physical contact is
remote sensing.

   

    
  
PLATFORM 
The carrier on which sensors are fixed is called a Platform
Sensors can be installed on balloons, air crafts and satellites.
An energy source is essential for remote sensing
     
   
 CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

(Based on Source of energy)

Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing

   
PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING  
Remote Sensing is carried out with the
help of solar energy is known as passive
-

remote sensing. Here the sensors do not

-

emit energy by itself

  
--
    

 ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING  
Remote Sensing made with the aid of artificial
source of energy radiating from the sensor is
-
-

His
-

known as active remote sensing

   
-

    

  
 TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
-

The method of obtaining the earth's
topography using cameras from the
-

ground
-

   

-

   

/


 AERIAL REMOTE SENSING   
The method of obtaining photographs
of the earth’s surface continuously from
the sky by using cameras mounted
on aircrafts.
--

   

-

   

    
ADVANTAGES OF AERIAL REMOTE SENSING
   

To gather information about comparatively smaller areas.

Information of any region can be gathered in accordance
with our requirements
Contiguous pictures of the areas along the path of the air
crafts are made available
     
    
 
     
OVERLAP IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

O
   

.
It is the amount by which one photograph
includes the area covered by another
photograph, and is expressed as a T *

X
M
percentage ·

   60%

 
   
       
       
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places
depicted in the adjacent photo is included
This is done for ensuring
contiguity
To obtain three dimensional
vision with the help of
stereoscope
 STEREO PAIR  
Two photographs of adjoining areas with overlap
    
    
 STEREOSCOPE  
The instrument which is used to obtain
three dimensional view from the stereo
pairs
    
    
 STEREOSCOPIC VISION   
When viewed through a stereo scope, we
get a three dimensional view of the area
depicted in the stereo pair
    
    
    
    
 LIMITATIONS OF AERIAL REMOTE SENSING
   

The shaking of air crafts affects It is not practical to take

--

the quality of photos photographs of regions that

-

are vast and extensive.

-

  -

   

  
The aircrafts require open space
--
-
Landing the air crafts frequently
for takeoff and landing. for refueling increases the cost.
-

- --

    

     
-

 
-
 SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING   
The process of collecting information
using sensors fixed on artificial satellites.
   
   
  
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
 THE ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES ARE MAINLY DIVIDED INTO
TWO TYPES
     
   

Geostationary satellites Sun Synchronous satellites

   
 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES  
These are the satellites that move
in equal velocity with the earth’s
rotation
  
  
They orbit the earth at an elevation of about
36000 kilometres above the earth.
One third of the earth comes under its field of view.
As the movement of these satellites corresponds to the
speed of rotation of the earth, it stays constantly above
a specific place on the earth.
      
    
    
     
This helps in continuous data collection of an area.
It is used in telecommunication and for weather studies.
India’s INSAT satellites are examples of geo-stationary
satellites.
    
   
     
 SUN SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES  
Sun synchronous satellites are the
artificial satellites that passes around
the earth along the poles
     

The orbit of these satellites is about 900 km in altitude.
The surveillance area is less than that of the geostationary
satellites.
The repetitive collection of information of a region at
regular interval is possible.

      

  
    

Used for the collection of data on natural resources,
land use, ground water etc.
These satellites are mainly used for remote sensing
purposes.
Satellites in IRS, Landsat series are examples of sun
synchronous satellites.
    
 
    
IRS, Landsat     
 SPECTRAL SIGNATURE  
The amount of reflected energy by each object is called
the spectral signature of that object.
      
 
SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF THE SENSOR  
The size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that a
satellite sensor can distinguish is called the spatial resolution
of the sensor.
      
       
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM - (GIS)
Data collection
Retrieved
Analysed
Displayed
 
 

 

THE DIFFERENT STAGES IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
ALL DATA ANALYSIS WITH GIS ARE DONE BASED ON TWO
-
KINDS OF DATA
    
  
Spatital Data
Attrubutes
 

 ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES OF GIS
  

VOverlay Analysis
-Buffer Analysis
-Network analysis
 
 
 
OVERLAY ANALYSIS   
for understanding the mutual relationship among the
various features on the earth’s surface
-

And the periodic changes undergone by them.

--

    

    
   
Example: It is helpful in understanding the changes in the area of crops,
the changes in land use etc.

     

BUFFER ANALYSIS   
To analyse data, a circular zone can be created around
--

a point feature or a parallel zone can be created aside

--

a linear feature
This type of data analyses is called buffer analysis.
These type of zones are called buffer zone.
      
-- --
->
-

       

-

  

-
A CIRCULAR ZONE A PARALLEL ZONE

/
Network analysis  

It deals only with linear features on a map.

-- -

Linear features include roads, railways lines and rivers etc

     
-

     

USES OF NETWORK ANALYSIS

To find out the easiest and less congested roads from one
-

place to another.
--

It can also be used by tourists to plan the maximum number

-

of attractive destinations in the available time.

To bring an accident victim to a suitable hospital through
less congested roads
ഒരിടt് നിn് മെ*ാരിടേtkു0 ഏ*വും എളുpവും തിരk്
-
കുറ:തുമായ േറാഡുകൾ കെ>tുnതിന്.

ലഭAമായ സമയt് പരമാവധി ആകർഷണീയമായ ലkAsാനLൾ

ആസൂNതണം െചyാൻ വിേനാദസSാരികൾkും ഇത് ഉപേയാഗിkാം.

തിരk് കുറ: േറാഡുകളിലൂെട അപകടtിൽെpYയാെള

--

അനുേയാജAമായ ആശുപNതിയിേലk് െകാ>ുവരാൻ

-
Use of GIS  

compile data from different sources

-

update and incorporate data easily

-1

conduct thematic studies

--

represent geographic features spatially

    
--

   

 
-
Represent geographic features spatially.
Generate visual models of future phenomena and
processes base around the data collected.
Prepare maps tables and graphs.
   
     
 
   
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
  
It helps sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location
and elevation of objects on the earth's surface along with
the corresponding time.
    
     
    
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
  
      
  
24 satellites  

In this system a series O

of 24 satellites placed at six different
orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above
the earth's surface locate objects.
---

      

   
      
    

     
②
Four satellites  
>
-
The GPS requires signals from at least four satellites to
display information like the latitude, longitude, elevation,
time, etc. in it.
       
          
   
More satellites are being included in this system for
enhancing accuracy (31 satellites emits signals)
Though started initially for the U.S. defence, this facility is
O
now open to the public since 1980.
      
  
      
     
- -
-
-
-
 ↑

②
- -
-
Gen
Ge e
ele
·
more
r
 -

--

-°
-

--
- -

-
 - -

- -

-
-
-

-
 -

- -

-
>
-
Rivers
Mansoon

Block Y
esebelt
- Attack

Dry
cold wind
was
de a

>
-
flore s fanua
O -
chenab
Beas
Ravi
Sathlaj
JS
It
RJ
HR
K

O
UP

H
---

O
Bergal

--
AB

- -
AS
MG
-

-
②
BB

BB

BB

BB
As

As
 --
-
-

- -

-
-
--

--

-- -
it
-
~ -
- -
- -
-

En
-
>
⑰
wamp
 -
- --
-

-
- -

--

-
 Ei
- -
-
~

- -Sw

e
me
an2

Ty
most
Ty
it
m

-
--
-

-
-

- -
- -
-

-
 -

--

>
-
 -

--
-

- --

-
+
i
dd
 --

-- -
--

-
 Ports-aburgercat
- - -

· Kandla
⑳
Kolkata & Hardia
·
Paradip
· Mumbai/Nhera ·
Sheva
Vishakapatanam

· Marmagoa
Chennai
·
·
Mangalapuram

Kochi ·
Tuticorin
 Rivers- metad
-

* Brahmaputhra

Narmada
-
m - -
E
-
-
-
&
Ganga

/
Mahanadi
↑

-
Tapti

- Godavari
Krishna

i Kaveri (cauvery)
 Coastal Plains - One-
Merc .

Gujarat-

.
-

O
North Zircar
plain .

Al
Konkan-
coast

O
Malabar coast
coramandal coast
 Peninsular Plateau -
ezleya
eiosbel
-
.

Aravalli
-
- Malwar
Plateau
Rann of

~ Satpura
kucth
wind Chotta-
nagpur plateau

↑/
~
Decanin
>
- Eastern Ghats
(rigie 2050)
↳
Western -

Ghats
(ricenes
X

&
-
- ,
/
Resource Wealth
of India
Cropping
Sowing period Harvesting period Major crops
seasons -- --
ImÀjnI hnfbnd¡Â Imew hnfshSp¸p Imew {][m\ hnfIÄ
Ime§Ä - °
- --

June (Onset of monsoon) Early November Rice, maize, millets, cotton,

- -

Kharif Pq¬ (End of monsoon) N jute, sugarcane, groundnut

Jmcn^v (a¬kqWnsâ Bcw`w) \hw_À BZyhmcw s\Ãv, tNmfw, ]cp¯n, Xn\
-

f (a¬kqWnsâ Ahkm\w) hnfIÄ, NWw, Icn¼v, \ne¡Se

November March (Beginning of summer) Wheat, tobacco, mustard, pulses

Rabi
(Beginning of winter)
-C

dm_n amÀ¨v (th\ensâ Bcw`w) tKmX¼v, ]pIbne,

\hw_À a[yw ISpIv, ]bÀhÀK§Ä
-
(ssiXyImemcw`w) march

Zaid March
(Beginning of summer) June (Beginning of monsoon) Fruits, vegetables
sskZv - -

amÀ¨v Pq¬ (a¬kqWnsâ Bcw`w) ]ghÀK§Ä, ]¨¡dnIÄ

(th\ensâ Bcw`w)
 Nov
June
kharif
-

March
-

NOV
Rabi -

march
-

June
zaid
-
Agricultural crops.
ImÀjnIhnfIÄ

⑳e
`£yhnfIÄ, \mWyhnfIÄ F¶n§s\ Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p.
Cash crops are those having
industrial and commercial
significance
\mWyhnfIÄ:þ hmWnPy hyhkmb
{]m[m\yapÅ hnfIÄ.
Cash crops Food crops
The crops which can directly be consumed as food are called
food crops
`£yhnfIÄ `£yhkvXp¡Ä Bbn t\cn«v D]tbmKn¡p¶ hnfIÄ..
Major food crops in India.
Rice
Rice, the staple food crop of
India is a kharif crop.
Alluvial soil is most suitable
for rice cultivation.
Rice requires high temperature
(above 24° C) and a good
amount of rainfall (more than
150 cm).
s\Ãv
Hcp Jmcn^v hnfbmWv.
F¡Â a®v þ Gähpw
A\ptbmPyamb a®n\w.
DbÀ¶ Xm]\nebpw(24°C
apIfnÂ) [mcmfw agbpw
(150cm IqSpXÂ).
Rice is being cultivated in
regions with less rainfall with
the aid of irrigation.
Rice is mostly cultivated in
river basins and coastal plains
Rice is also cultivated by
making terraces along the
slopes of Siwaliks.
ag Ipdª {]tZi§fnÂ
PetkN\ kuIcyt¯msS
s\Â Irjn sNbvXphcp¶p.
\ZoXS§fnepw Xoc kaXe
§fnepamWv s\ÂIrjn
apJyambpw sNbvXp hcp¶Xv.
knhmenIv ae\ncIfnÂ
X«pIfmbn s\ÂIrjn
sNbvXp hcp¶p.
 Wheat
Wheat, the second major
food crop produced in India
is a rabi crop.
Well drained alluvial soil is
ideal for wheat cultivation
The crop which is mainly
cultivated in temperate
regions requires 10°C to 26°C
temperature and 75 cm of
rainfall.
tKmX¼v
Dev]mZ\¯n cïmw
Øm\¯pÅ dm_n hnfbmWv
tKmX¼v.
\oÀhmÀ¨bpÅ F¡Â
a®mWv tKmX¼v Irjn¡v D¯aw.
apJyambpw antXmjvW taJebnÂ
Irjn sN¿p¶ Cu hnf¡v
10°C apXÂ 26°C hsc
Xm]\nebpw 75cm agbpw
BhiyamWv.
Wheat cultivation in India is ssiXyIme hnfbmbXn\mÂ
mainly dependent on apJyambpw PetkN\¯ns\
irrigation as it is a winter crop. B{ibn¨mWv C´ybnse
tKmX¼vIrjn..
 Maize tNmfw

Maize is the third major food `£yhnfIfpsS D¸mZ\

crop produced in India. ¯n tNmf¯n\v aq¶mw
Øm\amWpÅXv.
In India, maize is cultivated DjvWIme¯pw ssiXyIme
in both summer and winter. ¯pw tNmfw IrjnsN¿p¶p.

Annual average rainfall - icmicn 75 skâoaoäÀ

75 cm. hmÀjnI hÀj]mXw
Well drained fertile soil is ideal. \oÀhmÀ¨bpÅ ^e`qbnjvTamb
a®mWv A\ptbmPyw.
Maize is mostly cultivated a[yt{]Ziv, IÀWmSIw,
in Madhya Pradesh, cmPØm³, D¯Àt{]Ziv,
Karnataka, Rajasthan and F¶o kwØm\§fnemWv
Uttar Pradesh. apJyambpw tNmfw Irjn
sN¿p¶Xv.
#
Crops Rainfall Soil Temperature
Rice Above Alluvial soil
above 24° C
amex
150cm
-
എkൽ മ%് -
-

Wheat 75cm Alluvial soil 10°C to 26°C

end -
-- എkൽ മ%്
-- -

Maize 75cm Well drained summer and

-

22 co -
fertile
--
soil winter
-
 Cash crops
\mWyhnfIÄ

000C
Fibre crops
\mcphnfIÄ
Eg: cotton, jute
DZm: ]cp¯n, NWw
Beverage crops
]m\obhnfIÄ
Eg; tea, coffee
DZm: tXbne, Im¸n
Spices
kpKÔhnfIÄ
Eg: cardamom, pepper
DZm: Gew, IpcpapfIv
Other crops
aäp hnfIÄ
Eg: sugar cane, rubber
DZm: Icn¼v, dºÀ
Geographical requirements....
Bhiyamb LSI§Ä....

Frost free growing season, 20° to 30° Celsius of temperature.

aªphogvN CÃm¯ hfÀ¨ Imehpw 20 apXÂ
30 Un{KnskÂjykv hsc Xm]\ne
Small amount of annual rainfall are the geographical requirements
for cotton cultivation.
sNdnbtXmXn hmÀjnI hÀj]mXhpw ]cp¯n Irjn¡v
BhiyamWv.
Black soil and alluvial soil are most suitable
Idp¯ a®pw F¡Â a®pamWv Gähpw A\ptbmPyw.
Cotton is known as 'universal fibre', as it is used worldwide in the
textile sector
- -

hkv{X \nÀ½mW cwK¯v temIhym]Iambn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\mÂ

]cp¯nsb bqWnthgvk ss^_À F¶v ]dbp¶p.
-
India ranks fourth in cotton production & Largest agro-based
industry in India.
C´ybnse Gähpw henb Irjn A[njvTnX hyhkmbw.
The first cotton textile mill - at Fort Glastor near Kolkata in 1818.
BZys¯ ]cp¯n¯pWn an þ 1818 sIm¡¯ t^mÀ«v¥mÌÀ.
Large scale production started at Mumbai in 1854. Mumbai - Most
important cotton textile centre in India, known as 'Cottonopolis’
- -

h³tXmXnepÅ DÂ]mZ\w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv 1854þ apwss_ Gähpw - -

{][m\ DXv]mZ\ tI{µw BbXn\m tIm«tWmt]mfnkv

- -
F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.
 Some favourable factors that helped Mumbai to become the
most important cotton textile centre.
- -

- -

{][m\ ]cp¯n XpWn hyhkmbtI{µamhm³ apwss_¡v

-
klmbIamb LSI§Ä- -

Easy availability of raw materials from neighbouring regions.

-

--
- -

kao]{]tZi§fn \n¶v Akwk-vIrXhkv-Xp¡fpsS

kpKaamb e`yX.
-Cheap availability of power.
-

Ipdª\nc¡n DuÀPe`yX.

-Export and import possibilities of the Mumbai port.

- -
apwss_ XpdapJw tI{µoIcn¨pÅ Ibänd¡paXn km[yXIÄ.
 Fresh water availability.
ip²Pee`yX
Human resource availability.
a\pjyhn`he`yX
Next to Mumbai, Ahmedabad in Gujarat is a major cotton textile
centre.
apwss_¡v tijw Al½Zm_mZv BWv {][m\ ]cp¯n XpWn
hyhkmbtI{µw.
Tea
tXbne

India is the largest producer of tea in the world.

Gähpw IqSpXÂ tXbne DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶ cmPyamWv C´y.
The tea plantations of India are confined to Assam, West Bengal,
Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
Bkmw, ]Ýna_wKmÄ tIcfw Xangv\mSv F¶o kwØm\§fnemWv
C´ybn tXbnet¯m«§Ä DÅXv
Assam leading producer tea..
tXbne IqSpXÂ Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ kwØm\w Bkmw BWv
Geographical conditions…

Hill slopes having an annual rainfall range of 200 to 250 cm and

25° to 30° Celsius of temperature are most favourable for tea
plantations.
200 apX 250 hsc skâoaoäÀ hmÀjnI hÀj]mXhpw 25°-30°
hsc Xm]\nebpÅ Ip¶n³ sNcnhpIfmWv tXbne Irjn¡v
Gähpw A\ptbmPyw.
Well drained soil rich in humus content is required for this
plantation crop.
a®v,þ ssPhmwiw DÅ, Pew hmÀ¶v t]mIp¶ a®v.
The tender tea leaves collected from the plantations are
processed in the nearby factories and marketed
tXbne tXm«§fn \n¶v tiJcn¡p¶ tXbne kao]s¯
^mÎdnIfn kwk-vIcn¨v hn]W\w sN¿p¶p.
Tea is a major export commodity of India.
 Other minerals
aäp Nne [mXp¡Ä.

Minerals Uses Major producing states

[mXp¡Ä {][m\ D¸mZI
D]tbmKw kwØm\§Ä

·
Gold For making jewellery Karnataka
kzÀWw B`cW\nÀamWw IÀWmSIw
Silver For making jewellery, in Rajasthan, Jharkhand,
shÅn electro-plating, Karnataka
in photography cmPØm³, QmÀJÞv,
B`cW\nÀamWw,
-
IÀWmSIw
Cet{Îmt¹änMv, t^mt«m{Km^n

-
- -

Copper Conductor in electrical Jharkhand, Rajasthan,

goods industries Madhya Pradesh
- -

sN¼v
= sshZyptXm]IcW QmÀJÞv, cmPØm³,
hyhkmb§fn NmeI a[y{]tZiv
ambn D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
Bauxite Ore of aluminium. Used for Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
-

t_mIvsskäv making aircrafts, electrical

-

Madhya Pradesh, Odisha

- equipments, domestic QmÀJÞv, O¯okv KUv,
utensils, etc. a[y{]tZiv, HUnj
Aepan\nb¯nsâ AbncmWv
t_mIvsskäv. hnam\w,
sshZypX D]IcW§Ä,
KmÀlnI D]IcW§Ä
F¶nhbv¡mbn
D]tbmKn¡p¶p.

Mica Used as insulator in electrical Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan,

I industries.
- - Jharkhand, bihar
A{`w -
B{Ôm{]tZiv, cmPØm³,
sshZyptXm]IcW hyhkm
b§fn C³kpteädmbn QmÀJÞv, _nlmÀ
-
D]tbmKn¡p¶p.{][m\
D¸mZI kwØm\§Ä
conventional sources of energy
]mc¼cy DuÀÖt{kmXÊpIÄ

The mineral resources such as coal, petroleum, etc. are being

- -

harnessed for energy requirements since ages. Hence such

energy sources are called conventional sources.
I¡cn s]t{Smfnbw XpS§nb [mXphn`h§Ä BWv
- -

Gsd¡meambn DuÀP Bhiy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

AXpsImïv Chsb ]mc¼cy DuÀÖt{kmXÊpIÄ F¶p
]dbp¶p.
These minerals are getting exhausted from the earth due to their
non-renewable nature, also creates large scale environmental
pollution
C¯cw CÔ\§Ä I¯n¡p¶Xv h³tXmXn ]cnØnXn
aen\oIcWw krãn¡p¶p.
Non-conventional sources of energy.
]mc¼tcyXc DuÀÖ t{kmXÊpIÄ

Solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, tidal energy, biogas,

- - - - -

etc. are the major non-conventional energy sources in India.

-

- -

kutcmÀPw Imän \n¶pÅ DuÀPw Xncamebn \n¶pÅ

- -
-
DuÀPw thentbmÀÖw, ssPhhmXIw F¶nhbmWv C´ybnse
{][m\ ]mc¼tcyXc DuÀÖt{kmXÊpIÄ.
]p\Øm]\tijnbpÅXpw, sNehpIpdªXpw ]cnØnXn
{]iv\§Ä Dïm¡m¯Xpamb Cu t{kmXÊpIÄ¡v C´y Gsd
{]mapJyw \ÂIp¶p.
Road transport

Road transport is the most important means to link the

rural and urban centres scattered throughout the country.
cmPy¯v At§mfw Ct§mfw hym]n¨pInS¡p¶ {Kma§sfbpw
\Kc§sfbpw ]ckv]cw _Ôn¸n¡p¶ Gähpw {][m\ amÀ¤w
tdmUv KXmKXw BWv.
Roads in India are classified based on the construction and
management.
\nÀ½mW \nÀÆlW kwhn[m\§Ä ASnØm\am¡n C´ybnse
tdmUpIsf hÀKoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p.
 Classification of Roads
tdmUpIfpsS hÀ¤oIcWw

②
National Highways
tZiob ]mXIÄ
National Highways are the major roads in the country linking the
state capitals, major cities, ports etc. The union ministry is
- -
-
-
-

responsible for the construction and management of such roads.

-

cmPys¯ hnhn[ kwØm\XeØm\§Ä, {][m\ \Kc§Ä, XpdapJ§Ä XpS§nb

tI{µ§sf _Ôn¸n¡p¶ {][m\ tdmUpIfmWv tZiob ]mXIÄ. Cu tdmUpIfpsS
\nÀamW \nÀhlW¨paXe tI{µ-
kÀ¡mcn\mWv.
- >
-

OState Highways
kwØm\ sslthIÄ
State Highways are the major roads connecting the state
- -
- - -

kwØm\ XeØm\§sf PnÃm BØm\§fpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ {][m\tdmUpIfmWv

-
-

capitals with the district head quarters. State governments are

responsible for the construction and maintenance of such roads.

kwØm\ sslthIÄ. tdmUpIfpsS \nÀamW \nÀhlW¨paXe kwØm\

kÀ¡mcpIÄ¡mWv.
O District Roads
PnÃm tdmUpIÄ
District roads are those linking the district

maintained
- by the district
-
-

panchayats.
headquarters with the
important places within the district. These roads are built and

PnÃm BØm\§sf PnÃbnse {][m\ tI{µ§fpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ tdmUpIfmWv PnÃm

Cu tdmUpIÄ.. Cu tdmUpIÄ \nÀan¡p¶Xpw ]cn]men¡p¶Xpw PnÃm ]©mb¯pIfmWv.

O Village Roads
{KmaoW tdmUpIÄ
Village roads are those ensuring the domestic movement within
the villages. More than 80% of the roads in India are village roads.
-

The construction and maintenance of such roads are done by

-m

the local
-
self govern- ments
{Kma§fnse B`y´ck©mcw Dd¸m¡p¶ tdmUpIfmWv {KmaoWtdmUpIÄ. C´ybn ??
tdmUv ssZÀLy¯nsâ 80 iXam\hpw {KmaoWtdmUpIfmWv. CXnsâ \nÀamWhpw
]cn]me\hpw Xt±i kzbw`cW Øm]\§fmWv \nÀhln¡p¶Xv.
The Golden Quadrangle Super Highway
kphÀ® NXpjvtImWw.
·
The six- lane super highways connecting the metropolitan cities
-
in India such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata are together
named as ‘the Golden Quadrangle Super Highway’.
C´ybnse \Kc§fmb UÂln, apwss_, sNss¶, sIm¡¯,
F¶nhnS§Ä X½n _Ôn¸n¡p¶ Bdphcn¸mXIfmb kq¸À
sslthIsf tNÀ¯vkphÀ® NXpjvtImWw kq¸Àsslth F¶
t]cmWv \ÂInbn«pÅXv.
The National Highway authority of India is responsible for such roads.
\mjWÂ sslth AtXmdnän¡v BWv Cu tdmUpIfpsS
NpaXe.
The density of roads is not uniform everywhere in India.
{]tZi¯nsâ `q{]IrXnbpw km¼¯nI hnIk\Xehpw BWv
The development of road network is mainly determined by the
physiography and level of economic development of the region
apJyambpw tdmUv irwJebpsS hnIk\tXmXv \nÀWbn¡p¶Xv.
Railways
sdbn KXmKXw

The largest railway network of Asia is in India

Gjybnse Gähpw henb sdbntÂh irwJe C´ybnemWv.
The Indian Railways is also the largest public sector undertaking
in India.
C´ybnse Gähpw henb s]mXptaJem kwcw`w IqSnbmWv
C´y³ sdbntÂh.
Rail transport is equally important for cargo as well as
passenger transport.
k©mc¯n\pw Nc¡v KXmKX¯n\pw Hcpt]mse {][m\amWv
sdbn KXmKXw.
Railway plays a decisive role in the industrial development of India.
C´ybpsS hyhkmbnI hfÀ¨bn \nÀWmbI Øm\amWv
sdbnÂthbv¡v DÅXv.
The rail transport in India was started in 1853. The first train ran
along the 34 km-long rail between Mumbai and Thane.
1853emWv C´ybn sdbntÂh KXmKXw Bcw`n¨Xv.
almcm{ãbnse apwss_ apXÂ Xms\ hsc \ofp¶ 34
IntemaoäÀ Zqc¯n Bbncp¶p XpS¡w.
 Water transport
PeKXmKXw

Water transport is the most convenient means to transport cargo

on a large scale.
h³tXmXnepÅ Nc¡vKXmKX¯n\v Gähpw tbmPn¨ amÀKw.
Advantages of water transport.
PeKXmKX¯nsâ ta·IÄ.
- -
The cheapest means of transport.
Gähpw sNehp Ipdª KXmKX amÀKw.
-Suitable for large scale cargo transport.
- -
h³tXmXnepÅ Nc¡v KXmKX¯n\v DNnXw.
- -

Does not cause environmental pollution.

- -

]cnØnXn
-
aen\oIcWw DïmIp¶nÃ.
A´mcm{ã hym]mc¯n\v Gähpw tbmPn¨Xv
Water transport can generally be classified in to two:
PeKXmKXs¯ cïmbn Xncn¡mw:
Inland water transport
DÄ\mS³ PeKXmKXw
Water bodies like rivers, lakes and
canals are used for inland water
transport.
\ZnIÄ, ImbepIÄ, I\mepIÄ
XpS§nb Pemib§fmWv CXn\mbn
D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.
Marine transport
kap{Z PeKXmKXw
waterbodies largely used for inland water transport in India
C´ybnse {][m\ DÄ\mS³ PeKXmKX taJeIÄ.
Ganga-Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries
KwK, {_Ò]p{Xm \ZnIfpw t]mjI\ZnIfpw.
Godavari-Krishna rivers and their tributaries .
tKmZmhcn, IrjvWm \ZnIfpw t]mjI\ZnIfpw.
Buckingham canal of Andhra -Tamil Nadu region.
BÔ Xangv-\mSv {]tZis¯ _¡nMvlmw I\mÂ.
Mandovi and Zuvari rivers of Goa
tKmhbnse amtÞmhn, kphmcn \ZnIÄ.
Back waters of Kerala
tIcf¯nse ImbepIÄ.
Financial Institutions
and Services
[\ImcyØm]\§fpw
tkh\§fpw
 Reserve Bank of India
ഭ രത യ റ സർവ്ബ �്
The Reserve Bankof India is the apex
bank of India. It was established in
1935. Its headquarters is in Mumbai.
-
��യ�െട േക�� ബാ�ാണ് ഭാരതീയ
റിസർവ്ബാ�്. �ാപനം- 1935ൽ
�ാപ�തമായ�. തിെ� �ാനം
മ�ംൈബ ണ്.
-
 Find out the important functions of the Reserve Bank of India
from the chart given below

⑭
ഭാരതീയ ധർമ�ൾ എെ�ാെ�യാണ്?

Functions of Reserve Bank

of India
ഭാരതീയ റിസർവ് ബാ�്
ധർമ�ൾ

Printing of currency Controlling credit Banker to government Banker's bank

േനാ�് �ട���റ�ൽ വായ് പ നിയ��ി�ൽ സർ�ാരിെ� ബാ�് ബാ��കള�െട ബാ�്

It
- -
 Printing of currency
േന �്അ�ട �ൽ
All currencies except the one rupee note are printed by the
Reserve Bank of India.
- -

ഒര� ര�പ ഒഴ���� എ�ാ േനാ��കള�ം �ട���റ���ത് ഭാരതീയ

-

റിസർവ് ബാ�ാണ്.
The one rupee note and its subsidiary coins are issued by
-

the Central Finance Department

-

ഒര� ര�പയ�െട േനാ��ം ന�ബ� നാണയ�ള�ം ട���റ���ത്

േക�� ധനകാര� വക��ാണ്.
 Controlling credit
വ � ന യ� �ൽ
-

The Reserve Bank of India increases the money supply in Indian

economy through the distribution of printed currency and
through credit creation
ഭാരതീയ റിസർവ് ബാ�് േനാ�് �ട��� വ�തരണം െച��ക വഴ�േയാ
വാ�കൾ വഴ�േയാ ണ് ��യ�െട സ�ദ് വ�വ�യ�ൽ പണ�ിെ�
ലഭ�ത വർധ����ത്.

Control of credit is one of the main functions of the Reserve

Bank.
വാ�യ�െട നിയ��ണം റിസർവ്ബാ�ിെ� ഒര� �പധാന ച�മതലയാണ്.
This is made possible by bringing about changes in the rate of
interest
-
-

പല�ശനിര�ിൽ മാ�ം വര��ിയാണ് ത� സാധ����ത്.

-

As rate of interest increases, volume of loans decreases and

vice versa.
പല�ശനിര�് ക�ട�േ�ാൾ വാ�യ�െട ളവ് ക�റയ���.
 Banker to government
സർ� ര െ� ബ �്
- -

Another function of the Reserve Bank of India is to serve as the

banker to the central and state governments.
- -
േക��-സം�ാന സർ�ാര�കള�െട ബാ�ായ� �പവർ�ി��ക എ�ത്
റിസർവ് ബാ�ിെ� ധർമമാണ്.
As a banker to the government, the Reserve Bank of India
accepts deposits from the government, sanctions loans and
renders other banking services to them.
തന�സരി�് േക��-സം�ാന സർ�ാര�കളിൽ നി�് നിേ�പ�ൾ
സ��കരി��കയ�ം വർ�് വാ� നൽക�കയ�ം മ�് ബാ�ിങ് േസവന�ൾ
നൽക�കയ�ം െച����.
The Reserve Bank of India does not charge any fees for these
services
-

സർ�ാര�കൾ�ായ� െച��� േസവന�ൾ�് യാെതാര� �പതിഫലവ�ം

-
വാ���ി�.
 Banker's bank
ബ �കളുെട ബ �്
The Reserve Bank is the apex bank of all banks. To advise and
-

assist all banks in their operations is a function of the

-

Reserve Bank.
എ�ാ ബാ��കള�െടയ�ം മര�ാരനാണ് റിസർവ്ബാ�്. ബാ��കള�െട
�പവർ�ന�െള സഹായ���കയ�ം ബാ��കൾ�് പേദശം നൽക�കയ�ം
-

െച��ക എ�ത് റിസർവ്ബാ�ിെ� ധർമമാണ്.

It acts as a last resort to all banks in their financial matters.
റിസർവ്ബാ�് എ�ാ ബാ��കള�െടയ�ം പണസംബ�മായ കാര��ള�െട
വസാന �ശയമായ� �പവർ�ി����.
Banks are institutions that accept deposits from the public and
grant loans to the needy subject to conditions.
െപാത�ജന�ളിൽ നി�് നിേ�പ�ൾ സ��കരി��കയ�ം വശ��ാർ�്
വ�വ�കൾ�� വ�േധയമായ� വാ�കൾ നൽക�കയ�ം െച���
�ാപന�ളാണ് ബാ��കൾ.
They operate on the basis of the general guidelines and
conditions set by the Reserve Bank of India
ഭാരതീയ റിസർവ്ബാ�് തയാറാ�ിയ���� െപാത�നിയമാവല�യ�െടയ�ം
നിബ�നകള�െടയ�ം ട��ാന�ിലാണ് ബാ��കൾ �പവർ�ി���ത്.
 Financial institutions

O
ധനകാര��ാപന�ൾ

O Banks
ബാ��കൾ
Non banking financial
institutions
ബാ�ിതര ധനകാര� �ാപന�ൾ

Commercial banks Cooperative banks Development banks Specialised banks

വാണിജ� ബാ��കൾ സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ വ�കസന ബാ��കൾ സവ�േശഷ ബാ��കൾ

-- - -

Mutual fund Insurance companies Non banking financial

institutions ൻഷ�റൻസ് companies
മ��ച�ൽ ഫ�് ക�നികൾ ബാ�ിതര ധനകാര�
�ാപന�ൾ ക�നികൾ
Look at the chart given below
Accept deposits from Grant loans to individuals,
individuals, institutions, institutions, and government
and government
വ��ികൾ, �ാപന�ൾ, വ��ികൾ, �ാപന�ൾ,
സർ�ാർ എ�ിവയ�ൽ സർ�ാർ എ�ിവ�്ക്
നി�് നിേ�പ�ൾ സ��കരി����. വായ് പകൾ നൽക���.

⑳site Banks
ബാ��കൾ Loce
Give back the deposit amount
with interest Collect loan amount with interest

നിേ�പ��ക പല�ശേയാെട വായ് പ��ക പല�ശേയാെട

തിരിെക നൽക���. തിരിെക വാ����.
 Growth of banks in India
ബ �കെളുട വളർ� ഇ�്യയ ൽ
The Bank of Hindustan established in 1770 is India's first modern
bank
1770 - ൽ രംഭി� ബാ�് ഓഫ് ഹി���ാൻ ണ് ��യ�െല
ധ�നികരീതിയ�ല�� ദ�െ� ബാ�്.
The growth of the banking sector since then can be divided into
three phases
��മ�തൽ ��വെരയ�� ബാ�ിങ് േമഖലയ�െട
വളർ�െയ മ��� ഘ��ളായ� തിരി�ാം.
 The first phase
The first phase stretches from 1770 to the nationalisation of
banks in 1969
-

1770 മ�തൽ 1969 െല ബാ�് േദശസാൽ�രണം വെരയ��

കാലഘ�മാണ് ദ�ഘ�ം.
In this phase, the presidency banks, Bank of Bengal,
Bank of Bombay, and Bank of Madras were established by the
British East India Company.
ഘ��ിൽ ബാ�് ഓഫ് ബംഗാൾ, ബാ�് ഓഫ് േബാംെബ,
-

ബാ�് ഓഫ് മ�ദാസ് എ�ീ �പസ�ഡൻസ� ബാ��കൾ �ബ���ഷ് �്

-

��ാ ക�നി �ാപ���..

-
The operation and the growth of banks were slow during this
phase
ഘ��ിൽ ബാ��കള�െട �പവർ�നവ�ം വളർ�യ�ം
സാവധാനമായ�ര���.
 second phase
The second phase stretching from 1969 to
-

1990, witnessed a speedy development of banks

-

1969 മ�തൽ 1990 വെരയ�� ര�ാം ഘ��ിൽ ബാ��കള�െട

�പവർ�നം േവഗ�ിലായ�.
The view that banks should operate with the aim of social
progress led to the nationalisation of 14 banks in 1969 and six
-

banks in 1980.
°
-

സാമ�ഹിക പ�േരാഗതിക�ട� ല��മാ�ി ബാ��കൾ �പവർ�ി�ണം

എ� കാ��ാട് ബാ��കള�െട േദശസാൽ�രണ�ിേല�് നയ���.
1969 ൽ 14 ബാ��കള�ം 1980 ൽ 6 ബാ��കള൦ േദശസാൽ�രി��
In 1993, the nationalised bank, New Bank of India was merged
with the Punjab
-- National Bank.
േദശസാൽകൃത ബാ�ായ ബാ�് ഓഫ് �� 1993 ൽ
പ�ാബ് നാഷണൽ ബാ�ിൽ ലയ�����.

As a result, there are only 19 nationalised banks in India

-
 Third phase
In the third phase, stretching from 1991 onwards, banks started
-

rendering services, other than their basic functions

There were several banking reforms which helped in quick and
time saving services, ease of procedure, etc
1991 മ�തല�� മ��ാം ഘ��ിൽ ബാ�ിങ് േമഖല ട��ാന
ധർമ�ൾ നിേറവ���േതാെടാ�ം മ�് േനകം േസവന�ൾ നട�ാ�ി,
േവഗം, സമയലാഭം, നടപട��കമ�ൾ എള��മാ�ൽ എ�ിവ�്ക്
സഹായകമാക�� പല പരി�ാര�ള�ം ബാ��കൾ വര��ി.
Introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATM), credit card,
phone banking, net banking, core banking, etc. are the results
of the third phase of development
ഘ��ിൽ ൈലസൻസ് ലഭി� സ�കാര�ബാ��കൾ
ന�തന�പവർ�ന�ൾ ക�ട�തൽ േവഗ�ിൽ നട��ലാ��കയ��ായ�.
Such banks are known as new generation banks
�രം ബാ��കൾ പ��ൻ തലമ�റ ബാ��കൾ എ�് റിയെ�ട���.
 Commercial Banks
വ ണ ജ്യ ബ �കൾ
-

Commercial banks are the oldest banks and have many

branches
ബാ�ിങ് േമഖലയ�െല പഴ�ം െച�ത�ം ധാരാളം ശാഖകള��ത�മായ
സംവ�ധാനമാണിത്.
 Commercial banks
വാണിജ� ബാ��കൾ

Public Sector Banks Private Sector Banks

െപാത�േമഖലാ ബാ��കൾ സ�കാര� ബാ��കൾ

Private Indian Banks Private Foreign Banks

സ�കാര� ��ൻ ബാ��കൾ സ�കാര� വ�േദശ ബാ��കൾ
 Function of Commercial Banks
വ ണ ജ്യ ബ �കളുെട ധർമ�ൾ
important functions of commercial banks
വാണിജ� ബാ��കള�െട �പധാന ധർ��ൾ ഏെതാെ�യാണ്

Accepting deposits
നിേ�പ�ൾ സ��കരി��ക

Providing loans
വാ�കൾ നൽകൽ
 Accepting deposits
ന േ�പ�ൾ സ്വ കര �ക
The main function of commercial banks is to accept deposits
from the public
െപാത�ജന�ളിൽ നി�് നിേ�പ�ൾ സ��കരി��ക എ�താണ്
വാണിജ� ബാ��കള�െട �പധാനെ�� ഒര� ധർമം
The bank provides interest for the amount deposited
നിേ�പ���� ത�കയ�് ബാ�് പല�ശ നൽക���.
 Deposits
നിേ�പ�ൾ
-Ja
e
O O
-
1
s

/ /

Savings Deposit Current Deposit Fixed Deposit Recurring Deposit

സ�ാദ�നിേ�പം �പചല�തനിേ�പം ��രനിേ�പം വർ�ിതനിേ�പം

Time
N i wis o n fraders Time - mouth
= 2250
-

we r ↓
Intere + Fatent ↑ Intent

Restration varmano saving

4 fient
 Savings Deposit
സ� ദ്യ ന േ�പം
This scheme helps the public to deposit their savings. Banks
provide low interest rate for such deposits.
െപാത�ജന�ൾ�് വര�െട സ�ാദ��ൾ നിേ�പ��ാൻ
സഹായ���� പ�തിയാണിത്. നിേ�പ�ിന് ബാ��കൾ
ക�റ� പല�ശ നൽക���.
The depositor can withdraw the money from the deposit,
subject to restrictions
നിയ��ണ�ൾ�� വ�േധയമായ� നിേ�പകന്
നിേ�പ�ിൽ നി�� പണം പ�ൻവല��ാൻ വസരമ��് .
Different banks have adopted different regulations regarding the
number of times and the amount of money that can be
withdrawn during a particular time period
ഒര� കാലയളവ�ൽ എ�ത �പാവശ�ം പണം പ�ൻവല��ാൻ കഴ�െയ�മ��ം
എ�ത ര�പ പ�ൻവല��ാൻ കഴ�െയ�മ��മ�� കാര��ിൽ പല
ബാ��കള�ം പലരീതി സ��കരി�� കാണാറ��്
The details of the amount deposited and withdrawn are stated
in the passbook provided by the bank
നിേ�പകന് ബാ�് നൽക�� പാസ്ബ��ിൽ നിേ�പ��കയ�െടയ�ം
പ�ൻവല�� ത�കയ�െടയ�ം വ�ശദാംശ�ൾ �ാക�ം
 Current Deposit
�ചല ത ന േ�പം
This deposit facilitates depositing and withdrawing
money many times in a day
ഒര� ദിവസം തെ� ധാരാളം �പാവശ�ം പണം നിേ�പ��ാന�ം
പ�ൻവല��ാന�ം സൗകര�ം നൽക�� നിേ�പമാണിത്..
This deposits are used mainly by traders and industrialists.
വ�വസായ�കള�ം വ�ാപാരികള�മാണ് �രം നിേ�പ�ൾ
ക�ട�തലായ� പേയാഗി���ത്.
This type of deposits does not receive any interest
�രം നിേ�പ�ിന് പല�ശ ലഭി��കയ��
 Fixed Deposit
� രന േ�പം
Fixed deposits are ideal for depositing money in banks by
individuals and institutions for a specific period of time.
വ��ികൾ��ം �ാപന�ൾ��ം നി��ത കാലയളവ�േല�് പണം
ബാ�ിൽ നിേ�പ��ാൻ േയാജി�താണ് ��രനിേ�പ�ൾ.
The interest rate is calculated on the basis of the time period
for which the money is deposited
നിേ�പ�ിെ� കാലാവധ� ട��ാനമാ�ിയാണ്
പല�ശനിര�് നി�യ����ത്
If the money is withdrawn only after the completion of the
specific time period, then the specified interest rate will be
provided.
നി��ത കാലാവധ� പ�ർ�ിയാ�ിയ േശഷം മാ�തമാണ് പണം
പ�ൻവല���െ�ത�ിൽ നി�യ�� നിര�ിൽ പല�ശ ലഭി��ം.
But if the amount is withdrawn before the maturity of deposits,
then the interest rate will be lower
എ�ാൽ നി��ത കാലാവധ��് മ�ൻ�ണം പ�ൻവല��ാൽ
പല�ശനിര�് ക�റയ�ം
 Recurring deposits
ആവർ� തന േ�പം
Recurring deposits receive a specific amount every
month for a specified period of time.
ഒര� നി��ത ത�ക വ�തം ഒര� �പേത�ക കാലയളവ�േല�് എ�ാ
മാസവ�ം നിേ�പ����താണ് വർ�ിതനിേ�പം..
The interest rate of recurring deposits will be higher than that
of saving deposits but less than that of fixed deposits.
സ�ാദ� നിേ�പേ��ാൾ ക�ട�യ പല�ശനിര�് നിേ�പ�ിന്
ലഭി��ം. എ�ാൽ ��രനിേ�പേ��ാൾ പല�ശനിര�്
ക�റവായ�രി��ം.
The interest rate will be less if the deposits are withdrawn before
the maturity date
നിേ�പ��ക കാലാവധ� തീര��തിന�മ��് പ�ൻവല��ാൽ
പല�ശനിര�്ക�റയ�ം
 Providing loans
വ �കൾ നൽകൽ
The amount of money accepted as deposit from the public is
granted as loans by the banks.
െപാത�ജന�ളിൽ നി�് നിേ�പമായ� സ��കരി���ത�കയാണ്
െപാത�േവ ബാ�് വാ�യായ� നൽക��ത്.
Banks provide different types of loans to individuals and
- -

institutions.
- -

വ��ികൾ��ം �ാപന�ൾ��ം ബാ��കൾ പലതരം വാ�കൾ

നൽക���.
The interest rate of loans will be higher than the interest rate of
deposits.
നിേ�പ�ൾ�്നൽക�� പല�ശനിരേ�ിന�ാൾ
ക�ട�തലായ�രി��ം വാ�കെള�ട പല�ശനിര�്.
There will be differences in the interest rate depending on the
duration of loan, its purpose, etc
വാ�ാകാലാവധ�, വാ�യ�െട വശ�ം ത�ട�ിയവ ന�സരി�്
വാ�യ�െട പല�ശനിര�ിൽ വ�ത�ാസം വര�ം.
The interest rate of loans will be higher than the interest rate of
deposits.
സാധാരണയായ� വാ�കൾ ഏെത�ില�ം ഒര� ട് സ��കരി��
െകാ�ാണ് നൽക��ത്. ച�ല ട�കൾ താെഴ േചർ����.

-Physical assets - gold, property documents, etc

ഭൗതിക
- -
��കൾ - സ�ർണം, വ��വ�െ� ധാരം മ�തലായവ

~ Fixed deposit certificates

��രനിേ�പ�പത�ൾ
Banks also provide loans by accepting salary certificates.
ശ�ളപ�തം സ��കരി��ം ബാ��കൾ വാ� നൽകാറ��്.
The loans given to individuals and institutions by accepting
such collaterals are called cash credit
�രം ട�കൾ സ��കരി�് ബാ��കൾ വ��ികൾ��ം
�ാപന�ൾ��ം നൽക�� വാ�യാണ് പണവാ�
 What are the purposes for which banks provide cash credit to
the public
ബാ��കൾ ഏെതാെ� വശ��ൾ�ാണ് ജന�ൾ�് പണവാ�
നൽക��ത്?

-Agricultural purposes
കൃഷ� വശ��ൾ�്

~ Industrial purposes
വ�വസായ വശ��ൾ�്

~Constructing houses
വ�ട� നിർമി�ാൻ
W Purchasing vehicles
വാഹന�ൾ വാ�ാൻ

aPurchasing home appliances

വ���പകരണ�ൾ വാ�ാൻ
 Modern trends in banking sector
ബ � ങ് രഠഗെ� ആധുന ക �വണതകൾ
Let us see some of the novel features
of the banks thatprovide service
using advanced technology
സാേ�തിക മികേവാെട േസവനം നൽക��
ബാ��കള�െട ച�ല ന�തന സേവ�ശഷതകൾ
േനാ�ാം.
~
Electronic banking (E- Banking)
ഇലേ� ണ ക് ബ � ങ്

~Core banking (Centralised Online

Real-time Exchange Banking)
േക ർ ബ � ങ്
 Electronic banking (E- Banking)
ഇലേ� ണ ക് ബ � ങ്
Availing banking services has been made easy by
computerisation and the availability of ATM facility.
- - -

ബാ��കൾ ക����ർ വൽ�രി��കയ�ം എ.ട�.എം. സൗകര�ം

ലഭ�മാ��കയ�ം വഴ� ബാ�ിങ് േസവനം ഏത� ബാ��വഴ�യ�ം
ലഭി���ത് എള��മായ�.
Electronic banking is a method by which all transaction can
be carried out through net banking and tele banking
െനറ് റ്ബാ�ിങില�െടയ�ം െടല�ബാ�ിങില�െടയ�ം എ�ാവ�ധ
ടപാട�കള�ം നട�ാൻ കഴ�യ�� രീതിയാണ് ലേ��ാണിക് ബാ�ിങ്.
Any time banking, anywhere banking, net banking, mobile
phone banking, etc. are part of electronic banking.
എ�ാ സമയ��ം ബാ�ിങ്, എ�ായ�ട��ം ബാ�ിങ് ,െന�്ബാ�ിങ്,
ൈെമാബൽ േഫാണില�െടയ�� ബാ�ിങ് എ�ിവ ലേ��ാണിക്
ബാ�ി�ിെ� ഭാഗമാണ്.
For this, the assistance of the bank employees is not required
ബാ�ിങ് പകരണ�ള�െടേയാ േദ�ാഗ�ര�െടേയാ സഹായം
തിനാവശ�മി�.
Bank account and net banking facility alone are required for
this
ബാ�് �ൗ��ം െന�് ബാ�ിങ് സൗകര�വ�ം മാ�തം മതിയാക�ം.
 Core banking (Centralised Online
Real-time Exchange Banking)
േക ർ ബ � ങ്
Core banking is the facility which is arranged in such a way
that the branches of all banks are brought under a central
server so that banking services from one bank to another is
made possible.
എ�ാ ബാ��കള�െടയ�ം ശാഖകൾ ഒര� െസൻ�ടൽ സർവറിെ� കീഴ�ൽ
െകാ��വ�് ബാ�ിങ് േസവന�ൾ ഒര� ബാ�ിൽ നി�� മെ�ാര�
ബാ�ിേല�് സാധ�മാക�� തര�ിൽ �കമീകരി����� ഒര� സൗകര�മാണ്
േകാർ ബാ�ിങ്.
As a result, ATM, debit card, credit card, net banking, tele
banking, mobile banking, etc have been brought together.
Naturally, transactions have become simple
ത�വഴ� എ.ട�.എം, െഡബ��്കാർഡ്, �കഡ��്കാർഡ് ,െന�് ബാ�ിങ്,
െടല� ബാ�ിങ്, െമാൈബൽ ബാ�ിങ് എ�ിവെയ�ാം ഒര� ക�ട�ീഴ�ൽ
വ��. േതാെട ബാ�ിങ് ടപാട�കൾ ലളിതമായ�.
By using this facility, an individual can send money from his
bank account to his friend's account elsewhere
സൗകര�ം പേയാഗി�് ഒര� �ല��� ഒര� വ��ി�് തെ� ബാ�്
�ൗ�ിൽ നി�് പണം മെ�ാര� �ല��� തെ� സ�ഹൃ�ിെ�
ബാ�ിെല �ൗേ�ില�് യ�ാൻ കഴ�യ�ം.
 Co-operative Banks
സഹകരണ ബ �കൾ
Co-operation, self help and mutual help are the working
-

principles of co-operative banks.

-
-

-
"സഹകരണം, സ�യംസഹായം, പര�രസഹായം' എ�താണ്
. . .
-

സഹകരണ ബാ��കള�െട �പവർ�ന ത��ം.

- -

-
The main aim of co-operative banks is to provide monetary
help to common people especially the villagers.
സാധാരണ�ാർ�്, �പേത�കി�് �ഗാമീണർ�് സാ��ികസഹായം
നൽക�ക എ�താണ് സഹകരണ ബാ�ിെ� �പധാന ല��ം.
Farmers, artisans, small scale entrepreneurs, etc. chiefly avail
the services of co-operative banks.
കൃഷ��ാർ, ൈകെ�ാഴ�ല�കാർ, െചറ�കിട വ�വസായ�കൾ
ത�ട�ിയവരാണ് സഹകരണ ബാ�ിൽ നി�് ക�ട�തൽ േസവന�ൾ
പേയാഗെ�ട����ത്.
 The main aims of co-operative banks are the following
- -

താെഴ പറയ��വയാണ് സഹകരണ ബാ��കള�െട �പധാന േ�ശ��ൾ.

-

~ Provide loans to the public

ജന�ൾ�് വാ� നൽക�ക.
Protect the villagers from private money lenders
- - -

സ�കാര� പണമിടപാട് നട��� വ��ികളിൽ നി�് �ഗാമീണെര

ര����ക.
-Provide loans at low interest rate
ക�റ� പല�ശനിര�ിൽ വാ� നൽക�ക.
Encourage saving habit among people
- - -

ജന�ളിൽ സ�ാദ�ശീലം വളർ��ക.

-
 Different levels of cooperative banks being
represented here
സഹകരണബ �കളുെട വ വ ധ തല�ൾ ച � കര � ര ��ത് േന �.

O
• Apex body in the state cooperative sector
സം�ാനെ� സഹകരണ രംഗെ� യർ� ഘടകം.
• Provides financial assistance to district coopera- tive banks
and primary cooperative banks.
State Cooperative banks ജി�ാ സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ��ം �പാഥമിക സഹകരണ
സം�ാന സഹകരണ ബാ�് ബാ�ിന�ം സാ��ികസഹായം

• Operate at district centres

⑧
ജി�യ�െല വ�വ�ധ േക���ളിൽ �പവർ�ി����
• Provide assistance and guidance to primary co- operative
District Cooperative banks banks
�പാഥമിക സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ�് സഹായവ�ം പേദശവ�ം
ജി�ാ സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ
• Function in villages
�ഗാമ�ളിൽ �പവർ�ി����
• Area of functioning is limited
�പവർ�ന �പേദശ�ിൻ്െറ പരിധ� ക�റവ്
Primary Cooperative banks • Encourage saving habit in villagers
�ഗാമീണര�െട സ�ാദ�ശീലം േ�പാ�ാഹി������
�പാഥമിക സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ • Provide loans to villagers at low interest rate
�ഗാമീണർ�� ക�റ� പല�ശനിര�ിൽ വായ് പ.
 Specialised Banks
സേവ ശഷ ബ �കൾ
- -

Specialised banks provide financial help for the development

of certain specific sectors.
ച�ല �പേത�ക േമഖലകള�െട വ�കസന�ിന� മാ�തമായ� സാ��ിക
സഹായം നൽക�� �ാപന�ളാണിവ.
They provide help to start new enterprises
ഒര� സംരംഭം ത�ട���തിന�� എ�ാ സഹായവ�ം �രം ബാ��കൾ
െച��വര���.
Certain specialised banks and their features are detailed below
ച�ല സേവ�ശഷ ബാ��കള�ം വയ�െട സവ�േശഷതകള�ം വ�ശദമാ���
പ��ക േനാ��.
⑰
Bank Features
ബാ�് സവ�േശഷതകൾ
EXIM Bank of India . Provides loans for exporting and importing products
(Export Import Bank of India) ൽ���ൾ കയ�ി യ���തിന�ം റ�� മതി
െച���തിന�ം വായ്പ നൽക���.
എ�ിം ബാ�് ഓഫ് ��
. Provides instructions to individuals who come into this
sector.
േമഖലകളിേല�� കട��വര�� വ��ികൾ�ാവശ�മായ
നിർേദശ�ൾ നൽക���.

Small Industries Development . Provides help to establish new small scale industries
Bank of India (SIDBI) and to modernise existing industries.
പ�തിയ െചറ�കിടവ�വസായം ത�ട�ാന�ം വ�വസായ�ൾ
-

��ൻ െചറ�കിട വ�വസായ

ധ�നിക വൽ�രി�ാന�ം സഹായം നൽക���.
വ�കസന ബാ�്
. Aim is to vitalize village industries
�ഗാമീണവ�വസായെ� ണർ��കയാണ് ല��ം
National Bank for Agricultural . Apex bank in India which functions for the development
and Rural Development of villages and agriculture.
(NABARD) �ഗാമീണവ�കസന�ിന�ം കാർഷ�ക വ�കസന�ിന�മായ�
�പവർ�ി��� ��യ�െട പരേമാ�ത ബാ�്.
നബാർഡ് . Unites all the banks which operate for the development
of villages
�ഗാമീണവ�കസന�ിനായ� �പവർ�ി��� ബാ��കെള
ഏേകാപ������ ബാ�ാണിത്
. Provides financial assistance to agriculture, handicraft,
small scale industries, etc.
കൃഷ�, ൈകെ�ാഴ�ൽ, െചറ�കിടവ�വസായം ത�ട�ിയവ�്ക്
സാ��ികസഹായം നൽക���
Some new banks have emerged in the banking sector with
certain specific aims.
�പേത�ക ല��േ�ാെട ബാ�ിങ് ര൦ഗേ��് പ�ത�തായ� ച�ല ബാ��കൾ
കട��വ�ി���്.
Among these banks, the important ones are
വയ�ൽ �പധാനെ��വയാണ്.

I
Mahila banks
മഹിളാബാ��കൾ
Payment banks
െപെ�� ബാ��കൾ
Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA)
Bank
മ��ദാബാ�്
Bharathiya Mahila Bank was started in November 2013.
2013 നവംബറിൽ രംഭി� ബാ�ാണ് ഭാരതീയ മഹിളാ ബാ�്.
The slogan of this bank is ' Women empowerment is India's
empowerment'
വനിതാ ശാ�ീകരണം ��യ�െട ശാ�ീകരണം എ�തായ�ര���
തിെ� മ��ദാവാക�ം.
Today, this bank has branches in various states. Though the
bank accepts deposits from all, it provides loans mainly to
women
എ�ാ ജനവ�ഭാഗ�ളിൽ നി��ം നിേ�പം സ��കരി��േ�ാൾ ബാ�്
വാ� നൽക��ത് ക�ട�തല�ം വനിതകൾ�ായ�ര���. എ�ാൽ ഭാരതീയ
മഹിളാ ബാ�് േ�ാൾ എസ്.ബ�.ഐ യ�ൽ ലയ����െ���.
Payment banks have been established to help the low income
groups, small scale industrialists and migrated employees.
ക�റ� വര�മാന�ാെരയ�ം െചറ�കിട വ�വസായ�കെളയ�ം ക�ട�േയ�
െതാഴ�ലാളികെളയ�ം സഹായ��ാനായ� ര�പംെകാ�വയാണ്
െപെ�� ബാ��കൾ.
They do not provide all facilities provided by banks.
വ ബാ�്നൽക�� േസവന�ൾ പ�ർണമായ�ം നൽക��ി�.
 Financial institutions
ധനകാര��ാപന�ൾ

Banks Non banking financial

ബാ��കൾ institutions
ബാ�ിതര ധനകാര� �ാപന�ൾ

Commercial banks Cooperative banks Development banks Specialised banks

വാണിജ� ബാ��കൾ സഹകരണ ബാ��കൾ വ�കസന ബാ��കൾ സവ�േശഷ ബാ��കൾ

Mutual fund Insurance companies Non banking financial

institutions ൻഷ�റൻസ് companies
മ��ച�ൽ ഫ�് ക�നികൾ ബാ�ിതര ധനകാര�
�ാപന�ൾ ക�നികൾ
Other facilities and services provided by banks
ബ �കൾ നൽകു� മ� സൗകര്യ�ളും േസവന�ളും
Besides the basic functions, banks provide other facilities and
services to the public
ബാ��കൾ ട��ാന ധർമ�ൾ നിർവഹി���േതാെടാ�ം മ�� ച�ല
സൗകര��ള�ം േസവന�ള�ം െപാത�ജന�ൾ�് നൽക����്.

Some of the services and facilities provided by commercial

banks are given below
വാണിജ�ബാ��കൾ െപാത�ജന�ൾ�� നൽക�� ച�ല േസവന�ള�ം
സൗകര��ള�ം താെഴ േചർ����.
Majority of the banks provide locker facilities toindividuals and
institutions for keeping their valuableassets
(gold, property documents, etc.).
വ��ികൾ��ം �ാപന�ൾ��ം വര�െട വ�ലപ�ട����
വ��വകകൾ (സ�ർണം, �ല�ിൻ്െറ ധാരം മ�തലായവ)
സ�ര��തമായ� സ������തിന�� േലാ�ർ സൗകര�ം മി�
ബാ��കള�ം നൽക����്, സാധന�ൾ സ�ര��തമായ� വ�����
േലാ�റിൻ്െറ ഒര� താേ�ാൽ ടമ�ന�ം ഒ�് ബാ�ില�ം സ�����ം.

One key of the locker will be with the owner and the other will be
with the bank.
The locker can be opened only when both keys are jointly used
ര��േപര�ം ക�ട�േ�ർ�ാൽ മാ�തേമ േലാ�ർ ത�റ�ാനാവ�.
A certain amount is charged for availing this facility
സൗകര�ം ന�വദി���തിന് ടപാട�കാരിൽ നി�് ഒര� നി��ത
ത�ക സർവ�സ് ചാർജായ� ടാ����
Now Automated Teller Machines of some banks provide the
opportunity to deposit and withdraw money.
ബാ�ിൽ േപാകാെത ഏത� സമയ��ം പണം പ�ൻവല��ാന��
സംവ�ധാനം എ.ട�.എം. (Automated Teller Machine) വഴ� ലഭ�മാക���.
For this, banks provide ATM debit cards
തിനായ� ബാ�് നൽക��ത് എ.ട�.എം. ഡബ��്കാർഡാണ്.
 Insurance companies
ഇൻഷ്വറൻസ് ക�ന കൾ
Insurance companies are institutions that provide financial
protection to individuals' life and wealth.
വ��ികള�െട ജീവന�ം സ��ിന�ം സാ��ിക സംര�ണം നൽക��
�ാപന�ളാണ് ൻഷ�റൻസ് ക�നികൾ.
They assure social security and personal welfare.
വ സാമ�ഹിക സ�ര��തത�വ�ം വ��ിഗത േ�മവ�ം റ��വര�����.
The first insurance company of India was established in
Kolkata in 1818
��യ�െട ദ�െ� ൻഷ�റൻസ് ക�നി 1818 ൽ െകാൽ��യ�ലാണ്
�ാപ��ത്.
 Things that can be insured
ഇൻഷ്വർ െച� വു�വ
Individual's life
വ��ിയ�െട ജീവൻ
Wealth
സ����ൾ
Vehicles
വാഹന�ൾ
Items in institutions
�ാപന�ളിെല വസ് ത�വകകൾ
Agricultural crops
കാർഷ�കവ�ളകൾ
Export goods
കയ��മതി ൽ���ൾ
Temporary enterprises (circus, trade fairs...)
താൽ�ാല�ക സംരംഭ�ൾ (സർ�സ്, വ�പണനേമള...)
 Microfinance
ൈമേ� ഫ ന ൻസ്
The aim of microfinance is to provide different financial s
ervices including micro credit to common people.
E
സാധാരണ�ാർ�് ലഘ�വാ�യ�ൾെ�െട വ�വ�ധ തര�ില��
സാ��ിക േസവന�ൾ നൽക�ക എ�താണ് ൈമേ�കാഫ�നാൻസ�െ�
ല��ം.
This helps in encouraging saving habit among the low income
groups in the society and to seek self employment.
സമ�ഹ�ിെല താഴ്� വര�മാന�ാരിൽ സ�ാദ�ശീലം വളർ���തിന�ം
സ�യം െതാഴ�ൽ കെ����തിന�ം ത� സഹായ�����.
The Kudumbasree and men self-help groups operating in
Kerala and are examples of this
-

േകരള�ിൽ �പവർ�ി��� ക�ട�ംബ�ശീ, പ�ര�ഷസ�യംസഹായ

സംഘ�ൾ എ�ിവ തിന് ദാഹരണ�ളാണ്.
 Let us see a few major goals of microfinance
വയ�െട ച�ല �പധാന ല���ൾ േനാ�ാം.
helps in collective development by mobilising money from
-
individuals
വ��ികളിൽ നി�് പണം സമാഹരി�് ക��ായ സാ��ിക
- - -

വ�കസന�ിന് സഹായ�����.
~
-

helps to increase the standard of living of the poor.

-
-

പാവെ��വര�െട ജീവ�തനിലവാരം യർ�ാൻ സഹായ�����.

- - -

encourages saving habit

-

സ�ാദ�ശീലം വളർ����.
- -

makes use of the individual potential for group development

- - - -

വ��ിഗത കഴ�വ�കൾ �ഗ��് വ�കസന�ിന് �പേയാജനെ�ട�����

- - -
provides loans to members in need

=>
ംഗ�ൾ�് വശ�സമയ�് വായ് പ നൽക���.
starts small scale enterprises
െചറ�കിട സംരംഭ�ൾ രംഭി����.
 North
No
st rt

he
e
w

as
rth

t er
No

n
SOCIOLOGY: WHAT? WHY?
t
Wes

East
kaqlimkv{Xw : F´v? F´n\v?
se t
w

S
th

ou
ou the
S ast

South
-
Auguste Comte
What is sociology?

Sociology is the scientific study of the Sociology is the

* scientific
study
- of the social aspects of human life.
     
 
Why the study of sociology?
Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
Helps to get an objective knowledge of one's society and other societies.
Helps to know the relation between the individual and the social institutions.
Studies social problems precisely.
  
    
    

     
  
Helps to find solution for social problems.
Benefits social planning and development.
Provides guidance to social welfare measures by conducting studies on the
backward sections, the exploited and people who have faced discrimination
and oppression.
   
  
    
   

 Areas in sociology

Social institutions Social control

Social groups Communities
Social relations Social changes
Socialisation Social problems.
  
⑭
  
 
 
 
 u
METHODS OF STUDY IN SOCIOLOGY

Social
>
-

Survey
O
Social survey
 
How often does census take place in India?
What are the features of census?
     
C
  
Census is a type of survey which collects details about the total
population of a nation.

Survey is the most suitable method for the study of sociology.

It helps to formulate a comprehensive point of view of the topic,

based on the data collected from a group of selected people.
      

      

       
     
         
 
But census is not practical in sociological studies, because usually
data is not collected from all the people under study but only from a
selected group of people.

Such studies are called sample survey

    
     
     
 
     
A questionnaire is a-
set of questions that researchers use to
collect data.
Questionnaires are given to the respondents from whom data is
↑

collected. The group under study is called respondents.

-

Study is carried out using the respondents' responses in the

questionnaire
1

O
>
- Respont
Reserche &
-
-
     
    
    
 Oface rolly
⑭
Interview

↳ trally-uktas
Face
Interview is an important method used to collect information
in sociology.
/

②
-

This is a method by which information is collected orally.

...
②
Interview is the talk between the interviewer and the interviewee.
->
-
 On
     

    
     
 -
As a method of study interview helps to know and analyse the
-

attitudes, views, beliefs, habits, etc. of the individuals

      
    
 
Identifying the apt persons.
Formulating an idea of the information to be collected.
Preparing of suitable questions
Effective communication.
Management of time
Proper organisation of the information collected and preparing the report
&
-
-
  
  
   
  
  

    
-
Observation

Observation is a method by which whatever is seen, heard and
experienced is recorded truthfully
-
     
  
-
There are two types of observation.
1. Participant observation
2. Non participant observation
      
  
   >-

   

When the researcher himself/herself collects information directly
from the area under study it is called participant observation. This
is a popular method in sociology. The sociologist stays with the
population under study and understands their life directly in such
observation.
     

    
    
    
The researcher learns their language, culture, etc. and becomes a
part of their daily life.

Through this method even the behaviour which are not explicit can
be studied.

Participant Observation
       
   
     

Participant Observation
This method is also known as field work

The participant observation method is mostly employed by

anthropologists to study early human societies
    
   Anthropology
   
    
 
    

Non-Participant Observation
In non participant observation, the researcher does not stay with the
group under study.

They are observed from outside.

Non-Participant Observation
Case study
Case study
Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different
social phenomena and problems

Case
study

⑳  
 
   
--

Case
study
Chapter-10
 Find out the different aspects that a consumer expects
while purchasing products and using services.

സാധന+ൾ വാ+ുേmാഴും േസവന+ൾ

ഉപേയാഗെpടുtുേmാഴും ഉപേഭാkാവ് Nപതീkിkുn
കാര%+ൾ എnാെണn് കെQtുക.
-
‣ Fair price -ന%ായമായ വില
~ Quality
‣ -ഗുണേമn
-വിശSാസ%ത
‣~Reliability
aവിൽpനാനnര േസവനം
‣~After sale services
-Nബാൻഡ് പരിചയം
‣WBrand familiarity
Identify the various circumstances where the consumers
are exploited or cheated.
-

ഉപേഭാkാkൾ ചൂഷണം െചyെpടുകേയാ

-

കബളിpിkെpടുകേയാ െചyുn സnർഭ+ൾ

-

കെQtുക.
~
~
-

-ഗുണേമnയിlാt സാധന+ൾ വിൽkുnത്.

-മായം േചർkുnത്.
-
അമിതവില ഈടാkുnത്
.
-

അളവിലും തൂktിലും കൃNതിമം കാണിkുnത്.

~
േസവന+ൾ ലഭ%മാkുnതിൽ കാലതാമസം വരുnത്.
-

•-Misleading advertisements,
w െത`ിdരിpിkുn പരസ%+ൾ.
 What are the rights of the consumer as per the
-

Consumer Protection Act 1986 ?

-

1986 െല ഉപേഭാkൃ സംരkണ നിയമ Nപകാരം

ഉപേഭാkാവിെn അവകാശ+ൾ എെnാെkയാണ്?
‣ It defines the consumer's rights and sets up special
-

judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in

-

India.
-

ഉപേഭാkാവിെn അവകാശ+ൾ വ%kമായി

-

നിർവചിkുകയും--

ഉപേഭാkൃ സംരkണtിനായി ഇn%യിൽ Nപേത%കം

--
-

നീതിന%ായ സംവിധാന+ൾ sാപിതമാവുകയും

-

െചയ്തത് ഈ നിയമtിെn ഫലമായാണ്

‣ The right to be protected against the-
marketing of goods
and services which are hazardous to life and property.
-
-

ജീവനും സStിനും ഹാനികരമാകുn

സാധന+ൾ വിപണനം െചyുnതിൽ നിn്
സംരkണം ലഭിkുnതിനുb അവകാശം
‣ The right to have access to goods and services at fair
prices.
ന%ായവിലയ്k് സാധനവും േസവനവും
ലഭിkാനുb അവകാശം.
‣ The right to be
-
heard and to seek
-
redressal
-
at appropriate forums.
‣ The right to consumer education.
-

അധികാരികളുെട മുmിൽ തർk+ൾk് പരിഹാരം

-
േതടാനുb അവകാശം.
-

ഉപേഭാkൃ വിദ%ാഭ%ാസം ലഭിkാനുb അവകാശം.

-
 Find out the importance of consumer courts

ഉപേഭാkൃ േകാടതികളുെട Nപാധാന%ം വ%kമാkുക.

‣ They settle consumer disputes by various means including
ensuring compensation for the consumers.

ഉപേഭാkൃ തർk+ളിൽ ഇടെപh്

നഷ്ടപരിഹാരം ഉൾെpെട ഉപേഭാkാവിന് നീതി
ലഭ%മാkുക
‣ The consumer courts are able to create confidence
in the consumers and bring about a qualitative
change in their lives.

ഉപേഭാkാkളിൽ ആtവിശSാസം
സൃഷ്ടിkുകയും ജീവിതtിൽ ഗുണപരമായ മാ`ം
വരുtുകയും െചyുക
 District
‣ The services of consumer courts State
operating at three levels-
National

ഇn%യിെല ഉപേഭാkാkൾ ഇn് Nതിതല

ഉപേഭാക്തൃേകാടതികളുെട േസവനം ഫലNപദമായി
ഉപേയാഗെpടുtി വരുnു
ജിlാ - സംsാന - േദശീയ ഉപേഭാkൃ േകാടതികൾ .
Features of Consumer Courts
- -

ഉപേഭാkൃ േകാടതികളുെട Nപധാന

- -

സവിേശഷതകൾ
-
-Simple Procedures
- Fast Assurance of Justice

-Less Court Expenses

-
-

-
- -
-

- -
- >
-

--

--

--
i
• It ensures that the prescribed conditions of sale are met while
purchasing products.
• Violation of guarantee, warranty, after sale services, etc. comes
under this Act.
• This Act is meant for determining the standard of
agricultural products.
• This Act protects the consumers from supernormal
profit, hoarding, black marketing, etc.
• This Act is helpful in preventing cheating in weights
and measures.
What are the symbols that help the customer to
ensure the quality of the products and
institutions?

സാധന+ളുെടയും sാപന+ളുെടയും
ഗുണനിലവാരം ഉറpുവരുtാൻ ഉപേഭാkാവിെന
സഹായിkുn ചിh+ൾ ഏെതlാം?
O
O
Good Habits of Consumer
‣ Ask for the bill for every purchase made.
‣ Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
Makes sure, while purchasing packed items, that
‣ the name of the product,
‣ date of packing,
‣ expiry date, weight,
‣ price,
‣ and producer's/distributor's address are stated.
chapter 5

CULTURE AND NATIONALISM

kwk-vImchpw tZiobXbpw
Nationalism is the sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of
caste, creed, region and religion.

       

   
The nineteenth century
Colonial Rule and Nationalism
 
 Institution Founder
•Asiatic Society of Bengal • William Jones
•Calcutta Madrasah • Warren Hastings
•Banaras Sanskrit College • Jonathan Duncan
Asiatic Society of Bengal - an illustration
 "Our aim is to create a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour,
but English 'in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect"
Lord Macaulay

    

    
  
 
Most of them were English educated Indians who internalized the concepts like democracy,
liberty, rationalism, equality, scientific temper, socialism, civil rights, etc.

       

    
   
 Nationalism
Cultura
A - Arts-Ger

L -
Literaten-mindrog
E -
Edn-esgestur
N ~
News papers -
emai

S -
social reform mort. .
-Wiegung wou
Cernem
Social Reforms 
To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code

     

      
  
Social Reforms -
Proposals -

Bergo
Eradicate caste system -
w
Protect the rights of all
w
Eliminate discrimination against women
Provide education to all -
-
Promote widow remarriage
Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy
-
-
     
  
  
   
  
  
   
Write a short note on a social reform activities of Raja
Ram Mohan Roy

രാജാറാം േമാഹൻ േറായിയുെട സാമൂഹിക പരിഷ്കരണ

6പവർtന;െളkുറിc് കുറിp് എഴുതുക

2022
Raja Rammohun Roy
He opposed caste system and 'Sati', social evils prevailed in the Indian society
     

samaj
Brahma
-sati'a caste system .

Brahma Samaj
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Hindu Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.
      
Padita Ramabai

Sarada Sadan in
Bombay
The major social reform movements in this period and their leaders
are given in the table below
MOVEMENTS REFORMERS IDEOLOGIES

Campaigned against idol worship

Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati
and child marriage.

Opposed caste system and social evils.

Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda
Propagated the concepts of liberty,
equality and freedom of thought.

Advocated for social and educational

Aligarh Movement Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
uplift of Indian Muslims.
Theosophical Society Annie Besant Resurgence of Hindu religion

Campaigned for widow remarriage

Hitakarini Samaj Viresalingam
and women education.
Opposed social evils and domination
of priests.
Satya Shodak Samaj Jyotiba Phule
Started educational institutions for
backward classes.
Opposed Brahmanical supremacy and
Self Respect Movement E.V. Ramaswami Naicker
caste system.

Opposed caste system and evil practices

Sree Narayana Dharma
Sree Narayana Guru
Paripalana Yogam Advocated for social and economic
progress of the backward classes.
      
 
   
        

    

 
    
  
        
    
      
 
      

      
 
   
   
 

       

   



   
 
ഇnEയിൽ നിലനിnിരുn സാമൂഹിക അനാചാര;െള നിയമം മൂലം
നിേരാധിkാൻ 6ബിMീഷുകാർ നിർബnിതരായി അവയിൽ ഏെതQിലും
രെRSം എഴുതുക

The British were forced to abolish many social evils that

existed in India, right in two of them

2022
They are as follows
 
chapter 5

CULTURE AND NATIONALISM

kwk-vImchpw tZiobXbpw
Nationalism is the sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of
caste, creed, region and religion.

       

   
The Press and Unity of India
  
Let us see what did the newspapers do during freedom
movement.

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-
--

--

-
e
-

-
-

-
       
Indian leaders mostly depended on newspapers to propagate their
nationalistic ideologies.
They considered journalism as a social service.

Their newspapers criticized the British policies and motivated national

movement.
      
    
     

      
 
Raja Rammohun Roy
His Sambad Kaumudi in Bengali and Mirat-ulAkbar in Persian
The Vernacular Press Act enacted by Lord Lytton in 1878 was one of them.
        
Education for the Nation
 
Establishing national educational institutions was the main means
adopted for inculcating nationalism.
     
  

They imparted secular education to all sections of the society

      
 ④
O
The Deccan Education Soceity

1884 Pune
G.G.Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahadev Govinda Ranade
-
-- -

Nationalistic perspective
 Ball
 ②
Indian Women University in Maharashtra
1916
D.K. Karve
   
women empowerment
 ③
Visva Bharati university
Rabindranath Tagore
Bengal
 
Universal brotherhood
 ④
Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh.
Mahatma Gandhi, a team led by Maulana Mohamed Ali, Shoukath Ali, Dr. Zakir
Husain and M.A. Ansari

 
secular education
 ④
Kerala Kalamandalam

Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon

Cheruthuruthy
 ⑥
Wardha Education

1937
 
vocational education.
 Literature and Nationalism
 

poetry, tales, novel, drama

   
DRAMA

Bharat Mata

①
Sisir Kumar Ghosh, and Satyendranath Tagore.
Nil Darpan ②

Dinabandhu Mitra
O
3 ②

Bankim Chandra Chatterji Sanyasi Revolt

- --
-
--
 ④
Allama Muhammad Iqbal

② Sare Jahan Se Accha,

Hindustan Hamara
Works Authors Languages
• Ghora • Rabindranath Tagore
• Gitanjali • Bengali

• Sevasadan • Prem Chand

• Premasram • Hindi
• Rangabhumi
• Godan
• Panchalisapadham • Subrahmanya Bharati
• Kali paattu • Tamil
• Kannan paattu
• Kuyil paattu
• Hayat-e-Sahi • Altaf Husain Hali • Urdu
• Hayat e- Javeed

• Nibandha Mala • Vishnu Krishna Chiplunkar • Marathi

• Ente Gurunathan • Vallathol Narayana Menon • Malayalam

• Bappuji
• Indiayude Karachil
Nationalism in Art  

= Bharat Mata
Abanindranath Tagore
Indian Society of Oriental Arts in Calcutta
- -
Raja Ravi Varma

--
Nandalal Bose

Village Drummer Sati

- --
- -
-
-
Amrita Sher-Gil
④

--

-
 --
-
-

National anthem
-
-
 


IN SEARCH OF THE SOURCE OF WIND
THE HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM A
HIGH PRESSURE ZONE TO A LOW PRESSURE
ZONE IS CALLED WIND.
 
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & ALTITUDE

 
THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DECREASES
WHITH ALTITUDE.
The pressure decreases at the rate of 1 miillibar
per an altitude of 10 meter.
  

    mb.  
- -

 
 LP
THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & utbar
THE ALTITUDE ARE INVERSELY O
A
--

=
PROPORTIONAL

 HP
  ②
-
--
B

-
2 hom
-
-
-
TEMPERATURE & ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Air expand when it gets
heated and ascending.
 
 
-- -

 

   


THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & THE TEMPETATURE

-

ARE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

--

-
-
-
 ⑳
-
Air
-
Water

m !Be
HUMIDITY & ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Water vapour is lighter than air and
hance it ascends.
--



 
  
 
HUMIDITY & ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE ARE INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL


 
ISOBARS
Isobars are the imaginary lines
joing places having the same
atmospheric pressure.
 
 
 
  
  
900 N

600

300

00

300

600

900S
 4P
26 Ba

Teri-AP -
A .

Global Pressure Belts

--

900 N

mine
600
-

300
Temp a
00
Microl

300

600
E

900S
900 N

600

300

E
- 00

300

600

900S
Equatorial low pressure belt
Sunlight vertically falling in this region
throughout the year, hence temperature is
high.
Seen in between 5° North and South latitudes.
  
Air expand and rising up,
pressure decreases.
DOLDRUM 
Le, the zone with no winds’.
  
Air in this zone ascends on a
large scale.
SUB TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE BELT
  
A
elwol -- LP
Tamp mybe

n(vol -
HP
Temp 4 ze
THE HOT AIR ASCENDING FROM THE EQUATORIAL
LOW PRESSURE BELT COOLS GRADUALLY AND
SUBSIDES AT THE SUB TROPICAL ZONE DUE TO
THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH.
SUB POLAR LOW PRESSURE BELT
  
The cold air in these region remains close to the
Earth, the air is thrown away due to the rotation
of the earth.
  
The air remains chilled under the extreme
cold condition that prevails over the Poles,
and this contributes to thesteady high
pressure experienced here.
 THE SPEED & THE DERECTION OF
WIND ARE BASED ON
   

Pressure gradient മർd െചരിവ്
Friction ഘർശനം

Coriolis force േകാരിേയാലിസ് 5പഭാവം


The change in pressure with horizontal
distanceis termed as pressure gradient.
തിര8ീനത ലtിൽ മർദവ=ത=ാസം ഏെറയാെണAിൽ അവിെട മർdചരിവ്
കൂടുത ലാെണnു പറയാം
THE PRESSURE GRADIENT IS SAID TO BE
STEEPER WHEN THE PRESSURE
DIFFRENCE IS MORE.

തിര8ീനത ലtിൽ മർദവ=ത=ാസം ഏെറയാെണAിൽ അവിെട മർdചരിവ്

കൂടുത ലാെണnു പറയാം
FRICTION 
Wind speed will be high over ocean.
ON THE OTHER HAND, THE FRICTION BEING MORE
ALONG DIFFICULT TERRAINS AND PLACES WITH
DENSE FOREST COVER, THE SPEED OF WIND WILL
BE LESS IN THOSE PLACES.
സമുേ5ദാപരിതലം, നിരpായ ഭൂ5പേദശHൾ എnി വിടHളിൽ ഘർഷണം
കുറവായതിനാൽ കാMിനു േവഗം കൂടുതലായിരിkും. എnാൽ ദുർഘടമായ
ഭൂ5പകൃതി, മരHൾ നിറQ 5പേദശHൾ എnി വിടHളിൽ ഘർഷണം
കൂടുതലായതിനാൽ കാMിെn േവഗം കുറവായിരിkും
CORIOLIS FORCE
Freely moving bodies get deflected
to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere.
This is due to the force generated
as a result of Earth's rotation
which is known as the Coriolis
force.
  
ഭൗേമാപരിതലtിൽ സTത5nമായി ചലിkുn
വസ്തുkൾk് 5ഭമണം നിമിtം ഉtരാർധ
േഗാളtിൽ സXാരദിശയ്k് വലേtാYും
ദkിണാർധേഗാളtിൽ സXാരദിശയ്k് ഇട
േtാYും വ=തിചലനമു\ാകുnു. ഇതിന്
കാരണമാകുn ബലെt േകാറിേയാലിസ് ബലം
എnു വിളിkുnു.
FERREL'S LAW  
Admiral Ferrel found out that the winds in the
Northern Hemisphere deflect towards their right
and those in the Southern Hemisphere deflect
towards their left due to the Coriolis Effect.
PRESSURE BELTS AND WINDS
  
The winds developed between the global
pressure belts can be generally called as
planetary winds.

ആേഗാള മർദേമഖലകൾkിടയിൽ രൂപെpടുn കാMുകെള െപാതുവിൽ

ആേഗാളവാത Hൾ (Planetary winds) എnു വിളിkാം
DIFFERENT PLANETARY WINDS
   
Trade winds വാണിജ=വാതHൾ

Westerlies പ8ിമവാതHൾ

Polar easterlies 5ധുവീയപൂർവവാതHൾ

TRADE WINDS 
Continuously Blowing from subtropical
high pressurebelt to Equatorial
low pressure belt.
 
ഇരു അർധേഗാളHളിെലയും
ഉേപാഷ്ണ ഉcമർദേമഖലകൾ
കാണാം. ഇവിെട നിnു
മധ=േരഖാ
ന=ൂനമർദേമഖലയിേലkു
നിരnരം കാMു വീശി
െkാ\ിരിkുnു. ഇവ
വാണിജ=വാതHൾ POLAR EASTERLIES
എnാണറിയെpടുnത്
INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
Trade winds from both the hemispheres
converges at equatorial low, is known as
the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

ഇരു അർധേഗാളHളിൽനിnും വീശുn വാണിജ=വാതHൾ

സംഗമിkുn മധ=േരഖാന=ൂനമർdേമഖല ഇnർേ5ടാpിkൽ
കൺവർജൻസ് േസാൺ (ITCZ) അഥവാ 'അnർ
ഉഷ്ണേമഖലാ സം5കമണ േമഖല' എnുമറിയെpടുnു
WESTERLIES  
Winds blow continuously from the
sub tropical high pressure zones to
sub polar low pressure zones.
ഇരു അർധേഗാളHളിെലയും ഉേപാഷ്ഉcമർദേമഖലകൾkും 5ധുവീയ
ഉcമർദേമഖലകൾkുമിടയിൽ sിതിെചyുn ഉപ5ധുവീയ ന=ൂനമർദ
േമഖലകൾ ക\ിേl. ഉേപാഷ്ണഉcമർദേമഖലകളിൽനിn് ഈ േമഖ
ലകളിേലk് നിരnരം കാMുവീശിെkാ\ിരിkുnു. കാMിെn ദിശ ഏെറ
കുെറ പടിQാറു നിnായതുെകാ\് ഇവെയ പ8ിമവാതHൾ
(Westerlies) എnു വിളിkുnു.
DIRECTION OF THESE WINDS IS MOSTLY
FROM THE WEST.



 

POLAR EASTERLIES
THE WESTERLIES ARE STRONGER IN THE
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE THAN IN THE NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE, WHY? DUE TO THE VAST EXPANSE
OF OCEANS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
TYPES OF WESTERLIES

Roaring Forties' (along 40 latitudes),

"Furious Fifties' (along 50° latitudes)
'Shrinking Sixties' (60° latitudes)
POLAR EASTERLIES  
The polar winds are the cold winds
that blow from these high pressure
areas towards the sub polar low
pressure belts.
5ധുവHളിെല മQുറQ േമഖലകൾ ഉcമർദേക5nമാെണnു നിHൾ
പഠിcേlാ. അവിെടനിn് ഉേപാഷ്ണേമഖലെയ ലk=മാkി വീശുn
ഹിമkാMുകളാണ് 5ധുവീയവാതHൾ. േകാറിേയാലിസ് ബലം നിമിtം ഇവ
ഇരു അർധേഗാളHളിലും കിഴkുദിkിൽനിnാണ് വീശുnത്. അതി നാൽ
ഇവ 5ധുവീയപൂർവവാതHൾ (Polar Easterlies) എnറിയെpടു nു.
PERIODIC WINDS 
Periodic winds are winds that repeat
at regular intervals of time and can
be seasonal or diurnal.

നി8ിത ഇടേവളകളിൽ മാ5തം ആവർtിcു\ാകുn

കാMുകെള കാലികവാതHൾ എn് വിളിkുnു
WHAT IS MONSOON?  
The term 'monsoon' is derived from the Arab
word 'mousom'. It means 'winds that change
direction in accordance with season'.

മൗസിം' എn അറബി പദtിൽ നിnാണ് മൺസൂൺ എn

പദം രൂപ െpYത്. കാലtിെനാt് ദിശമാറുn കാMുകൾ
എnാണ് മൺസൂൺ എn വാkിനർഥം
1 . Explain the formation of any two planetary winds?
2 . How do the planetary winds and pressure
belts are related? Explain with examples?
3 . Westerlies in southern hemisphere has special
features.. explain?
 PART 4
MONSOON , LOCAL WIND AND
CYCLONES
  

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FORMATION
OF MONSOON

Differences in heating  

Coriolis force  
The apparent movement  
of the sun
SUN'S RAYS FALL VERTICALLY TO THE NORTH OF
THE EQUATOR DURING CERTAIN MONTHS DUE
TO THE TILT OF THE EARTH'S AXIS.
BECAUSE OF THIS EQUATORIAL LOW PRESS
BELT SHIFTING TOWARDS NORTH/TROPIC
OF CANCER.
DEFLECTION OF TRADE WINDS DUE TO
CORIOLIS FORCE
As the SE trade winds cross the Equator,
they get deflected and are transformed
into southwest monsoon.
DIFFERENCES IN HEATING AND MONSOON
The low pressure formed over the land due
to the intense day temperature attracts
these sea winds and further contributes to
the formation of southwest monsoon winds.
NORTH EAST MONSOON  
Formation of high pressure zones
over theAsian landmass and low
pressure zonesover the Indian Ocean
during winter, the northeast trade
winds get strengthened. These are
the strengthened. These are the
SEASONAL REVERSAL OF WIND =MONSOON
SEA BREEZE
Daytime land heated up quickly
and air ascends.

Low pressure over the land.

Wind blow from the sea known

as sea breeze.
 
പകൽസമയt് ഭൂമി േവഗtിൽ
ചൂടാകുകയും വായു ഉയരുകയും
െചyുnു.

ഭൂമിയിൽ ന=ൂനമർദം.

കടൽkാM് എnറിയെpടുn
കടലിൽ നിnുm കാM്.
LAND BREEZE
During the night- land cools faster
than sea, - high press over the
land and comparatively low
pressure at the sea surface - wind
will blow from land to sea is known
as land breeze.
 
രാ5തിയിൽ കര കടലിേനkാൾ േവഗtിൽ
തണുkുnു, - കരയിൽ ഉയർn
അമർtലും സമുേ5ദാപരിതലtിൽ
താരതേമ=ന കുറQ മർdവും - കാM്
കരയിൽ നിn് കടലിേലk് വീശുnതാണ്
കരkാM്.
MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY BREEZE
  
"പാേദശിക വാത+ൾ
-

( Alps mountain )
-
- =

e
·

E
CYCLONES 
ANTI CYCLONES 
 PATTERN OF WIND DIRECTION
PRESSURE SYSTEM
NH SH
CYCLONE
AC C


ANTI CYCLONE
 C AC
1 . List out the factors responsible for the formation
of monsoon?
2 . Distinguish between sea breeze and land breeze?
3.
A B
LOO  .............
FOEHN  .............
............. SAHARA DESERT
 
............. ROCKY MOUNTAIN
 
Wind : Movement of air .

Des
↳ cause 3 Variation in the AP
.

Demo
so edi engine
I
weight of air
·abstent B100.
wind : -

H P >-
L P
-
.
.

Des
-
exam > My beadbo
-
 Pressure momoed also
Atmospheric
-
-

Altitude
&
↳
-

Yo

Temperature di2 a
-

BellBes
3
, Humidity -
&
glass will contine e

at 7 25 pr
.
.............

-
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
kzmX{´ym\´c C´y

A[ymbw
07
FLOW OF REFUGEES

-
INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
>
-
CONSTITUTION AND THE FIRST GENERAL
ELECTION
LINGUISTIC REORGANIZATION
OF STATES

 
 
  


 
FLOW OF REFUGEES  
 Ris

Commen
CALCUTTA, BIHAR,NOAKHALI, DELHI,
PUNJAB AND KASHMIR WITNESSED
BLOODY RIOTS
 zoption IND
PAY
-
INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
Induct
There were around six hundred princely states in pre-independent India,
in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British.

Britain gave these princely states the options to join either India or Pakistan
or to be independent.
 
       
-
     

      

    

       

  
-
 THE INTEGRATION WAS REALLY A
HERCULEAN TASK AND SARDAR
-

-
VALLABHBHAI PATEL WAS THE UNION
MINISTER ENTRUSTED WITH THIS
MISSION

HE APPOINTED V.P.MENON, A
-

KERALITE, AS SECRETARY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF STATES.
⑪
    
    
 

   

   
 -
Patel and V. P. Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession (),
-

which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over
Oce confl
-

defence, external affairs, and information and communication

- - --
to the Government of India

Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority

of the princely states signed the Instrument of Accession and joined
Indian Union.
        
  Instrument
-
of Accession 

     

- - -

  

-

        

       
-
8-meit
-
HYDERABAD, KASHMIR AND
JUNAGARH.
 YEAR
COUNTRY SUZERAINTIES
OF ACCESSION
PONDICHERRY,
FRANCE KARAIKKAL, MAHE AND 1954
YANAM

PORTUGAL GOA, DAMAN AND DIU 1961

CONSTITUTION AND THE FIRST GENERAL ELECTION
   

Recommendation of Cabinet Mission

Constituent Assembly(  )

O
was formed in 1946

O
⑭
O
26 JANUARY 1950
THE FIRST GENERAL ELECTION  

O 1951- 1952
This free and fair election was a success of Indian
democracy.
    
 
LINGUISTIC REORGANIZATION OF STATES
  

1920 THE NAGPUR

SESSION OF THE
INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS
POTTI SRIRAMALU C
>
- 58 Fastin
Alsalvo
Os
S
T its
Is
Andmp-

↳
ANDHRA PRADESH FOR
TELUGU SPEAKING PEOPLE
1993
y 
 
 
After this, the demand for linguistic tates intensified.
-
-

    



Fazl Ali H.N.Kunzru K.M.Panikkar

The Government of India formed a Commission to reorganise Indian
states on the basis of languages, with Fazl Ali as Chairman and H.N.Kunzru
and K.M.Panikkar, a Keralite, as members

    

- -
-

   C

    
-


Fazl Ali H.N.Kunzru K.M.Panikkar

 147
6
-

⑭
20
As per the recommendations of the Commission, e
the Parliament passed the States Reorganisation
O
Act in 1956.

   

    
  
⑳o
PROGRESS IN ECONOMIC SECTOR
  

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

Centralized economic planning

 
d
SOVIET UNION
 O PLANNING
COMMISSION OF
INDIA (PCI)

 

NEHRU AT THE MEETING OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION

1950
 56 Agr
1951
-
-

&

Ind
1956-61
-

O
FIVE YEAR PLANS STARTED - 1951
 IRON AND STEEL ASSISTING
INDUSTRIAL FIRMS COUNTRIES

Bhilai Soviet Union

Bocaro Soviet Union
Rourkela Germany
Durgapur Britain
Irrigation and electricity.
  

Bhakra Nangal Project

ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
   (Council of Scientif and Industrial Research)
    (Indian Council forAgricultural Research)
    (Indian Council of Medical Research)
Homi Jahangir Bhabha S.N. Bhatnagar

HOMI JAHANGIR BHABHA

AND
S.N. BHATNAGAR
 5
IIT

FIVE INDIAN INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY (IITS) WERE

E
STARTED BETWEEN 1954 AND 1964.
Subsequently India made tremendous progress in medical science,
biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, marine
technology, information technology, atomic energy and transportation

     

       
   
SPACE RESEARCH IN  
INDIA 

f
1962 ② Vikram Sarabhai
Indian National Committee for Space
Research (INCOSPAR) ·
O
-

1969 - Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

z
ISRO HEADQUARTERS, BANGALURU
First rocket launching
station

Thumba, near
Thiruvananthapuram
 First satellite
Aryabhatta - 1975.

Aryabhatta
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
-
Missile technology - Agni and Prithwi
Dr. Raja Ramanna and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam led
our experiments in the atomic energy sector

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of India,
was a scientist and researcher. He was a renowned
expert in missile technology. Being the head of the ISRO,
he played a major role in developing satellite launch
vehicles such as SLV3 and PSLV. He is known as the
'Missile Man of India'.
CHANDRAYAN AND MANGALYAN
EDUCATION 

“The destiny of India is being

shaped in her classrooms”
-Dr. D.S.Kothari

  

   
-  
 &

NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION

  
 rpe
Focusing on primary and continuing education
-
Past
a
Launching Operation Blackboard Programme to universalise primary
-

education and to improve infrastructure facilities in schools.

Starting Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district

-

Encouraging girls' education

-
    
-

     

      
--

    

-

   

-
FOREIGN POLICY  

“Our objective is peaceful coexistence, ensuring

freedom and welfare for all people in the world.
And, I remind the world that we are not to create
problems for anyone. "

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU IN A PUBLIC

SPEECH IN 1947
MAIN PRINCIPLES OF INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY ARE:
Resistance to colonialism and imperialism

Hostility to racism
④ O
Trust in the United Nations Organization
Peaceful co-existence

Panchsheel principles
Emphasis on the necessity of foreign assistance

Policy of Non-alignment
    
   
 
 
 

  
 
PANCHSHEEL PRINCIPLES  

INDIA AND CHINA - 1954.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Chou En-lai

THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
Mutual non-aggression

Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs

Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit

Peaceful co-existence
    
-

 
-

   -

  

  

--
 !

following
-SMalabar
-n the
e ⑫ Match
DATE in
pazhassi revolt,kundara proclamation
vaikom sathyagraha,Guruvayur sathyagraha
British influence culture
 (QAcc
Arrange the following events in chronological order.

Guruvayur Satyagraha
w

i
Nivarthanaprakshobham

TempleEntry Proclamation in Travancore

~
VaikomSatyagraha

T
 192)
Zelan 14eko-M - >

Y >
- 1924
ropnos
-

animo
193)
arfogikdes
-G -

= Keshven
-
> 1932
-- N
· vonn
> 1946
c P -

--
-

eltelzo
use comme t 1936
Stold >
-

Temple entry Co

Prockmation
 
conferrers
1916 → Malabar Congress സേ�ളനം
Khilaff Movement

1920 → ഖ�ലാഫ�� �പ�ാനം

Malabar Revolt
1921 → മലബാർ കലാപം
civil disobedience Movement
1929 → നിയമ ലംഘന �പ�ാനം
⑭ 
Malayali Memorial -

1891 → മലയാളി െമേ�ാറിയൽ → ജി പ� പ��

super ! Echva Memorial
1896 → ഈഴവ െമേ�ാറിയൽ → േഡാ പൽ��

1932 → പ�ം താണ� പ�� ഭരണം

1929 →
④546 പ���പ വയലാർ
1805 - pazhassi revolt
1809 - kundara proclamtion

1817 - Free primary education in

travancore Guri parvathi bhai

1721 - Attingal Revolt > British -

1741- colachel war > Dutch -

n
00
-> Guruvayur Sathyagraha
.

Proclamation
-ie
Temple entry
->
Proclamation Gu
Kundava
& ->
Revolt
D Attirgal
->
Revolt
->
Malabar To
-
G.P. Pillai Savarna Jatha

*
Nivarthana
Dr. Palpu
Prakshobham

C. Keshavan Savarna
-
- -x=⑦
MALAYALI Jatha
MEMORIYAL

Mannath
Ezhava Memorial
Padmanabhan
Revolutions that Influenced
the World
േലാകെt സ(ാധീനിc വിpവ0ൾ
Part-1
~AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
അേമരിkൻ സ(ാത8n:സമരം C
2020
202

Part-2
-FRENCH REVOLUTION X- imp
>
8ഫ=് വിpവം

Part-3
OLATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION
ലാ?ിൻ അേമരിkൻ വിpവം
Part-4 ⑭O Question

-- O
Essay
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION >
-

റഷ:ൻ വിpവം Model

Part-5
~CHINESE REVOLUTION
*
ൈചനീസ് വിpവം
 Question
Hint :
Essay
-

circumstances, causes

~Reasons-aoay
↳
↳
-
-

Ginsured
2-ideologies -

3- Date >
-
M2n >
-
(3)

Result >
-
Melo 6 Mark
4 >
-

>
-
AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
അേമരിkൻ സ(ാത8n:സമരം
 Bekay :

>
-
2/
I

O offic

8പാതിനിധ:മിlാെത
നികുതിയിl
പതിനാറാം നൂ?ാS്
⑭

⑭
>
-
colonies

⑬
 Col Col
= 1
>
- #
-
1
-

-
B Col
cotte
Wat I
Gard
.

2 -
>(0) >
-

fobbaco , Si -
Mercantilist Laws
െമർknലിs് നിയമ0ൾ

-Fo-
 -

④
- --

- -
-

- -

- --

-
 --

- -

- -

--
 ⑭
②
Lock
kit
Ideologies inspire
ആശയ0ൾ 8പേചാദനേമകുnു
 Everyone has some
fundamental rights. No
government has the right to
suspend them

C
There is something absurd, in
supposing a continent (North
America) be perpetually
governed by a foreign power
(England)

C
 sign

The entire continent assembles

First Continental
1774 Philadelphia
Congress ⑭
-
Second Continental
1775
Congress ⑳ Philadelphia

Declaration of Independence on 4
O
1776 --

July 1776
-
-
 continetdArmy
Leades d
I
George Washington
↓
st
I Preside t

of Ameria
All are equal
Everyone has certain
rights
 Thomas
Jefferson,
and
Benjamin Franklin
5 -
British is col

C 1781 >
-
war end

Treaty of Paris
in 1783
2 of
esa
James Madison
I
-

constitution
George Washington
te
H Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom
struggles and revolutions all over the world

പിൽkാല സ(ാത8n:സമര0ൾkും വിpവ0ൾkും 8പേചാദനവും

ലk:േബാധവും നൽകി.

It Put forward the concept of republican form of

government

റിpbിkൻ ഭരണരീതി എn ആശയം മുേnാEു വcു.

 direcation
I Gave
Prepared the first written constitution.
Lu
3- motize
form
E
- Republica
ആദ:െt എഴുതെpE ഭരണഘടന തയാറാkി. ist written
3- ,

↳ failed
Contributed
4- to the concept of federal system that
-

ensured freedom and authority of states in the

union
സംsാന0ൾk് സ(ാത8n:വും അധികാരവും നൽകുn
െഫഡറൽ രാഷ്8ടം എn ആശയം േലാകtിനു നൽകി.
.
 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

O
imp
റഷ4ൻ വിpവം
 The Russian Revolution
റഷ4ൻ വിpവം

O O
February Revolution
െഫ=ബുവരി വിpവം
October Revolution
ഒക്േടാബർ വിpവം
Russian Revolution .

-
causes - Girombus

Revolution & October Revolution

-

February .

Results-exesibts .
Farmers and factory workers in Russia led a tragic life
--

under the autocracy of the Tzartist emperors, who ruled

Russia.
The low agricultural production affected the farmer's
-

income. Moreover,the landless farmers had to pay huge

tax.
-

റഷ4 ഭരിcിരുn സാർ ച=കവർtിമാരുെട ഏകാധിപത4tിനുകീഴിൽ

-

കർഷകരും ഫാക്ടറിെtാഴിലാളികളും ദുരിതപൂർണമായ ജീവിതമാണ്

-
നയിcത്.
റഷ4യുെട കാർഷികേമഖലയിെല കുറP ഉൽpാദനം കർഷകരുെട
->
-

വരുമാനെt ബാധിcു. കൂടാെത ഭൂരഹിതരായ അവർ - നികുതി ഭാരവും

വഹിേkVിവnു.
-
Though Russia was rich in natural resources,
their industrial production was meagre. It was the
foreigners who controlled majority of the
-

industries that existed there

=പകൃതിവിഭവ0ൾെകാV് സmnമായിരുn റഷ4യുെട

വ4ാവസായിേകാൽpാദനം തുcമായിരുnു. ഉY
-

വ4വസായ0ളിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും വിേദ ശികളാണു

--

നിയ=nിcിരുnത്.
-
Leo Tolstoy Maxim Gorky
Anton Chekov Ivan Turgenev
>
-
Marxist
 man

L
Social Democratic Workers Party
േസാഷ4ൽ െഡേമാ=കാ_ിക് വർേkഴ്സ് പാർ`ി

Mensheviks (minority) Bolsheviks (majority)

↓
Alexendaw Kerensky Canin
, fatrosky
 The Russian Revolution
Tzar Emperor
- റഷ4ൻ വിpവം
Nicholas I

X
Aleusender
Kerenste
February Revolution October Revolution
-

െഫ=ബുവരി വിpവം ഒക്േടാബർ വിpവം

Mensheviks (minority)
- Bolsheviks (majority)
October Revolution
ഒക്േടാബർ വിpവം
switerzled
l
~
 They put forward several demands like
അതിനായി അവർ ചില ആവശ40ൾ ഉnയിcു.
-

Withdraw Russia from ഒnാം േലാകയുdtിൽനിn്

the First World War റഷ4 പിൻമാറുക.
Seize the lands owned =പഭുknാരുെട ൈകവശമുY ഭൂമി
by the lords and പിടിെcടുt് കർഷകർk്
distribute them among വിതരണം െചyുക.
the farmers ഫാക്ടറികൾ ജന0ളുെട
െപാതുസ(tാkി മാ_ുക.
Make factories public
property
Results of Russian Revolution
റഷ4ൻ വിpവtിെn ഫല0ൾ
 west
-
-Russia withdrew from the -
ഒnാം േലാകയുdtിൽ നിnു
first World War റഷF പിnാറി.
-Seized out the land and ഭൂമി പിടിെcടുt് കർഷകർk്
distributed among the വിതരണം െചയ്തു.
peasants െപാതു ഉടമsതയ്k്
~Gave importance to public
.പാധാനFം െകാടുtു.
~sector
Introduced centralized
േക.nീകൃത ആസൂ.തണം
&

നടpിലാkി.
planning -
Achieved develops in the സാmtിക-ശാസ്=തസാേjതിക
field of Science, രംഗ0ളിൽ പുേരാഗതി ൈകവരിcു.
Technology and Economy 1924 ൽ പുതിയ ഭരണഘടന നിലവിൽ
New constitution came to വnു.
force in 1924.
-
Union of Soviet Socialist
േസാവിയ_് റിpbിkുകൾ കൂടിേcർn്
േസാവിയ_് യൂണിയൻ
Republic was formed by
consolidating different C (U S S R) രൂപീകരിkെpടുകയും

~
Soviet Republics.
Spread the Socialist ideas
--
െചയ്തു.
േലാകtിെല വിവിധ ഭാഗ0ളിൽ
all over the world േസാഷ4ലിs് ആശയ0ൾ
- വ4ാപകമായി. -
-
FRENCH REVOLUTION
2ഫ4് വിpവം
 "I am the state."
Louis XIV

"After me, the deluge."

Louis XV

"If they can't eat bread, let

them eat cake."
Mary Antoinette
 French society
2ഫ4് സമൂഹം

First Estate - ഒnാം എേs;്

Clergy (പുേരാഹിതnാർ)

Second Estate - രCാം എേs;്

Nobility (2പഭുknാർ)

Third Estate - മൂnാം എേs;്

Commons (സാധാരണkാർ)
 state

1
C
O
naus
offic enlist
lock
Pat
Ideologies inspire
ആശയ0ൾ 2പേചാദനേമകുnു
Ridiculed the
exploitation of clergy.
Promoted rational
thinking, ideals of
equality and humanism
Spelled out the importance of
freedom with the statement,
'Man is born free, but
everywhere he is in chains'.
Declared that the people are
the sovereign
Encouraged democracy and
the Republic

Suggested division of
powers of the government
into legislature, executive,
and judiciary
-i
the previous time every estate have single voting right
but this time thrid estate demanded every individual
member needed single voting right

മുm് ഓേരാ എേsേ++ിനും ഒരു േവാ1് എnതായിരുnു

എnാൽ ഇ8പാവശ:ം 3 എേs+് ഓേരാ അംഗ=ൾക്
ഓേരാ േവാ1് േവണം എn് അവശ: െപ1ു
 Tennis Court Oath

െടnീസ് േകാർO് 2പതിj

1784 -
57

↳
 is
cle
&

~
Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world
Ended the fuedal system in Europe
Led to the emergence of nationalism

പിൽkാലt് േലാകtുCായ എlാ വിpവ0ൾkും

ആേവശം പകർnു
~
-
യൂേറാpിൽ ഫRൂഡലിസം അവസാനിcു
േദശീയതയുെട ആവിർഭാവtിന് വഴിെയാരുkി
Helped the growth of the middle class
-

Spread the ideas of equality, liberty and

fraternity
-
-

മധRവർഗtിെn വളർcെയ സഹായിcു -

സ(ാത2nRം, സമത(ം, സാേഹാദരRം എn ആശയtിെn
2പചരണം
THE LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTION
ലാ2ിൻ അേമരിkൻ വിpവം
How the colonial rule affected the life of
natives of Latin America?
യൂേറാപ=ൻ േകാളനി ഭരണം ലാ2ിൻ അേമരിkൻ
ജനതെയ എ0െനയാണ് ബാധിcത്?
The Spanish and Portuguese propagated their
language, religions and customs
സ്െപയിൻകാരും േപാർcുഗീസുകാരും ത0ളുെട ഭാഷയും
മതവും ആചാരവും അവിെട Mപചരിpിcു.

They build houses and Churches in Spanish style, several

schools were established for imparting Spanish system
of education
സ്പാനിഷ് ൈശലിയിൽ വീടുകളും േദവാലയ0ളും നിർമിkുകയും
വിദ=ാലയ0ൾ sാപിkുകയും െചയ്തു.
The Spanish farming methods and crops were
introduced
സ്പാനിഷ് കൃഷിരീതികളും കാർഷികവിളകളും േകാളനികളിൽ
നടpിലാkി.

New diseases spread from Europeans to the

Latin Americans
യൂേറാപ=രിൽ നിn് പുതിയ േരാഗ0ൾ ലാ2ിനേമരിkൻ
ജനതയിേലkു പകർnു.
Racial discrimination was enforced towards the natives
in all walks of life
എlാ രംഗ0ളിലും വംശീയവിേവചനം പുലർtി.

They looted the resources and wealth of the Latin

American people
ലാ2ിനേമരിkൻ ജനതയുെട സmtും വിഭവ0ളും
െകാWയടിcു.

Enslaved the natives to work

േകാളനിkാെര അടിമകെളേപാെല പണിെയടുpിcു.
annizond Eminen

Printrbas
dies In
zis
eit win
erbsan
 ൈചനീസ് വിpവം
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
O
Russian >
-

French
 ⑳ter
↓,

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

~
Significance of public administration
െപാതുഭരണtിെn ,പാധാന/ം
retrie
BUREAUCRACY(ഉേദ/ാഗsവൃnം)
INDIAN CIVIL services -
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ഭരണ നവീകരണം
↓
Egelerence
 -

Public administration is the effective utilization of men and

materials for the implementation of existing laws,
governmental policies, programmes and developmental
projects.
     
    
   
 
laws
effective existing
P A >
- i t ⑳
Polici
g
.

ultilization X
↓, :

Program
devli . Project
 ↳
MOO
Roed
-62080
FI @
Formulate

unverte
↳
governmental policies
-

ഗവൺെമ� നയ�ൾ
robrilal ര�പെ�ട�����

Provide goods and

-

service
Significance of public Ensure welfare of the
administration
-

people
-

സാധന�ള�ം
േസവന�ള�ം െപാത�ഭരണ�ിെ� ജനേ�മം ഉറ�ാ����
ലഭ�മാ���� �പാധാന�ം

-- Findout solutions to
public issues
---

ജനകീയ �പ��ൾ��
C
പരിഹാരം കാണ���
O
BUREAUCRACY

 FEATURES OF BUREAUCRACY
  ⑭
(v) Hierarchical organisation
  · q
q E q
.

Bureaucracy is organised in such a way that there is one employee

* F
.
E
-
q
.

-
b
-
--

at the top and the number increases when it reaches the lower
-
-
--

levels. This is known as hierarchical organisation.

-

       

      

 appoint
2- Permanence
 ↳
x
↑
-
=>
serviceto
Persons appointed will continue in service till the age of
retirement.
    

Appointment on the basis of Qualification
  
Employees are recruited and appointed on the basis of
educational qualification.
 Political Neutrality
 
Bureaucrats are liable to implement the policies of whichever party
comes to power. Party interests should not reflect in their work.
-- --

They should act

- neutrally.
-

      

    
- -

     

- #
⑦
-
 Professionalism
 
- Every government employee must be skilled in their work.
       
 Hiera ecoe
stilled
-

Tever

-
↑ >
-
Must be
eS
S I
-
Qulification
-
Enf Neutrality .

Profession
 ⑭
↳
INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE
 INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE

All India Services Central Service State Service

  
Recruits at national level Recruits at national level
   
Appoints in central or state -
Appoints in central
government departments only
service -
    
   
Eg: Indian Administrative 
   IAS Eg: Indian Foreign Service
  
Indian Police Service
Indian Railway Service
   IPS  

Recruits at state level


Appoints in state government
departments only
   
 

Eg: Sales tax officer
    
 All india Central State

services service Service

.

Recruits National state Guel

National
Milodenggz unl nuel

State
central central
Appoints government
4 government
nowalague -

state dep
dep-only .
only
.

IF) sche tax of fire

As
eq :-
1 S (R S
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
 
E GOVERNANCE
 
E-governance is the use of electronic technology in
-

administration
    
 
 ⑭
BENEFITS OF E GOVERNANCE

 ⑬ O Co

Can receive service with the help of information technology.

- -

     

-

Need not to wait in government offices for services.

-
-

    

government services offered speedily and with less expense.
-

     

Efficiency of the offices and quality of the service get enhanced.
     
- -
-

 RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005
   
I
The efforts of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti
--

Samghathan of Rajasthan has led to the

-

legislation of Right to Information Act

 THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THIS ACT
 
To prevent corruption
Create responsibility and make the functioning of the
government transparent
   
     
  
The citizens will get copies of public documents if they apply
for them
      
     
pination
Lend
LOKPAL AND LOKAYUKTA
-
state

  
wel
Lokpal and Lokayukta are institutions constituted to prevent
corruption at administrative, bureaucratic and political levels.
     
     
The institution constituted at the
national level to prevent corruption
is Lokpal.
   
   
CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION
  
The Central Vigilance Commission is the institution constituted
at the national level to prevent corruption.
-

     

    
It came into effect in 1964 E
   
It is formed to prevent
corruption in the central
government offices.
   
  
    
The Central Vigilance Commissioner is the head of the Central
Vigilance Commission.
       
The duty of the commission is to enquire into vigilance cases
and take necessary actions.
     
  
(3) ↓
JEE Main 2024 Phase 1 Kerala Toppers
  
NEET/JEE  NEST'24 
  
aiims/iit   100% 
 +1  100% FEE
NATIONAL ENTRANCE CUM SCHOLARSHIP TEST 2024

FOR CLASS 10 STUDENTS TH

Scan
Contact 
For 773 611 4 666
Registration
773 622 8 666
CLASS 11 Features
STATE + EXPERIENCED FACULTIES
RECORDED + LIVE CLASSES
GET 100%
SCHOLARSHIP
JEE
PERSONALISED MENTORS
DOUBT CLARIFICATION &
ON ADD-ONS
QUESTION PAPER DISCUSSIONS BOARD EXAM TUITIONS
HIGH-QUALITY MATERIALS * ALL INDIA TEST SERIES (AITS)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS

AT JUST ₹ 11,682/-
*Exclusive of study materials

6009 100 300

CLASS 11 Features
STATE + EXPERIENCED FACULTIES
RECORDED + LIVE CLASSES
GET 100%
SCHOLARSHIP
NEET
PERSONALISED MENTORS
DOUBT CLARIFICATION &
ON ADD-ONS
QUESTION PAPER DISCUSSIONS BOARD EXAM TUITIONS
HIGH-QUALITY MATERIALS * ALL INDIA TEST SERIES (AITS)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS

AT JUST ₹ 11,682/-
*Exclusive of study materials

6009 100 300

CLASS 11 Features
STATE EXPERIENCED FACULTIES
RECORDED + LIVE CLASSES
SCIENCE BATCH DOUBT CLARIFICATION & PREVIOUS
YEAR QUESTION DISCUSSION
CHAPTER WISE EXAM
MODULE EXAMS

AT JUST ₹ 4250/-
999 5400 800
 CHÁPTER 06

struggles and freedom

 
 !

undist
>
-

o
es -
!
>
-

> Zom
-
8

vendstages Basel - 2 0.

Early Struggles of Gandhiji

Rowlatt act crels allow
l dis en
>
-

Sinamoo
National Movements >
-

↳ Quit indic
Alternative paths >
-

(
-
The agitations he conducted in South Africa
mo

His life style as a common man (food, clothing, language)

-- --

Methods of struggle based on non violence.

-

They found in Gandhiji a saviour, who could solve their problems

T
⑭ F
&

Freedo d
 -
G 
  -

    

-

   

-

      

-
-
 Struggle Area Year
O-dweedo
1915

O -
The Struggle of indigo
farmers in Champaran
-
Bihar 1917
-

Ahmedabad cotton mill

strike
-
②
Gujarat O
1918

Peasant struggle in
Gujarat 1918
Kheda
 ④ >
-

  

③
  
 1917


 
 1918


   1918

 Struggle in Champaran
--

േഖഡയ െല കർഷകസമരം
-

zimbond

1917
Champaran - bihar
Reason The problems of indigo farmers
ന ലം കർഷകരുെട �� �ൾ
effect
Gandhiji got involved in this strike Started Satyagraha
and disobedience of the rules
The authorities agreed or compelled

Result
sel
Pass laws allo -swice .
 Cotton mill strike
തുണ മ ൽ സമരം

1918
Reason
>
-
Ahmedabad - gujarat
strike for the wage hike of cotton mill workers
തുണ മ ൽ െത ഴ ല ള കളുെട േവതനവർ�നവ നുേവ� യു� സമരം നയ �.
X
Gandhiji got involved in this strike Started Satyagraha
effec and disobedience of the rules
The authorities agreed or compelled
x
I
Result Hike the wage Grimmo
 Peasant struggle in kheda
േഖഡയ െല കർഷകസമരം

1918
kheda - gujarat
Due to drought,crop failure, Tax collection
വരൾ�യും കൃഷ ന ശവും അമ തന കുത യും
Gandhiji got involved in this strike Started Satyagraha
and disobedience of the rules
The authorities agreed or compelled

Reduce tax rates

LET'S FIND THE RESULTS OF THE EARLY STRUGGLES THAT
GANDHIJI TOOK UP IN INDIA
The struggles he took up popularised his ideologies and method of
-
-

protest.
--

Till his entry into the political scenario, national movement was
confined to the educated section of the society. His methods of
--

protest attracted the laymen to the movement.

-

The city centric national movement spread to rural areas.

-

- >
-

Gandhiji became a national leader acceptable to all strata of the

-

society
     
-
-
 

-
    
  
-

      

-
-

-
      
-- -
Towards the National Movement
 
1919
Rowlatt Áct
q -
=* He
 -6 !
er
Non-cooperation and the Khilafat Movements zor
>
-
1920

    Calcutta

( Poorna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience

   
-
1929
Lahore

( The British Quit India >

-
1942
   Mumbai
by Mahatma Gandhi
-
-
Let's see the characteristics of non-cooperation policy adopted

Lawyers shall
boycott courts
Students The public
shallboycott shall boycott
English foreign
schools
Non- products
cooperation
Movement

O Denial of
taxes
Boycott
elections

O Returning the
British awards and
prizes
O
 shall bonat
:
es Students lish school
-> na stone
begotted >
-

Lawyers - Court
Terracin
Brass
Foreign Product >
-

Public -
- >

election
boycott
fax
Denial >
-

Auranals &
Retruning >
-

Prime
Given below are some of the examples of how the Indian
society responded to Gandhiji's appeal for non-cooperation

Farmers in Awadh refused to pay taxes. E-Awadh X Pay tax

The tribal groups in northern Andhra entered the forests and
en

i
collected the forest produces violating the forest laws.

*
Farmers in Uttar Pradesh refused to carry the luggage of the
colonial officials Ten
     

     Bor

     
   
as
-ge
Regz

     

- - -

-

 - Constructive programmes

In addition to his appeal for noncooperation, Gandhiji motivated the

people to participate in constructive programmes.
Inspired by this, people began to make indigenous products, spin
-- -

khadi cloth using charka, establish

-
national schools and popularise
Hindi
-
 

     

      

- -

      

--
-
  
192222 n
Chouri Choura Incident
  
 Poorna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience
-
C
   

nindest
Jawaharlal Nehru
--
O
1929 >
-

The Lahore session >

-

-
The session declared that the ultimate aim of Indian freedom struggle
was to attain complete freedom (Poorna Swaraj) for the country

Gandhiji breaking the Salt Law - an illustration

       

      

Gandhiji breaking the Salt Law - an illustration

 ⑳
Proposals put forward by Gandhiji

↑
   
Let's examine the reasons why he selected salt as a powerful weapon
against the British

Salt tax constituted two fifth portion of the income collected by the
-

British through taxes. 25th

-

This tax was a heavy burden for the poor people.

-- ↑

The British government banned small scale indigenous salt

production.
---
-

zien
-

There was three fold hike on salt price. 3

-

The demand for lifting salt tax was a slogan suitable to inspire all
-

segments of the society

- -
      
      
 
    
-

     

--

>
-

th
-

2/S
scangul
>
-

>
-

-
>
-
3 /
>
-

azygis
The British Quit India   
Let us examine some factors that caused Quit India Movement

Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in

India
Public disgust with price hike and famine
- -

TheE
assumption that the British would be defeated in the Second
-

World War
-
  
     -
 
    
--

    

-
As part of this movement, Gandhiji called for the following

Princely states shall recognise the sovereignty of their people.

Farmers shall not pay land tax.
Government officials shall disclose their loyalty to Indian National
Congress without resigning their positions.
Without quitting their positions in the army, soldiers shall disobey
orders to shoot and kill Indians.
If possible, students shall boycott education till attaining freedom.
       
    
   
     
       
       
 SWARAJ PARTY MOTILAL NEHRU
1. 1923
kzcmPv ]mÀ«n CR DAS

Cast
HINDUSTAN SOCIALIST BHAGAT SINGH
REPUBLICAN ASSOCIATION CHANDRASHEKHAR AZAD
2. 1928 lnµpØm³ tkmjyenÌv RAJGURU
dn¸»n¡v Atkmkntbj³ SUKHDEV

1931 MARCH 31
23 X
IRA RA
JP
CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY
2. 1934 JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN
tIm¬{Kkv tkmjyenÌv ARUNA ASAF ALI
]mÀ«n
 Geoteric
in
Eminen
FORWARD BLOC SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
4.
CAPT. LAXMI
- INA JHANSI Iym]vä³ e£van
indian national samic
army ·
Roselug eisn again
5. 1920 AITUC NM JOSHI
ALL INDIA TRADE UNION CONGRESS LALA LAJPAT RAI

Borschung Glass essmice

6. AIKC NG RANGA
ALL INDIA KISAN CONGRESS
CLASS 11 Features
STATE EXPERIENCED FACULTIES
RECORDED + LIVE CLASSES
COMMERCE BATCH DOUBT CLARIFICATION & PREVIOUS
YEAR QUESTION DISCUSSION
MODULE EXAM
SHORT NOTES

AT JUST ₹ 4250/-
999 5400 800
 = / + 1921 +
Zelek s
helwo
V => 1924
G >
- 1931
> 1932
N -

1946
P >
-

1936
T -

>
⑧ machi
rital ner Ai
t

THE STATE & POLITICAL SCIENCE

 
OWhat is State?
malso
Edmon D
us

Nestlsadland
~

function's of a state
,

zomel
Orgin theory of state
= Boz Andaomewin
Citizenship >
-

wego
WHAT IS STATE ?  

A group of people residing permanently within a

particular territory with a sovereign government is
called state

    

  
 
Find out the basic factors of a state from the above definition ?

⑭
    

Population Government
  

Territory Sovereignty
 

e
 O
POPULATION 
- People should leave in a state
ഐക#േtാെട Unitedly
പരസ്പര ധാരണേയാടും mutual understanding
പരസ്പരാ3ശിതത6േtാടും Inter dependence
െപാതു താൽpര#േtാടും കൂടി Public interest

- minimum and the maximum number of people for a country are not fixed
ഒരു രാജ&tിന് ഏ,വും കുറ1തും കൂടിയതുമായ ആളുകളുെട എ;ം നി<യിcി>ിl

>
-
If population too high or too low it will negatively affect the nation
ജനസംഖ& വളെര കൂടുതേലാ കുറേവാ ആെണEിൽ അത് രാജ&െt Iപതികൂലമായി ബാധിkും
TERRITORY 
Included
- The land area, water bodies, coastal area, aerial space etc
കരIപേദശം, ജലമOലം , തീരIപേദശം, ആകാശം തുടQിയവ
ഉൾെകാTുnു

A state should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary

>
-

ഒരു സംsാനtിന് വ&kമായ അതിർവരേmാടുകൂടിയ കൃത&മായ ഭൂIപേദശം ഉ\ായിരിkണം

 three. Types of government

GOVERNMENT    
Monarchy, despotic rule, democracy
Maintain law and order. രാജ ഭരണം, ൈസനിക ഭരണം, ജനാതിപത&ം
Increase employment opportunities.
Implement developmental projects
be charged
>
-

govent may
constant
the state is
but
 j
SOVEREIGNTY 
* INTERNAL : The right to take
-
decisions on all matters
which come within its territory.
-

# EXTERNAL : The right to take independent decisions

on international issues
-

State has the right to take decisions on national and international affairs independently
without any external control
േദശീയ അnർേദശീയ കാര&Qളിൽ യാെതാരു ബാഹ& നിയInണവുമിlാെത സ`തInമായി
തീരുമാനെമടുkാൻ രാഷ്Iടtിന് അവകാശമു\്
FUNCTIONS OF A STATE  

The goal of State is the maximum happiness of

the maximum number
Jeremy Bentham

     

  
 
FUNCTIONS OF A STATE   ose
compular
time
-

Obligatory functions   cost

-

Discretionary functions  

-Sinacrel
OBLIGATORY FUNCTIONS  

f
Protection of boundary   tin

④
Maintain internal peace 
Protection of rights 
Implementation of justice  
It is compulsory function it should be perform the state at any time any cost

അത് ഏത് സമയtും എn് വിലെകാടുtും സംsാനം നിർവഹിkണം എnത്

നിർബnിത Iപവർtനമാണ്
DISCRETIONARY FUNCTIONS
Protection of health.
Provide educational facilities.
Implement welfare programmes.
Provide transportation facilities.
 
Enter

 
 
  

Discretionary functions implemented as per the economic condition of

the state
-
-

സംsാനtിെn സാmtിക sിതി അനുസരിc് വിേവചനാധികാര

IപവർtനQൾ നടpിലാkുnു
 Theories on the origin of State  

-God
-
  Divine Right Theory  Evolutionary Theory

  State is the creation   State is the product
  of God. King is the   of history. It was
 representative of   formed by social

  God. King is   evolution.

 
answerable only to
God.
it
istung
state >
-
God

king
f -

↳
120/60

oret
>
-

E
>
-
daBo

(
↳
 Theories on the origin of State  

②O
   Social Contract Theory 
① Power Theory

#
  
  
State came into
-

existence as a result
  
- -

 
-
State came into
existence as a result
of a contract by the of the establishment
L
-

  -
 
people. State was of power by the
-

   

Regar
-
o
constituted for the strong over the weak.
-


  
-
fulfillment of human 0 - -

needs.
*
-


-
 shi
Relatio
STATE AND CITIZEN  
>
- state should be provide Riants to cizen .

>
- Citizen give back duties to state
RIGHTS

STATE CITIZEN

DUTIES
CITIZENSHIP 

A person who has the right to participate in the

law making procedure and the implementation of
law is called the citizen of that state.
ARISTOTLE

ഒരു രാഷ്Iടtിെn നിയമ നിർമാണ നടപടികളിലും നീതി നിർവഹണtിലും

   
    

Defintive
Citizenship is the full and equal
membership in a nation.

   

 
 tris Citizenship
CITIZENSHIP  -getby Birth

Natural citizenship 

Acquired citizenship 

& get
his cisie

through
the leagal
Procedrae of the
Nation
POLITICAL SCIENCE 

Political science is the study of state and

-

Government
-

ARISTOTLE

 
  
ശാസ്Iതം

 Political theories International politics

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Public adminstration Comparative politics

   



   

CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
]uct_m[w
CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE RECOGNITION THAT
EACH CITIZEN IS FOR THE SOCIETY AND THE GENUINE
INTERESTS OF THE SOCIETY ARE THE INTERESTS OF
THE CITIZEN.
Hmtcm ]uc\pw kaql¯n\v thïnbpÅXmsW¶pw
kaql¯nsâ D¯a XmÂ]cy§fmWv
]ucsâsX¶papÅ Xncn¨dnhmWv ]uct_m[w
How can we foster civic consciousness?
  
Elucidate the role of family in fostering civic conciousness?
    
March 2022

Point out the role of associations in fostering Civic

consciousness
    
March 2021
The role of media in the formation of Civic consciousness

Model march 2021

Describe the role of association and democratic system in

creating maintaining Civic consciousness?
    
 
March 2018
Family
social institute
> Primary
-

Family plays an important role in fostering and

maintaining sense of responsibility
   
  
We learn to respect elders and to engage social service
from the primary social Institutions of family
     
    
Inspiration and encouragement from the family develop
civic consciousness
    
  
Education
social Value scientific temper

C
tolerance t
--

leadership useful
Education will helps to develop value consciousness,
tolerance, leadership qualities, scientific temper etc....
     
   
Through education Science and Technology can be
effectively utilized in a useful manner to the society
     
  
Through value oriented education we can instill
civic consciousness among the people people
    
 
     

 culture

Association I-social
>
- Political
Grein Monit ↳ economic
There are several political, social, economic, and cultural
associations in our society
    
  
-

Association many a time equip the individuals to work
voluntarily with service mind
- -

    

-

  

Several associations are working in the field of protection
of environment, Human Rights, charity etc...
--
-
-

    

     
These associations can create awareness among individual
--

    

   
-

-
Media
>
-
Print
I >
-
electronic
Media

Media plays an important role in the formulation of

civic consciousness Print and electronic media influences
the society
    
News and information reach the masses through the media
     

Media should be independent and impartial
    
  
Explain the role morality in fostering Civic consciousness
    
March 2020
Morality

Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from

vices, accept virtues and perform duties with utmost
responsibility
    
  

How can we overcome the challenges faced by
Civic consciousness
     
 March 2019
How can we overcome civic consciousness challenge?

Act democratically and tolerably

    

Don't stand against the public interest
   

Give equal importance to both rights and duties
    
Be the change Which you expect from others
   
Each should evaluate his activities critically
   
Towards Independence

Mountbatten Plan
His proposals were as follows

To form a separate country in Muslim majority area as per the

Muslims wish.
To divide Punjab and Bengal
To conduct a referendum to determine whether to add North West
Frontier province to Pakistan or not
To appoint a commission to determine the borders in Punjab and
Bengal
      

   
       
   
    
     
 In 1947, when the British Parliament passed the Indian
Independence Act, two free nations - India and Pakistan
came into existence.

       

       
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the public at RedFort

15 August, 1947
 േലാകം ഇരുപതാം നൂ-ാ.ിൽ
World in the twentieth Century
 18th England -

INDUSTRIAL
-

REVOLUTION

CAPITALISM

COLONISATION

IMPERIALISM
വ2ാവസായിക വിpവം

മുതലാളിtം

േകാളനിവൽkരണം

സാ;മാജ2ത=ം
 How did imperialism affect the colonies
സാ;മാജ2ത=ം േകാളനി രാജ2>െള എ>െനെയlാം ബാധിcു?.
~
Traditional economic system of the colonies was
destroyed.
---

w
Administrative and judicial systems were replaced
--

People in colonies were forced to cultivate cash crops in

--

lieu of traditional food crops.

-
Poverty and unemployment increased
-

Natural resources were widely exploited

-
-

Indigenous arts, literature, language, culture and

-

- -

education system were destroyed. -

-
 How did imperialism affect the colonies
സാ;മാജ2ത=ം േകാളനി രാജ2>െള എ>െനെയlാം ബാധിcു?.

േകാളനികളുെട പരmരാഗത സmദ്വ2വs തകർnു.

ഭരണരീതിയും നിയമവ2വsയും മാ-ിമറിkെpQു.
പരmരാഗത ഭk2 വിളകൾk് പകരം നാണ2വിളകൾ കൃഷി
െചyാൻ നിർബnിkെpQു
ദാരി;ദ2വും െതാഴിലിlായ്മയും വർdിcു.
;പകൃതിവിഭവ>ൾ വ2ാപകമായി െകാ\യടിkെpQു.
തേdശീയമായ ഭാഷ, കല, സാഹിത2ം, സംസ്കാരം,
വിദ2ാഭ2ാസം എnിവ തകർkെpQു
 ഒnാം േലാകയുdം
THE FIRST WORLD WAR

1914 - 1918
↑

O
↓
Freudian
--
-
X ⑦
Serbia
princep
E
 തീ;വേദശീയത
Aggressive nationalism
 സാ;മാജ2ത= ;പതിസnികൾ

െമാേറാkൻ ബാൽkൺ
;പതിസnി
--
;പതിസnി
Moroccan Crisis
-
Balkan Crisis
Fran ce
X -erbia
!Greee
Germany
 A Serbian youth
Gaverilo Prinsep,assassinated
Francis Ferdinand, the heir to
the throne of Austria at the
Bosnian capital Sarajevo in
July 1914.

1914 JULY 28
െപെQnു\ കാരണം

1914 JULY 28
 Aftermath of the war
-
Over 10 million people lost their lives or were
-
injured
-
in the ' war.
Agriculture, industry and communication system
were destroyed.
- - -

m
Poverty, unemployment and inflation increased
-

Economic dominance of Europe diminished

- -

19141918
- -

Liberation movements in Asia and Africa

-
-
- -

--

strengthened ametigl
-
-

1917- m
Nation
.

In a bid to bring about peace in the world, the

League of Nations was formed.
--
-
1
,
1st W W -reason
.

c .
2nd w W
.
-
results

.
3 Nazism & Fascism
 യുdtിെn ഫല>ൾ
ദശലkkണkിന് ജന>ൾk് ജീവഹാനി സംഭവിkുകയും
പരിേkൽkുകയും െചയ്തു
കൃഷി വ2വസായം വാർtാവിനിമയം തുട>ിയ േമഖലകൾ
-
-

തകർnു
ദാരി;ദ2ം, െതാഴിലിlായ്മ, പണെpരുpം തുട>ിയവ വർdിcു
യൂേറാpിെല സാmtിക േമധാവിത=ം ദുർബലമായി
ഏഷ2യിലും ആ;ഫിkയിലും സ=ാത;nസമര>ൾ ശkിെpQു.
േലാകസമാധാനം സംരkിkുnതിനായി സർv രാജ2സഖ2ം
എn സംഘടന രൂപംെകാ.ു.
Peace Efforts (സമാധാന ;ശമ>ൾ)

േവയ്സായി
ഉടmടി
Versailles Treaty
1919
സാmtിക മാn2ം
 Impact
People who became pauper because of the
war, couldn't afford the commodities
Goods were kept unsold in factories
European nations failed to repay their debts
to the USA
Banks collapsed
Inflation became uncontrollable
Acute unemployment and poverty
 ഫല>ൾ
യുdം പാpാരാkിയ ജന>ൾk് സാധന>ൾ വാ>ാൻ
കഴിവിlാതായി മാറി
ഉൽpn>ൾ വി-ഴിkാെത ഫാക്ടറികളിൽ െകQിkിടnു
അേമരിkയിൽ നിn് എടുt വായ്പകൾ
തിരിcടയ്kുnതിൽ യൂേറാപ2ൻ രാജ2>ൾ വീഴ്ചവരുtി
ബാnുകൾ തകർnു
പണെpരുpം വർധിcു
െതാഴിലിlായ്മയും ദാരി;ദ2വും രൂkമായി
ഫാഷിസവും നാസിസവും
Mussolini and Fascism
 Fascist party came to power in Italy
Italy got nothing, though she was with the
victors in the First World War
Post-war destruction of industries,
unemployment, increase in tax, inflation etc.
kept people away from the government
Industrialists, in fear of Italy moving to
socialism, were prompted to support fascism
 Fascist party came to power in Italy
ഒnാം േലാകയുdtിൽ വിജയിcവരുെട കൂQtിൽെpQിQും
ഇ-ലിk് കാര2മായ േനQ>െളാnും ലഭിcിl
യുdാനnര കാലെt വ2വസായ>ളുെട തകർc,
െതാഴിലിlായ്മ, നികുതി വർധനവ്, പണെpരുpം
തുട>ിയവ ജന>െള ഭരണകൂടtിൽനിnക-ി
രാജ2ം േസാഷ2ലിs് വിpവtിേലk് േപാകുേമാ എn ഭയം
ഫാഷിസെt പിnുടരാൻ സmnെര േ;പരിpിcു
Black shirts കരിnുpായkാർ
Hitler and Nazism
Nazi party come to power in Germany

The Treaty of Versailles imposed by the

victorious allies on Germany after the First
World War
Economic destruction and inflation.
Failure of German government and the
resultant political uncertainty.
Nazi party come to power in Germany

ഒnാം േലാകയുdാനnരം ജർmനിയുെട

േമൽ അടിേcൽpിc ഒരു േവയ്സായി സnി
സാmtിക തകർcയും പണെpരുpവും
ജർമൻ ഭരണകൂടtിെn പരാജയവും
രാഷ്;ടീയ അsിരതയും
Holocaust
തവിQു കുpായkാർ
Gestapo
Brown Shirts
 ര.ാം േലാകയുdം
The Second World War

1939 to 1945
1939 െസപ്-ംബർ 1ന്
ജർമനി േപാള.ിെന
ആ;കമിcു

On 1st September
1939, Germany
attacked Poland.
 Effects of the War

The entry of Soviet Union and America changed

the complexion of the Second World War

Italy and Germany could not withstand the

attack and surrendered immediately

Mussolini was killed by the local partisans.

Hitler committed suicide

 യുdtിെn അവസാനം
േസാവിയ-് യൂണിയെnയും അേമരിkയുേടയും
കടnുവരവ് ര.ാം േലാകയുdtിെല ഗതി മാ-ിമറിcു

ജർമനിയും ഇ-ലിയും കീഴട>ി

മുേsാളിനിെയ നാQുകാർ പിടികൂടി വധിcു,
ഹി-്ലർ ആtഹത2 െചയ്തു

ജpാന് പിടികൂടാൻ േസാവിയ-് യൂണിയൻ ;ടാൻസ്

ൈസബീരിയലൂെട ജpാനിേലk് നീ>ി
United States of America dropped two atom bombs in
Japan- 'Little Boy' in Hiroshima on 6 August 1945
and 'Fat Man' in Nagasaki on 9 August. Soon, Japan
surrendered.
 അേമരിk 1945 ആഗs് ആറിന് ലി-ിൽ േബായ് എn
അണുേബാംബ് ഹിേരാഷിമയിലും ഓഗs് ഒൻപതിന്
ഫാ-്മാൻ എn അണുേബാംബ് നാഗസാkിയിലും വർഷിcു
Results
Over 10 million people died
Economic system of European countries was
destroyed
European dominance in world diminished
Freedom movements in Asia and Africa intensified
America and Soviet Union emerged as global
powers
In a bid to preserve and maintain world peace, the
United
Nations Organization (UNO) was formed
ദശലkkണkിന് േപർ െകാlെpQു
യൂേറാപ2ൻ രാജ2>ളുെട സാmtിക നില താറുമാറായി
യൂേറാപ2ൻ രാഷ്;ട>ളുെട േലാക േമധാവിത=ം തകർnു
ഏഷ2ൻ ആ;ഫിkൻ രാജ2>ളിൽ സ=ാത;nസമരം
ശkിെpQു
അേമരിkയും േസാവിയ-് യൂണിയനും വൻശkികൾ
ആയി മാറി
േലാകസമാധാനം സംരkിkുnതിനായി ഐക2രാഷ്;ട
സംഘടന രൂപീകരിcു
24 October
1945

New York
അപേകാളനീകരണം

Decolonization
 ശീതസമരം
Cold War

USA USSR
 േചരിേചരായ്മ
Non-Aligned Movement
 Bandung in Indonesia in 1955
Belgrade in 1961
Non alignment doesn't mean to keep aloof from world
affairs. Rather, it is to face many issues we
confront - “NEHRU”
േചരിേചരായ്മ േലാക കാര2>ളിൽ നിn് മാറി നിൽkലl
േലാകം അഭിമുഖീകരിkുn പല ;പശ്ന>ളും സജീവമായി
ഇടെപടാനാണ്.
“ജവഹർലാൽ െനഹ്റു”
 Disintegration of the Soviet Union
The administrative measures of Mikhail
Gorbachev (Glasnost and Perestroika)
Deviation from the basic principles of
socialism
Corruption and inefficiency of the
bureaucracy
Failure in bringing about changes in economic
sector
 േസാവിയ-് യൂണിയെn തകർc
മിഖാേയൽ േഗാർബേcവ് ഭരണപരിഷ്കാര>ൾ
(gാസ് േനാs്,െപരിസ്േ;ടായിk)
േസാഷ2ലിസtിെn അടിsാന തത=>ളിൽ
നിnു\ വ2തിചലനം
ഉേദ2ാഗsരുെട െകടുകാര2sതയും
അഴിമതിയും
സാmtിക രംഗെt മാ->ൾ ഉൾെkാ\ുnതിലു.ായ
പരാജയം
 Unipolar World- American Dominance

Utilizing international agencies, America

provided financial and military aids to countries
of the world

Extended military alliances

Media were used to promote America's

vested interests
 ഏക േലാക;ധുവം - അേമരിkൻ
ആധിപത2ം

അnാരാഷ്;ട ഏജൻസികെള ഉപേയാഗെpടുtി

രാജ2>ൾk് സാmtിക ൈസനിക സഹായം നൽകി

ൈസനിക കൂQുെകQുകൾ വ2ാപിpിcു

മാധ2മ>െള ത>ളുെട താൽപര2>ൾkായി

ഉപേയാഗിcു
West Asia
 Zionism സിേയാണിs് ;പsാനം

ബാൽഫർ ;പഖ2ാപനം
Balfour Declaration

1948, the nation Israel was formed

1948ൽ ഇ;സേയൽ എn രാഷ്;ടം രൂപീകരിkെpQു
Israel seized Palestine, expelling the Palestinians
from their homeland
ഇ;സാേയൽ ഫലസ്തീെന ൈകവശെpടുtി
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
പലസ്തീൻ വിേമാചന േസന

“Today I came bearing an

olive branch in one hand,
and the freedom fighter's
gun in the other. Don't let
the olive leaves fall from
my hand”
 ഓസ്േലാ കരാർ

Oslo Pact (1993)

 Neo Imperialism
Multinational companies, which are
registered in a country and functioning in
many countries, began to interfere in the
economic, social and cultural sectors of the
latter for serving the interests of the
capitalist countries. It is known as New
imperialism
 നവ സാ;മാജ2ത=ം
ര.ാം േലാകയുdാനnരം േലാകt് പുതിയ തരtിലു\
സാ;മാജ2t വ2വsിതി രൂപെpQു.ഒരു രാജ2t് രജിsർ
െചയ്ത വിവിധ രാഷ്;ട>ളിൽ ആയി ;പവർtിkുn
കmനികളാണ് ബഹുരാഷ്;ട കmനികൾ. സ=nം
താൽപര2>ൾkുേവ.ി വികസിതവും അവികസിതവുമായ
രാജ2>ളുെട സാmtിക സാമൂഹിക സാംസ്കാരിക
േമഖലകളിൽ ഇടെപടാൻ തുട>ി. ഇത് നവ സാ;മാജ2ത=ം
എn േപരിൽ അറിയെpQു
New Economic Policy
പുtൻ സാmtിക
പരിഷ്കാരം
 Consequences
The intervention of multinational companies
challenged the concept of nation state
Led to the destruction of indigenous culture
Price of agricultural products plunged
Public sector undertakings were destroyed
Government withdrew from social service sectors
Natural resources were looted
 Consequences
േദശരാഷ്;ടം എn ആശയtിന് ബഹുരാഷ്;ട
കmനികളുെട കടnുകയ-ം െവlുവിളിയായി
തേdശീയ സംസ്കാര>ളുെട തകർcയ്k് വഴിെയാരുkി
കാർഷിേകാln>ളുെട വിലയിടിxു
െപാതുേമഖലാ sാപന>ൾ തകർnു
സാമൂഹികേസവന േമഖലകളിൽ നിn് സർkാറുകൾ പിnാറി

;പകൃതി വിഭവ>ൾ െകാ\യടിcു

Prepared By : Ajsal
 Wad20th
inc the -
C1901-2000)

1914-1918 -
Ist world war .

- mentio ,
ent no

1929- Great Depression

.

1939-1945- second World war .

Cold War-USA- (euglarger

Bipolar Serio
world
1945-1990 > -
-

USSR-

1990 onwards-American dominance.

Word
the 20thc
in (1901-2008
1914-1918 -

First World war .

- mentro ,
sentno .

1929 -
Great Depression . -

agenin fing

1939-1945
-
Second world war .

1945 - UNO

cold war -
> USA O NAM

1945-1990
-

is not so ↳ USSR

American Dominance
1990-2024
-
 BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESISTANCE
  
Land Revenue System, ഭൂനികുതി വ)വs
PEASANT REVOLTS (കർഷക കലാപ0ൾ)
TRIBAL REVOLTS (േഗാ4ത കലാപ0ൾ)
FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE,
1857
Land Revenue System regions
    

Permanent land revenue settlement Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions

    >
-
zamindhar

Ryotwari system South Indian regions

> british
   -

 

Mahalwari system North West regions

- Village
    
head
What are the Features of Permanent land revenue system.

    

In the permanent land revenue settlement the tax was collected
by zamindars.
Zamindar was the owner of the entire land where he had the
jurisdiction to collect tax.
While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual
-

farmers became tenants.

      
 
     
  
      
Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the yield as tax
Tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield
The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut-off date.
(Before introducing this system, tax could be paid in)
      
    
    
Lord Convalis British
Governor General
introduced this system
PEASANT REVOLTS  
INDIGO REVOLT 

MAPPILA REBELLIONS  

It was used for dyeing, for, no artificial colours were used then.
Each farmer who accepted the advance amount from the
British was liable to plant indigo in a fixed portion of his land.

    

       
       
The farmers were also
compelled to cultivate it at
the most fertile part of the
agricultural land.

 
 
  
 Later when artificial
colours were invented,
indigo became
obsolete.

     


 This made the plight of
the farmers more
miserable, for they had
used much of their land
for indigo cultivation.

      

  
TRIBAL REVOLTS  
KURICHYA REVOLT 

SANTHAL REBELLION  

SANTHAL REBELLION  
 RAJMAHAL HILLS
1855

FOREST ACTS 

SIDO AND KANHU
KURICHYA REVOLT  
 RAMA NAMBI
1812

Kurichya and the Kurumba tribes

DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES
  
 Village industries Cause odf decline

Pottery Import of aluminium vessels

Tanning Export of raw leather to Europe
Carpentry Use of machines made of metals

   

   
  
 
   
Decline of indian textile
industry

Machine Export of Raw

Mach import of
Made
meterials
fexile Mechine
of
have cheap textile Expansion
Ra te Railway
The import of machine made textiles from Britain.
Low price of machine made textiles.
The expansion of railway

      

      
  
      
Higher taxes imposed on the price of Indian textiles exported to
Britain.
Traditional weavers lost their village markets.
Export of raw materials.

   

       
FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE, 1857
First War of Indian
Independence, 1857

  

 CAUSES OF THE REVOLT OF 1857
    
Miseries of farmers  
Poverty of the craftsmen   
Dissatisfaction of kings  
Miseries of the sepoys  
In Barrackpore in Bengal, Mangal
Pandey, an Indian soldier, shot at a
British officer, who forced him to
use the new cartridge.
   
    
   
 Dissatisfaction of kings
 

Doctrine of Lapse,
  
Centres of Revolt Leaders
Delhi Bahadur Shah II
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai
Lucknow Begum Hazret Mahal
Kanpur Nana Saheb, Thantia Thopi
Faizabad Maulavi Ahammedullah
Bahadur Shah II Rani Lakshmi Bai Thantia Thopi

Begum Hazret Mahal Nana Saheb

REALISING THE EXPLOITATION
 
 DRAIN THEORY
  
 How did the Indian wealth flow to Britain
    
Export of Indian raw materials.
Salary and pension to the British officers in India.
Profit gained through the sale of the British products in India.
Tax from India.

      

     
       
   