A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Identification of functional groups

B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
Students study the properties of organic compounds through the
identification of their functional groups

C. LITERATURE REVIEW
Organic compounds are classified according to the functional groups they
contain. A functional group is a group of atoms that causes the chemical behavior of
the parent molecule. Different molecules containing the same functional group (or
groups) will undergo similar reactions. All organic compounds are derivatives of a
group of compounds known as hydrocarbons (Chang, 2005: 332).
Hydrocarbons are the main components of oil and natural gas. The
resource that now supplies most of the synergies sources is hydrocarbons. There are
three groups of hydrocarbons based on the type of carbon-carbon bonds, namely
saturated hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons) which contain only single carbon
carbon bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (unsaturated hydrocarbons) containing
carbon-carbon compound bonds, and aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of
cyclic compounds whose structure is related to benzene. In this experiment, only
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons will be reacted. Saturated hydrocarbons are
known as alkanes if their state is acyclic, or as cycloalkanes if they are cyclic (Hart,
2003: 43).
Based on their structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main groups,
namely alpha hydrocarbons which do not contain a benzene group or a benzene ring
and aromatic hydrocarbons which contain one or more benzene rings. Alphaphatic
hydrocarbons are further subdivided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes
(alkanes) have the general formula CnH2n+2 with n = 1, 2, 3.... The most important
characteristic of alkane hydrocarbon molecules is that there are only single covalent
bonds, therefore alkanes are also known as saturated hydrocarbons. An example of
one of the simplest alkanes is methane CH4 (Chang, 2005: 332).
Unlike the case with alkenes and alkynes. An alkene is a compound that
contains a carbon-carbon double bond. An example of the simplest alkene is ethane,
which is an important starting material in the manufacture of other organic
compounds. Meanwhile, alkynes are compounds containing carbon-carbon triple
bonds, similar to alkenes in their physical properties and chemical behavior.
Therefore, both alkenes and alkynes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
because they have fewer hydrogen atoms per carbon than alkanes (Hart, 2003: 75).
Then there are also aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, in general these
compounds have a fragrant smell. But that does not mean it is known for its fragrant
smell. Aromatic compounds are more characterized by completely oxygenated
double bonds in the ring. Aromatic compounds are compounds that resemble
benzene compounds which are the parent hydrocarbons of a group of aromatic
compounds. Benzene itself is non-polar, cannot be mixed with drinking water but can
be mixed with other organic solvents such as diethyl ether, carbon tectachloride or
hexane. The benzene molecule has a six-membered carbon ring in which each carbon
binds one hydrogen with the empirical formula C6H6, cyclohexane C6H12.

According to the Unhas Lecturer Team (2013: 50) Benzene itself has
unsaturation, but the nature of benzene is closer to saturated hydrocarbons, this is
evidenced by benzene which does not remove the color of bromine water, is not
oxidized with potassium permanganate, and also does not undergo addition reactions
with hydrochloric acid. as well as sulfuric acid. Though these reagents react very
easily with alkenes and alkynes.
C6H6 + HBr No reaction
C6H6 + KMnO4 No reaction
C6H6 + H2SO4 No reaction

The hydroxyl/alcohol functional group is one of the functional groups with

single bonds. The hydroxyl functional group is further divided into aliphatic alcohols
and aromatic alcohols. Aliphatic alcohols are alcohols, while aromatic alcohols are
phenols. The alpha alcohol is a series of compounds containing a hydroxy group
called alcohol and all undergo a similar reaction, while aromatic alcohol is a phenol
compound in which the hydroxy group is attached to the carbon atom of the aromatic
ring (Saraswati, 2015: 60-62).
Alcohols, have the general formula R-OH and are characterized by the
presence of a hydroxyl group (hydroxyyl group) –OH. The structure of alcohol is
almost similar to that of water, but one hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl group. In the
IUPAC system, hydroxyl groups are denoted by the –ol suffix. In common names,
the separate word alcohol is placed after the name of the alkyl group. Alcohols are
classified as primary (1o), secondary (2o), or tertiary (3o) alcohols, depending on
whether one, two, or three organic groups are associated with the carbon atom of the
hydroxyl carrier. Alcohols alone also have boiling points that are much higher than
ethers or hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight (Hart, 2003: 219-221).
According to Oxtoby (2001: 124) phenol is a compound whose –OH group
is attached directly to an aromatic ring, in contrast to alcohol which is a hydroxyl
group, the simplest example is phenol itself (C6H5OH). Phenol is also known as
carbolic acid or aromatic alcohol with the formula Ar-OH. Phenols differ from
alcohols in both physical and chemical properties. The most important difference lies
in the acidity. Phenol has an acid ionization constant of 1x10-10, which is much
higher than the Ka value for a typical alcohol, which ranges from 10-16 to 10-18.
The reason for this difference is the higher stability of the conjugated base due to the
negative charge being spread across the aromatic ring. So it can be concluded that
although phenol is not a strong acid, it is easier to react with strong bases such as
sodium hydroxide to form salts such as sodium phenoxide.

C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5O-Na + H2O

(Team lecturer, 2017: 30) Under other conditions of weak oxidation, alcohol
may be converted into aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are a group of
organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O). The presence of a carbonyl
group in aldehydes and ketones causes most of the reactions that occur in aldehydes
and ketones are nucleophilic addition reactions to these carbonyl groups. The
reaction that is often used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones is the
reaction of forming a silver mirror with Tollens reagent. In addition to the reaction of
forming a silver mirror with Tollens reagent, another reaction used is oxidation using
copper (II) ions in alkaline solution. Aldehydes will reduce copper in the Cu(II)
complex (Fehling's reagent or Benedict's reagent) which is blue to produce a brick
red precipitate of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O). Simple ketones do not carry out this
reaction.

Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, this formaldehyde is a gas, but it

cannot be stored in a free state because it will easily polymerize. Most formaldehyde
is used in the manufacture of plastics, building insulation, particleboard, and
plywood. The simplest example of a ketone is acetone. Acetone does not mix with
water, but acetone is a good solvent for organic substances such as resins, paints,
dyes, and nail polish (Hart, 2003: 273).
The carbonyl group is the group that most determines the chemical
properties of aldehydes and ketones, therefore the properties of these compounds are
similar to each other. However, there is a difference in the carbonyl group between
aldehydes and ketones, this difference is also very striking, namely aldehydes are
quite easily oxidized while ketones are not and also aldehydes are more reactive than
ketones to nucleophilic addition, which is a characteristic reaction to carbonyl groups
(Team Lecturer Unhas, 2013: 114).
According to Oxtoby (2001: 126-127) Carboxylic acids which have the –
COOH functional group are oxidation products of aldehydes, the same as aldehydes
which are oxidation products of primary alcohols. For example, in the conversion of
wine to vinegar, which is a two-step oxidation process starting from ethanol to
acetaldehyde and then turning into acetic acid. Acetic acid is a member of the
carboxylic acid series with the formula H-(CH2)-COOH. Carboxylic acids when
reacted with alcohol or phenol will produce esters, forming water as another product.
An example is the condensation of acetic acid with methanol to produce methyl
acetate
CH3COOH + HOCH3 CH3COOCH3+ H2O
Esters with the general formula R'COOR wherein R' can be an H, an alkyl
group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Esters are used in the manufacture of
perfumes and flavorings in the sugar and soft drink industries. The characteristic odor
and taste of fruits are determined by the presence of esters. The ester functional
group is –COOR. In the presence of an acid catalyst, such as HCl, the ester reacts
with water (a hydrolysis reaction) to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. For
example in an acidic solution, ethyl acetate will be converted to acetic acid.
CH3COOH + HOCH3 CH3COOCH3+ H2O
This reaction is endless because a reciprocal reaction, namely the formation
of esters from alcohol and acid, will also occur to a high enough degree. On the other
hand, when the hydrolysis reaction takes place in a solution of NaOH in water, ethyl
acetate is converted to sodium acetate, which does not react with ethanol so that.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COO-Na+ + C2H5OH
You can see the reaction that takes place from left to right. The term saponification,
which means making soap, describes the reaction between esters and sodium
hydroxide (Chang, 2005: 353-356).

D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1. Apparatus
a. Calorimeter 2 pieces
b. Thermometer 3 pieces
c. Measure cylinder 1 pieces
d. Hot plate 1 pieces
e. Spray flask 1 pieces
2. Chemicals
a. Aquadesk (H2O)
b. Hydrochloric acid 2 M (HCl)
c. Sodium hydroxide solution 2 M (NaOH)
E. WORK PROCEDURE
1. Determination of calorimeter constant
a. 20 mL of distilled water was measured using a measuring cup, then put it
into the calorimeter and recorded the temperature.
b. 20 mL of distilled water is heated in a beaker to 10 oC above room
temperature, which is 40oC. Then record the temperature.
c. Hot water is poured into the calorimeter, stirred and the temperature is
observed for 10 minutes with an interval of one minute after mixed.
d. The calorimeter setting is calculated.
2. Determination of heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH
a. A total of 20 mL of 2 M HCl was poured into a measuring cup, then
inserted into the calorimeter. Recorded the temperature.
b. 20 mL of NaOH was poured into a measuring cup. Record the temperature
(try the same temperature as the HCl temperature).
c. NaOH is poured into the calorimeter, then stirred for 5 minutes with an
interval of half a minute and the temperature of the mixture is recorded.

F. OBSERVATION RESULT
1. Determination of calorimeter constant
 Cold water temperature = 30oC
 Hot water temperature = 40oC
 Time (s) Mix temperature (oC) Mix temperature (K)
60 37 310
120 37 310
180 37 310
240 36 309
300 36 309
360 36 309
420 36 309
480 35 308
540 35 308
600 35 308

2. Determination of heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH

 HCl = 28oC
 NaOH = 28oC

Time (s) Mix temperature (oC) Mix temperature (K)

30 35 308
60 36 309
90 36 309
120 35 308
150 35 308
180 34,5 307,5
210 34,5 307,5
240 34,5 307,5
270 34,5 307,5
300 34,5 307,5

G. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Determination of calorimeter constant
Dik:
m aquades = V aquades × ρ aquades
= 20 mL × 1 gr/mL
= 20 gr
T dingin (T1) = 30℃ +¿ 273
= 303 K
 T panas (T2) = 40℃ +¿ 273
= 313 K
T constan = 35 ℃ +¿ 273
= 308 K
C aquades = 4,2 J/ gr.K
The heat absorbed by cold aquadest (Q1)
Q1 = m aquades dingin × C aquades × ( T constan – Tair dingin )
= 20 gr ×4,2 J/gr.K × ( 308 K −¿ 303 K )
= 20 gr ×4,2 J/gr.K × 5 K
= 420 J
Q2 = m aquades panas × C aquades × ( Tair panas −¿Tkonstan)
= 20 gr ×4,2 J/gr.K × ( 313 K −¿ 308 K )
= 20 gr ×4,2 J/gr.K × 5 K
= 420 J

2. Determination of heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH

Dik:
M NaOH = 2M
M HCl = 2M
V NaOH = 20 mL
V HCl = 20 mL
VC = 40 mL
T NaOH = 28℃
= 28℃ +¿ 273
= 301 K
T HCl = 28℃
= 28℃ +¿ 273
= 301 K
ρC = 1, 03 g/mL
= 3, 69 J/ gr.K
mC = Vc × ρ c
= 40 mL × 1,03 g/Ml
= 41,2 gram
n NaOH = M×V
= 2 M × 0,02 L
 = 0, 04 mol
n HCl = M×V
= 2 M × 0,02 L = 0, 04 mol
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
0,04 mol 0,04 mol - -
0,04 mol 0,04 mol 0,04 mol 0,04 mol
- - 0,04 mol 0,04 mol

Absorbed heat
Q4 = mc × C × ∆ T
= 41, 2 gr × 3,96 J/gr.K × 6,5 K
= 1060,488 J
The heat absorbed by the calorimeter
Q5 = K × ∆T
= 0 × 6,5 K
= 0
The heat produced by the reaction
Q6 = Q4 +¿ Q5
= 1060,488 J+¿ 0
= 1060,488 J
Q6
∆ Hn =
mol
1060,488 J
=
0 , 04 mol
= 26512,2 J/mol J/mol
= 26,5122 kJ/mol

H. DISCUSSION
Termokimia adalah ilmu yang mempelajari perubahan kalor yang
menyertai reaksi kimia. Termokimia merupakan bagian dari pembahasan yang
lebih luas dari termodinamika (Thermodynamics) yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari
perubahan antar kalor dan bentuk-bentuk energi yang lain. (Chang, 2004: 161).
Jumlah perubahan kalor yang diserap kalorimeter untuk menaikkan suhunya
sebesar satu derajat disebut tetapan kalorimeter (Tim Dosen, 2021: 24).
Kapasitas kalor adalah banyaknya kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu
seluruh benda sebesar satu derajat (Mulyanto, 2017).
 Tujuan dari percobaan termokimia adalah menentukan perubahan energi
yang terjadi dalam suatu reaksi kimia dan mengukur perubahan kalor melalui
percobaan sederhana. Prinsip dasar dari percobaan ini adalah penentuan tetapan
dengan mengamati perubahan temperatur pada selang waktu tertentu dengan
menggunakan kalorimeter. Sedangkan prinsip kerja dari percobaan ini adalah
pencampuran, pengadukan, dan pemanasan.
Pada praktikum kali ini, ada dua percobaan yang telah dilakukan.
Percobaan pertama, yaitu penentuan tetapan kalorimeter dengan cara
mencampurkan aquades dingin dan aquades panas. Tujuan dari penentuan
tetapan kalorimeter adalah untuk mengetahui kalor yang diserap kalorimeter tiap
kenaikan suhu dan untuk mendapatkan nilai tetapan kalorimeter yang akan
dimasukkan dalam kalor penetralan HCl dan NaOH. Penentuan tetapan
kalorimeter yang dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan aquades dingin dengan
temperatur 30°C dan aquades panas dengan temperatur 40°C di dalam
kalorimeter yang sebelumnya telah dilengkapi dengan termometer 110°C lalu
diaduk, proses pengadukan ini bertujuan untuk mempercepat reaksi dan untuk
memastikan kalor dipindahkan secara merata. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran
temperatur selama 10 menit pada selang waktu masing-masing 1 menit, yang
bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan kalor yang terjadi.
Pada percobaan ini didapatkan peningkatan suhu saat penambahan bahan
lain yakni aquades dingin yang sebelum ditambahakan dengan aquades panas,
yang dimana suhu awal 310 K menjadi 308 K, dan konstan pada suhu 308 K.
Dimana pada saat itu terjadi perubahan temperatur saat penambahan aquades
panas ke dalam kalorimeter disebabkan karena kalorimeter menyerap kalor,
maka kalor yang diserap oleh kalorimeter adalah selisih kalor yang diberikan
oleh aquades panas dikurangi dengan kalor yang diserap oleh aquades yang lebih
dingin (Tim Dosen, 2018: 25).
Selanjutnya adalah percobaan kedua yaitu penentuan kalor penetralan HCl
dan NaOH yang dimana HCl adalah asam kuat yang akan dinetralkan dengan
NaOH yang merupakan basa kuat. HCl dimasukkan ke gelas ukur dan diukur
temperaturnya. Pengukuran temperatur pada HCl bertujuan untuk mengetahui
reaksi kimia yang terjadi pada proses penetralan. Kemudian larutan HCl
dimasukkan ke dalam kalorimeter yang disertai dengan pencampuran larutan
NaOH (dimana temperatur HCl dan temperatur NaOH dibuat sama) dan diaduk.
Fungsi pengadukan adalah agar larutan menjadi homogen dan untuk memastikan
 kalor dipindahkan secara merata. Dari pencampuran ini didapatkan perubahan
entalpi tiap molnya adalah 26,5122 kJ/mol artinya entalpi pencampuran HCl
dan NaOH yaitu 26,5122 kJ/molnya. Dari pencampuran tersebut didapat pula
perubahan suhu dari 308 K hingga 307,5 K selama 5 menit dalam selang waktu
setengah menit. Adapun reaksi yang dihasilkan antara HCl dan NaOH adalah:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Digunakan larutan HCl dan NaOH untuk mengetahui kalor dari penetralan
kedua larutan dan mengetahui perubahan entalpi yang terjadi pada proses
penetralan kedua larutan tersebut. Dari pencampuran ini dapat diketahui bahwa
yang bertindak sebagai lingkungan adalah kalorimeter dan H 2O, HCl dan NaOH
bertindak sebagai sistem. Lingkungan adalah sesuatu yang berada di luar dari
sistem. sedangkan Sistem adalah bagian dari alam semesta yang menjadi pusat
perhatian langsung dari suatu eksperimen tertentu (Oxtoby, 2001: 189).

I. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. Conclusion
Based on the results of the experiments that have been carried out, it can
be concluded that:
a. Energy changes that occur in each chemical reaction can be seen from the
temperature changes that occur, which result in exothermic and endothermic
reactions in the neutralization of HCl and NaOH.
b. The change in heat in a substance is determined by a change in temperature,
where Changes in heat can be measured through a calorimeter which is used
to measure temperature changes in chemical reactions. Calorimeter setting is
done by mixing cold water and hot water.

2. Suggestion
It is better for the practitioner to master work procedures when going to do
the practicum so as not to experience errors. For the next practicum, the
practitioner is expected to be more careful in conducting experiments, especially
when measuring temperature and stirring the solution in the calorimeter.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chang, Raymond. 2004. Kimia Dasar Edisi Ketiga Jilid 1. Jakarta : Erlangga

Gabriel, J.F. 1988. Fisika Kedokteran. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku

Kedokteran EGC

Al Hasa, Husna. 2003. Perlakuan Permukaan Paduan Baja dengan Proses

Termokimia. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Indonesia Vol. 4 Edisi
Khusus 3,

Moran, Shapiro. 2004. Termodinamika Teknik Jilid 1. Jakarta : Erlangga

Nurmasyitah, Syarifah.2015. Peningkatan Nilai Siswa Pada Materi

Termokimia Melalui Model Mind Mapping Siswa Kelas XI-IPA A.1 Semester Ganjil
Di SMA Negeri 1 Unggul. Jurnal Pendidikan. Vol. 6, No. 1

Umar, Efrizon. 2008. Buku Pintar Fisika. Jakarta : Media Pusindo

Sembodo, Bregas,dkk. 2015. Pencairan Tongkol Jagung secara Termokimia dalam

Etanol Superkritik . Jurnal Ekuilibrium. Vol.14 No. 1

Epinur, dkk . 2014. Penerapan metode pembelajaran problem based learning (pbl)
berbantuan diagram vee terhadap keterampilan Proses sains pada materi
termokimia berbasis virtual lab. Jurnal kimia. Vol. 16 No. 1