Relative Clauses 1- Deserts A | Read the following passage and then choose the correct answer. *y What do the southwestern United States, northern | Africa, most of Australia, and Antarctica all have in common? The answer, of course, is that they are all deserts. The word “desert” basically means “empty” or ibandoned’, which is a fairly appropriate description. In scientific terms, a desert is an area that receives less than 25 centimetres of precipitation—that is, ran or snow—per year. This is the reason for the surprising fact that Antarctica, where there 's only 25 to 5 centimetres of precipitation annually, is technically considered a desert. Stil, hot deserts, most of which are in the tropics, are more widespread than cold deserts. The world’s largest hot desert is the Sahara, in northern Africa, which is almost 9 million square kilometres Trove Itis famous for its large hills of sand, called “dunes”, but ‘ these cover only a small part of the Sahara's area. The rest of the land has diverse features: rocky uplands, broad stretches of gravel, and dry streambeds called “wadis" that are empty except during the rare downpours of rain Of course, there are also the oases, which are areas where a more or less permanent supply of freshwater gives rise to a lot of plant and animal life. Oases are not, however, the only parts of deserts that sustain life. In fact, you might be surprised at how much life there actually is in seemingly empty deserts like the Sahara. 1. It is stated in the passage that deserts | 3. It is implied in the passage that, in the Sahara, ... A) receive between 5 and 25 centimetres A) wadis are streambeds that are of precipitation per year permanently dry 8) can be found throughout Australia B) most of the area does not consist of C) are not always places that are hot sand dunes D) exists on all of the world’s continents C) life exists in all of the desert’s 9 million E) are areas that do not have anything in square kilometres them D) the weather can sometimes be surprisingly cold 2. We understand from the passage that E) oases are more common than wadis Antarctica .. A) is not normally thought of as a desert | 4- !tis clear from the passage that the B) has a greater area than the Sahara Sahara . €) occasionally gets up to 25 centimetres Le ae A) is the harshest of the world's deserts D) has large hills of snow similar to the B) actually has a good deal of life in it Sahara's dunes C) occupies most of Africa's land area E) represents the most common type of D) almost has no people living in it desert E) is contained within the tropics[B] ‘Try to guess the meaning of the words in bold type from the passage without using a dictionary. 1. appropriate A) considerable B) miserable C) adorable) suitable _E) portable 2. annually A) minutely —_‘B) eternally —_C) yearly D) eventually) fairly 3. widespread A) casual B) careful C) constant —_D) comfortable E) common 4. diverse A) fundamental B) essential C) humid D) various —_E) authentic 5. broad A) mean B) wide C) lazy D) soft E) true 6.except A)owingto B) butnot_-—«C) sothat_ ~~) and then _) instead of 7. more or less A) roughly —_B) briefly €) recently —D) proudly) rapidly 8. sustain A)suspend B) succeed _—C) suspect D) survive E) support 9. seemingly A) gradually B) hardly ©) apparently _D) madly E) passively Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. 4. Antarctica, where there is only 2.5 to 5 centimetres of precipitation annually, is technically considered a desert. A) Antarctica, which has just 2.5 to § centimetres of precipitation every year, is officially termed a desert. B) Deseris cannot have any less than 2.6 or any more than 5 centimetres of precipitation er year, and so, Antarctica is officially called a desert C) Officially, Antarctica is thought of as a desert, even though its yearly precipitation, which is 5 centimetres at the most, does not fall below 2.5 centimetres. 2. Hot deserts, most of which are in the tropics, are more widespread than cold deserts. A) Both hot deserts, which are usually located in tropical areas, and cold deserts are quite common. B) The majority of deserts that are hot exist in the tropics, and cold deserts are less common than they are. C) Because deserts that are hot are usually found in the tropics, they are more common than deserts that are cold 3. The Sahara is famous for its large hills of sand, called “dunes”, but these cover only a small part of its area A) Big sand hills, which have the name “dunes”, extend over just a small portion of the Sahara's surface, even though it is these that the Sahara is known for. B) The large and famous Saharan sand hills known as “dunes” only cover part of that deserts fairly small surface area. €) Large hills of sand are termed “dunes” in the Sahara, where they are known to stretch ‘over the desert's surface in certain areas. 4. The Sahara has oases, which are areas where a more or less permanent supply of freshwater gives rise to a lot of a A) The many kinds of life that can be found in the Sahara help to maintain the sources of freshwater, that are located in the oases. B) As the Sahara has a mostly permanent supply of freshwater, it has a number of oases where lots of different life forms live. C) The roughly permanent sources of freshwater that exist in oases, which are present in the Sahara, produces a good deal of life there.[P] Read the following passage and then choose the correct answer. THE KALAHARI DESERT The Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, which has an area of about 930,000 km’, is the world's fourth largest desert. It fies mostly in the country of Botswana, but also takes up parts of Namibia and South Africa, Its name, which may come from the Khoisan word fkarri, means “a dry, waterless place’. The Kalahar' is a sandy desert whose only permanent water is in the Okavango and Boteti river system on the desert’s northern edge. The average rainfall is only 20 cm, which falls primarily between January and April. Summer temperatures range between 20° and 40° Celsius, while winter temperatures can often drop below 0° Celsius at night. Despite the deser''s dryness, itis rich in wildlife: there are hyenas, lions, meerkats, antelope, and many species of bird and reptile, all of which feed on the abundant grasses, as well as on each other. The Kalahari is not devoid of people, either: it is the ancestral home of various peoples, most of whom speak Khoisan languages, and who have resided in the area for at least 22,000 years. These peoples, who include the !Kung and the Ju!'hoansi, traditionally lived only in temporary shelters constructed of wood and grass and led a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Recently, though, they have also begun to raise cattle and settle in semi-permanent villages. However, the Botswanan government—most of whom speak Bantu languages—has been trying to resettle them so as to open up more diamond mines in the area. It is clear from the passage that both 4. According to the passage, the Kalahari | 3. A the !Kung and the Ju|'hoansi ...... . Desert . A) has a different name in each of the Khoisan languages B) contains land in three different countries C) appears to be 22,000 years old D) receives no rain between April and January E) isa dry and entirely waterless place | 4 We understand from the passage that, in the Kalahari, ...... . A) there are places where diamonds can be found B) the animals are barely able to survive €) cows are one of the many native animals D) the average temperature in January is below 0° Celsius E) there are approximately 22,000 people A) have changed very litle in 22,000 years B) speak languages that are Bantu C) build their semi-permanent villages with wood and grass D) are native peoples of the Kalahari E) work in Botswana's diamond mines . We can conclude from the passage that the peoples of the Kalahari are ... A) actively opposing the government of Botswana B) considered the true owners of the land by Botswana's government C) usually speakers of both Khoisan and Bantu languages D) beginning to run out of wood and grass for their homes E) no longer exclusively hunter-gatherersTry to guess the meaning of the words in bold type from the passage without using a dictionary. 1. lies A) is launched B)is relaxed C) is attended D) is released E) is located 2. takes up A) resembles B) covers C) consumes D) removes _E) operates 3. edge A) border B) sharpness C) bump D) dryness E) burial 4. primarily A) mutually) tolerablyC) mainly D) gladly E) magically 5. range A) stop B) view C) heat D) vary E) send 6. abundant A) plentiful —B) stressful C) unhelpful D) regretful) frightful 7.devoid A) empty B) eager C) extra D) early E) elder 8. ancestral A) influential B) theoretical C) educational D) traditional) impractical 9.resided A) saved B) meant C) placed D) spent E) lived | | Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. 4. The Kalahari is a sandy desert whose only permanent water is in the Okavango and Boteti river system on the desert’s northern edge. A) The Okavango and Boteti river system, which is located on the northern border of the Kalahari, always has water filled with the desert’s sand B) There is'so much sand in the Kalahari that even the Okavango and Boteti river system on the desert’s northern edge, where its only lasting water exists, is threatened C) On the northem border of the sandy Kalahari lies the Okavango and Boteti river system, which is the only lasting water in that desert, ¥ rose OY 2. Despite the Kalahari desert's dryness, it is rich in wildlife, all I if eee) of which feeds on the abundant grasses, as well as on each \ ffi other. é ae A) The Kalahari desert is dry because the great amount of animals | ¥ 4 there, in addition to eating one another, also eat up all of the many grasses. B) All of the Kalahari's animals, of which there are many even though the desert is dry, consume both the plentiful grasses and/. the other animals there. C) There are many animals in the Kalahari, and they not only eat the desert’s dry grasses, but also prey on the other animals living there. 3. The peoples of the Kalahari, who include the !Kung and the Ju)’hoansi, traditionally lived only in temporary shelters constructed of wood and grass. A In the past, temporary shelters that had been made of wood and grass were where the Kalahari’s peoples—like the [Kung and the Ju|/hoansi—exclusively lived B) The only materials that peoples of the Kalahari—such as the [Kung and the Jul/hoansi— were able to build their traditional temporary shelters from were wood and grass €) According to the tradition of the !Kung and the Jul’hoansi peoples of the Kalahan, shelters must be made of wood and grass, and must be temporary 4, The Botswanan government, most of whom speak Bantu languages, has been resettling the peoples of the Kalahari so as to open up more diamond mines in the area. A) To allow for the creation of more diamond mines in the area, the Kalahan's peoples have been being relocated by the government of Botswana, ‘which is mostly made up of Bantu speakers B) The Kalahar'’s peoples have been resettled by the Bantu-speaking Botswanan govern- ment, and have begun to work in the many diamond mines recently opened in the area C) As several diamond mines will soon be opened in the Kalahari, the government of Botswana, whose members are mainly Bantu speakers, has relocated its peoples to other areas.G | In the following passages, find the missing sentence of the passage. In 1844, Charles Sturt wanted to find out if Australia contained an inland sea. And so, in August of that year, he set out with a large team towards the centre of the continent. When the rains finally came, the team continued on from there into central Australia until they came upon the vast and empty Simpson Desert, at which point they were unable to go any further. A) Sturt later undertook a second expedition to Australia's centre, but his health soon broke down, and he had to turn back B) The team's route went along the Murray and Darling river system, which is Australia's longest ) They travelled as far as the present-day site of Milparinka, where extreme summer conditions forced them to stop for weeks D) The team consisted of fifteen men, two hundred sheep, six wagons, and a boat E) Sturt had previously been a Soldier, and had fought on the side of Great Britain at the Battie of Waterloo It is a oreosote bush, which is a type of flowering shrub. Its age was discovered in the late 1970s by botanist Frank Vasek, who had decided to investigate the growth patterns of one of these strange bushes. Once he had analyzed all of his data, he made an astonishing discovery: the bush was approximately 12,000 years old! A) Creosote is an oily liquid that is obtained by distiling coal and wood tar and is used as a Wood preservative and antiseptic B) Until the late 1970s, the world's oldest living thing was thought to be the bristiecone pine tree ) The United States’ Mojave Desert occupies a large part of southern California, as well as smaller parts of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona D) In the southwestern United States’ Mojave Desert lives what appears to be the world’s oldest living thing E) A bush differs from a tree in terms of its many stems, or branches, and its lower height 3. Located in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan's Kyzyl Kum desert, Aydar Lake is a salt lake that was created by the Soviet Union in 1969 and 1970, Instead, it was the result of poor planning: in early 1969, the Syr Darya river flooded too much for the local dam to control. As a result, the dam's ‘loodgates were opened, and the water poured down into the ‘Arnasay lowland where Aydar Lake is today. Since then, every flooding of the Syr Darya has helped to renew Aydar Lake's waters before the Kyzyi Kum deser'’s heat can evaporate them Its creation, however, was not intentional Saltwater is easier to fioat on than freshwater, too €) At that time, both Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan were part of the Soviet Union D) Currently, about 2,000 people live near Aydar Lake E) Itis also the second largest lake in the region 4, The McMurdo Dry Valleys are a row of three valleys located in Victoria Land on the continent of Antarctica, The last of these contains the Onyx River, which is Antarctica’s largest and longest, as well as Lake Vanda. The three valleys get the collective name “dry because of their extremely fow humidity, making them one of the world's most severe desert environ- ments, and also because they lack the snow and ice that covers almost all of the rest of Antarctica. A) Antarctica has several different regions, which are claimed by a number of different countries B) The three valleys are named Taylor Valley, Victoria Valley, and Wright Valley C) Antarctica is the only one of the seven continents that is uninhabited D) The floors of the three valleys are covered with loose, small stones E) Scientists consider the McMurdo Dry Valleys the environment on Earth that resembles that on Mars 5. The origin of the Thar Desert of western India and southeastern Pakistan is a controversial subject. Some geologists consider it to be between 4,000 and 10,000 years old, while others think that the region's desert-level dryness began much earlier. Another theory states that the area turned to desert only relatively recently, perhaps around 2000 to 1500 BC. Both of these are now completely ried out, and only the former collects water when the monsoon rains come in July and August. [A) The largest city in the region is Jodhpur, founded in 1459 and now having a population of 850,000 B) It was around this time that the local indus Valley civilization disappeared for mysterious reasons ) The Thar Desert covers parts of Pakistan, and of four different states in India 1) [twas at this time that India’s Ghaggar River and Pakistan's Hakra River began to disappear E) The portion of the Thar found in Pakistan's Punjab province is known as the Cholistan DesertIn the following passages, one sentence in each passage doesn't fit well with the [H] other sentences, and this prevents a smooth reading. Can you find the odd sentence’ 4. (I) The Karakum is a desert in Central Asia that measures about 350,000 km: (I) itis east of the Caspian Sea, and covers the majonty of the land in the country of Turkmenistan {ill) The population, most of whom are nomadic Turkmens, 1s thin, averaging just one person per 6 5 km? (IV) The Turkmens; speak a language that 1s very closely related to Turkish (V) Since 1988, however, it has risen a bit, as the Karakum Canal was completed in that year, opening up vast areas to agriculture and settlement Al By cyl DIV EVV 2. (I) Irans two great deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir and the Dashte Lut, are a bit different from many other deserts (II) This 1s because they are not pure sand deserts, but rather salt deserts (Ill) Daytime temperatures are extremely hot, which causes extreme veponzation of the water that exists in the deserts (IV) This vaporization, in turn, leaves the deserts ee marshes and mud flats covered with salt (V) Salt comes in many varieties, such as basic salts, acid salts and impure salts A)! By Cyill, DIV. EVV () Mainiand, or continental, Europe includes most of Europe s countnes, but not Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, or Malta (I We usually think of mainland Europe as not having deserts (lll) However, in Poland, near the Czech border, we can find the Bledow Desert, an example of an entirely man-made desert area (IV) In the 12th century, people began to cut down the forests that grew in the area (V) After this was done, they built up tron, lead, and silver mining industries in the area, and most of the vegetation died off, leaving a desert n its place A)! By Cyl DIV. YY 4, (l) In northern Chile lies the Atacama Desert, which 1s the driest place on earth (Il) There are places in the centre of its 150,000 square kilometres where rain has not fallen since at feast the 16th century (il) In the late 16th century, the conquest of northern Chile s native peoples was begun by Pedro de Valdivia (IV) Thus, itis not a surprise that absolutely nothing lives there—not a blade of grass, not a cactus, not a lizard not even a fly (V) Itis also no surpnse that quite a few things die there, with their bodies still visible throughout the vast desert Al By Cyl DIV. E)V 5. (I) In China s far west is the Takia Makan, one of the largest sandy deserts in the world (Il) Two other large sandy deserts are Africas Sahara and Arabia's Rub al-Khaly (Ill) Though the temperatures are not as excessive there as in some other deserts, precipitation 15 extremely low—just 2 4 cm per year (IV) As a result of this extremely harsh climate, there are no permanent residents in all 272,000 square kilometres of the place (V) And so, the deserts name seems very suitable Takia Makan means, basically, ‘place of no return AL Byil cyl «DIV. EVV| Complete the following passage by choosing the most appropriate answer The Gobi is a vast desert and semidesert region in Central Asia The name of the Gobi, (1) 's the world’s third largest desert, comes from the Mongolian word goby, (2) “waterless place” The romantic European idea (3) _the Gobi is a great sand desert like the Sahara stil exists to some extent, but unfortunately for the people (4) lke to imagine such exotic things, much of the Gob's landscape Is just bare rock instead of mighty sand dunes The people of the Gobi Desert, most of (5) __are either Mongolian or Chinese, are nomadic cattle raisers However, in the portion of the Gobi in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, (6) climate is rather less harsh in places, agriculture is predominant 1 4. A) which B) who ‘A) whom B) which C) what D) that C) where D) how E) where E) who 2. 5. A) that means B) means A) whose B) which C) meaning D) to mean C) them D) whom E) mean E) who 3. 6. A) when B) which A) how B) whose C) that D) where C) when D) that E) what E) which2- Palmyra [A] Choose the correct answer according to the passage. A Spring in the heart of the Syrian Desert gave birth to the oasis town of Tadmor, later also known as Palmyra, in the 2nd millennium BC. The settlers were a few Arabian tribes. A shift in international trade routes made it into an affluent city. It thrived so much as a caravan halt that, in 41 BC, it excited the greed of the Roman Mark Antony, who tried to occupy it. Palmyra was made part of the Roman Empire around 30 AD. It then greatly prospered as a trading city linking Rome with the empires of India, China, and the Persian Parthians. Palmyra was a cosmopolitan city whose population was mainly Arab. Latin and Greek were used in the academies there, while the languages of the street were Aramaic, Egyptian, and Persian Beginning in 212, Palmyra's trade seriously diminished as the Persian Sassanids shut off its caravan route. In 255, Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by the emperor Valerian to be the governor of Syria. After Valerian was captured and killed by the Sassanids, Odaenathus campaigned into Persia in revenge. When Odaenathus was assassinated, his wife, Seplimia Zenobia, took power and ruled Palmyra on behalf of her son, Vabalathus. Zenobia rebelled against Rome and conquered lands as far to the west as Egypt. Then she attempted to take Antioch to the north. In 272, the emperor Aurelian finally attacked and took Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. He captured her and brought her to Rome in golden chains. There, she either lived comfortably, provided for by the emperor in a villa, or starved herself to death. After a second rebellion in 273, Aurelian retook Palmyra and had the inhabitants slain and the city destroyed. 4. It is clear from the passage that Zenobia's ...... . A) life continued in luxury in Rome B) husband was murdered by the Romans €) surrender to Rome angered her people D) son eventually ruled Palmyra E) fate is not known for certain 2. Itis implied in the passage that Palmyra .. A) never escaped the control of the Roman Empire B) was not conquered by Mark Antony in 41BC C) was the only city in the Syrian Desert D) became wealthy only after becoming part of the Roman Empire E) chose Zenobia to rule after the death of her husband 3. We can understand from the passage that the Persian Sassanids ...... A) were the objective of Mark Anthony's eastern expedition B) occupied Palmyra for a long time C) were devastated by the actions of Septimius Odaenathus D).approached Paimyra in a different manner than the Parthians E) had offered Zenobia a place of refuge from the Romans 4, We can conclude from the passage that, in Palmyra, ...... A) the neighbourhoods were organized on a tribal basis B) the general public did not speak Greek or Latin C) the most widely spoken language was Eayptian D) all of the important positions were held by Arabs E) Vabalathus and Zenobia split the duties of government between themselvesTry to guess the meaning of the words in bold type from the passage without using a dictionary. 1. spring A) watercolour B) water park C) waterbed D) water mark E) water source 2. shift A)change B) course C) method —_—D) ongin E) motion 3. affluent A) ancient B) rich C) expired —_D) mere E) inevitable 4. thrived A) recognized B) constructed C) flourished D) manufactured E) flavoured 5. halt A) trade B) tax C) stop D) factory E) way 6. occupy A)remove B) capture C) desire —_D) steal E) consume 7. prospered A) worked hardB) put out C)wentby D)did well —_—E) did without 8. diminished A) decined —B) determined) tramed DD) imported —_—E) rewarded 9. shut A) covered —B) wounded C) destroyed _D) made E) closed 10. appointed A) invaded ~—_B) delivered C) reversed D)selected —_E) predicted 11, assassinated A) murdered B) reduced C) supplied D) completed _E) respected 12. surrendered A) gave off B) gave up C) gave away D) gave over E) gave to 13, flee A)marry B) agree C) employ —_D) escape E) discover 414, provided for A) given B) inhabited C) brought D) defeated —_E) supported ic] 1. Palmyra thrived so much as a caravan halt that, in 41 BC, it excited the greed of the Roman Mark Antony, who tried to occupy it. ircle the choice which has the same meal 1g as the given sentence. A) After he had halted his caravan in the flounshing city of Palmyra in 41 BC, the greedy Roman Mark Antony tried to take over the place B) In 41 BC, the Roman Mark Antony attempted to take control of Palmyra because he desired the great wealth it had created as a caravan halt C) In 41 BC, the Roman Mark Antony was occupied with the idea of attacking Palmyra, as it had become such a powerful caravan halt 2, When Odaenathus was assassinated, his wife, Septimia Zenobia, took power and ruled Palmyra on behalf of her son, Vabalathus. A) Septimia Zenobia ruled Palmyra in the name of her son Vabalathus, following the murder of her husband, Odaenathus B) Septima Zenobia killed her husband, Odaenathus, in order to rule Palmyra through her son Vabalathus C) After his father Odaenathus had been killed, Vabalathus didn’t want to rule Palmyra, so he gave up his power to his mother, Septima Zenobia 3. In Rome, Zenobia either lived comfortably, pro emperor in a villa, or starved herself to death. led for by the A) In Rome, after Zenobia had stayed in a luxurious villa, which had been given to her by the emperor, she stopped eating and died B) In Rome, Zenobia may have committed suicide by not eating, or she may have led an easy life in a villa supported by the emperor C) In Rome, the emperor either looked after Zenobia by giving her a good life and a villa, or he had her killed through starvation3- Hirlisr [A ] Choose the correct answer according to the passage. Itis in India’s financial capital Mumbai where the nation's film industry, which is collectively known as Bollywood, is located. Bollywood dwarfs even Hollywood as the world’s largest producer of films. For his movie on the underworld, Nabh Kumar Raju, one of the lesser-known Bollywood directors, wanted six actors who had at some time broken the law. Raju wanted to portray the realty of crime in his film, and therefore he hired actors who were familiar with it. The movie, which is called Hitlist, is based on six criminals who get together in Mumbai and make a list of all the S important people whom they intend to target. The film is a first for all the six struggling actors Raju cast each person based on his background. For instance, one of the characters speaks in a slang which is peculiar to Mumbai, so former con artist Akbar Khan was asked to play the part for his ability to speak that language well. This is the first job he has received on the basis of his illegal past activities. He reformed himself after his partner died in 1993, when they got caught up in religious riots in Mumbai, The gamble to cast these newcomers paid off, because they could relate fo the script, which they delivered great performances from Amit Shivdas, who is one of the six, says that the script was not too rigidly followed, so they could always improvise or share their opinions with the director. The flip side to hiring these men was that the actors would sometimes get too involved in the fight scenes. For example, ina scene of a character hitting another on the head with a chair, the actors wouldn't fake it, but rather hit each other for real. The actors frightened even the fight director. Raju rushed through the filming because some of the actors still had court cases awaiting them, and he was worried about the possibility that they would not return once they left for their hearings. (°A.con artist 1s a person who tricks people out of their money) 4. The main point of the passage is that | 3. Itis plied in the passage that the Nabh Kumar Raju .. CLOTS wee A) chose actors with the necessary A) are all going to be pui in prison 7 experience for his film ne B) beat up the person directing the fights ) is not a very important film director C) hurt each other while making the movie pe beeer ert Ieee eae D) enjoyed the fight scenes the most D) wants to reform criminals through E) don't intend to make another film filmmaking E) had to speed up his film for his court appearance 4, We understand from the passage that the criminal characters in Hitlist ....... 2. Itis clear from the passage that, in A) have all been in prison before Mumbai. ........ B) were inspired by Nabh Kumar Reju A) Bollywood is the largest industry G) ad imporiant people as the goal of B) crime is the major social issue Bea el Satan aa i C) different religions don’t get along ) kidnapped a lot of Important people D) there is more wealth than the rest of and demanded ransom India E) went back to prison at the end of the E) a unique way of speaking exists filmTry to guess the meanings of the words in bold type from the passage without using a dictionary. 4. dwarfs A) shrinks) overshadows €) manufactures D) produces _E) stretches 2.portray A) show B) locate C) enjoy D) prevent) arrest 3. intend A) murder B) comprehend) plan D) interpret.) compose 4. cast A) selected —_B) decided C) looked D) reasoned) asked 5. slang A) trick B) noise C) argot D) path E) piece 6.reformed A) tried B) mourned C) constructed) bettered _—_E) fired 7.partner A) contract) belief C) career D) adult E) colleague 8.gamble A) scene_—_—B) risk C) accident D) introduction ) role 9. paid off | A)employed B) conquered —_C) earned D) cost E) succeeded 10. relate to A) contrast B) understand) delete D) refuse E) link 11. rigidly A) rapidly ——_—B) strictly C) hardly D) interestingly E) vocally 12. flip A)tumed ——B) thrown C) reflected D) other E) useless 13. fake A) bet B) beat C) simulate D) attack E) fight 14. hearings A) listenings _B) conferences) trials D) efforts E) crimes | Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. 1. For his movie on the underworld, one of the lesser-known Bollywood directors, Nabh Kumar Raju, wanted six actors who had at some time broken the law. A) Six actors who were chosen by Nabh Kumar Raju, who is not a famous Bollywood director, were active criminals in the underworld, B) Six actors who had committed crimes were looked for by Nabh Kumar Raju, who is 2 more obscure Bollywood director, because he was making a film on the underworld. C) Six actors took some time breaking the law in order to be in a film on the underworld by the director Nabh Kumar Raju, who is not well known in Bollywood. 2. The gamble to cast these newcomers paid off, because they could relate to the script, which they delivered great performances from. A) The new actors understood the script so well that they acted excellently, so the risk in hiring them was worth it. B) Even though the newcomers had proved themselves by acting extremely well due to their connection to the script, they had to be paid off. C) The newcomers in the cast had gambled to get their roles, but they performed well due to their understanding of the script. 3. Raju rushed through the filming because some of the actors still had court cases awaiting them, and he was worried about the possibility that they would not return once they left for their hearings. ‘A) When some of the actors left for their court appearances, Raju became nervous that they wouldn't return, but they did, and so Raju was able to complete the film quickly. B) As the actors had to appear in court in the future, Raju speeded up the filming because he was afraid that some of them would have to spend too much time there. C) Raju was concerned that some of the actors might not come back after the trials that some of them had to attend in the future, so he made the film quickly.4 Check What You Know Laughiter is the Best Medi The Clever Old Lady ‘A young man was walking through a supermarket to do some shopping (1) ...... he noticed an old lady following him around. He tried to ignore her and went on. Finally, he went to the checkout line, but she got in front of him. "Pardon me," she said, “I'm sorry if my staring at you has made you (2) uncomfortable. It's just that you look so much like my son, (3) ...... died last year." "I'm very sorry," replied the young man. "Is there anything J can do for you?" "Yes," she said. “As I'm leaving, can you say ‘Goodbye, Mum? | would fee! (4) ..... better then.” "Sure," answered the young man. While the old woman was leaving, he called out, "Goodbye, Mum!" As he walked to the checkout counter, he saw that his total was 150 YTL. "How can that be?" he asked. “I've bought (5) .. things!" "Your mother said that you would pay for her,” said the cashier. A) by the time B) as soon as C) unless D) as if E) when 2 A) having felt B) to feel €) feeling D) to have felt E) feel 3 A) where B) when ¢) who D) whom ) which A) much B) more €) such D) too E) enough 5. A) alittle B) only a few C) not much D) whole E) plenty e Deducrive Reasoning In Paris, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was surprised to hear a taxi driver address him by name. He asked the driver whether they (6) ...... before. "No sir," the man replied. "| have never seen you before." Had he been recognized from a Photograph? No. The puzzled Doyle then asked what had led him to the (7)....... that he was Sir Conan Doyle. "This morning's paper had a story about you being on holiday in Marseilles," the driver explained. "This is the taxi-siand (8) ...... people who retum from Marseilles always come. Your skin colour tells me you have been on vacation. The ink-spot on your right index finger suggests to me that you are a writer. Adding up all (9) ...... pieces of information, | deduce that you are Sir Arthur Conan Doyle." "This is very amazing!" Doyle said. "You are the real-life counterpart of my fictional creation, Sherlock Holmes!" "There is (10) ..... thing," the driver admitted “What is that?" Doyle asked. "Your name," the driver replied, "is on the front of your suitcase.” 6 A) met B) have met C) would meet D) had met E) have been meeting 7. A) conclusion B) extension C) separation D) frustration E) participation 8 A) where B) when C) which D) what €) that 9. A) of B) that €) those D)to E) which 10. A) other B) others C) the others E) another D) one anotherFain Payment ‘A woodman who was carrying a heavy sack full of chopped wood couldn't avoid (11) over a stone on the road, so half of his load fell out of the sack, Another man passing (12) saw him and said, “If | load those fallen pieces of wood back into your sack, what will you give me?" "Nothing," said the woodman. "That's acceptable,” agreed the other man. He collected all the wood and put it back into the sack of the woodman, Then, he asked for his payment. The woodman was confused. “I told you that | (13)... you nothing,” he said “Yes,” said the other, “give me my nothing!” ‘After some argument, the two men decided to let Nasreddin Hodja solve their problem. He listened to (44) ...... men. Then, he addressed the man who (16) ...... his payment of nothing. “Could you please lift the far right comer of that rug on the floor and check what is underneath?” The man did as he was told "What do you see?” asked the Hodja. “Nothing,” said the man. “Well, take it and go home,” commanded the Hodja. "That is your payment!” 1, A) to be tripped B) to trip C) tripped D) tripping E) having been tripped 12. A) from B) by C) across D) to E) for 13. A) would give B) should be given C) must have given _D) have to give E) had better give 14, A) each B) either C)all D) both E) every 15. A) will have expected B) has expected C) had been expected D) was expecting E) is expected The Helpful Son An old farmer who was living alone wanted to dig his potato field, but it was very hard work for him and he had (16) ...... to ask for help. His only son would have helped him (17) he hadn't been in prison for a bank robbery. The farmer mentioned his trouble in one of the letters he wrote to his son. Shortly, he received this reply: “For heaven's sake, Dad, don't dig up the field; that's (18) ......| buried the money!” At 4 a.m. the next morning, @ dozen policemen came and dug up the entire field, and then they left (19) .... finding any money. The old man was confused, so he wrote another note to his son telling him what (20) ....... He also asked him what to do next. His son's reply was: “Now plant your potatoes, Dad. It's the best I could do from here.” 16. A) nothing B) everybody €) everything D) something E) no one 17. A) unless B) when C)it D) so that E) as soon as 18. A) where B) what C) which D) whom E) whose 19. A) from B) without C) during D) since E) about 20. ‘A)has happened _B) had happened C) will happen D) is happening E) has been happeningThe Lucky Candidare Two young engineers applied (21) ..... a single position at a computer company. They both had the same qualifications. (22) ..... determine which candidate to hire, the department manager asked the applicants to take a test. Both men missed only one of the questions. The manager went to the first applicant and said, "Thank you for your interest, but we've decided (23) ...... the job to the other applicant.” "And why would you be doing that? We both got nine questions correct,” asked the rejected applicant. "We have based our decision not on the correct answers, but on the question (24) ...... you missed,” said the department manager. "And just how would one incorrect answer be better than the other?" the rejected applicant inquired. "Simple," said the department manager, "The other applicant wrote for question 5, ‘I don’t know,’ and you wrote, ‘(25) .... 40 1." 24. A) for B) to €) from D) with E) over 22. A) Contrary to B) Owing to C) In contrast to D) With a view to E) In order to 23. A) having given B) to have given C) to be given D) to give E) being given 24, A) why B) what C) that D) whether E) the fact that 25. A) Too B) So C) Also D) Neither E) Either Last Bur Nor Least Jim, Fred, and Jack were at a conference together, and (26) ...... a large suite on the top floor of a 75-storey hotel. After a long day of meetings, they were shocked to hear that the elevators in the hotel were broken and they (27) ...... 75 flights of stairs to get to their room. Jack said to Jim and Fred: “Let's break. the monotony of this unpleasant task by (28) on something interesting, I'll tell jokes for 25 flights, Jim can sing songs for 25 flights, and Fred can tell sad stories for (29) ...... of the way.” On the 26th floor, Jack stopped telling jokes, and Jim began singing. On the 5tst floor, Jim stopped singing, and Fred began to tell sad stories. "I'l tell my (30) story first," he said. "I've left the room key at the reception desk.” 26. A) are sharing B) were sharing €) have shared D) will have shared E) will be sharing 2. A) would have to climb B) used to climb C) needn't have climbed D) must have climbed E) can't have climbed 28. A) concentrating B) accepting C) investing D) celebrating E) predicting 29. A) every B) a whole C) the rest D) both E) neither 30. A) the sadder B) as sad C) sadder than E) saddest D) such a sad9- Phrasal Verbs AL] Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs below. Pay attention to the verb form. 1. beat down bring under control by physical force; subdue 2. bring out ‘expose; reveal 3. check off put a mark next fo a name or item on a list to make sure of its status; tick 4. fall for fall in love with 5. kick off begin 6. hang onto hold tightly, cling to, or clutch something 7. make off run away; leave hastily; flee 8. measure up to reach a certain standard; be as good as somebody or something else 9. push in rudely join a queue further towards the front than one has a right to 10. read into (something) believe that an action or statement has a certain meaning which it may not Because Nostradamus’ predictions were written in a very ambiguous way, many different interpretations have been them 2. Songil's handbag would have been stolen by the thief on a motorbike if she hadn't been snseane it Very tightly. 3. The Philippine desire for independence was brutally - by US forces, who went on to colonize the country. 4, The evidence against the spy Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was not ... in court, and so Alfred Dreyfus, who had been convicted of spying but was in fact innocent, remained in his horrific prison exile. 5. In Shakespeare's famous play, Romeo and Juliet a each other when they are at a ball, and they marry the next day. 6. While | was waiting in line to pay my electricity bill at the bank, an old man tried to ., and that made me very angry. 7. Fatih discovered that two of his television sets were missing after he had the sales that he had made against his stock in the store. 8. During the riot that he had started, Jamie managed to «into the darkness in the night without anybody seeing him 9. The competition between European countries for control of as many African colonies as possible ..... towards the end of the 19th century. 40. The Roman emperor Caligula didn't. the expectations of the Roman people, and he was soon widely hated. Replace the italicized phrasal verb with a verb from the list. Pay attention to the verb form. begin expose subdue clutch flee tick 4. Serkan was hanging onto ( ) the rail with both of his hands, so when the minibus braked hard, he didn't fall over. 2. After Mr. Carpenter had checked off ( ) the names of the students that were on the bus, he realized that Patrick and Joshua had been left on the mountain. 3. US President Richard Nixon's illegal activities during the Watergate affair were eventually brought out (. ) before the general American public. 4. The debate on Keynesian economics didn't kick off ( ) until 6.30, because one of the speakers had to go back home and get his notes. 5. Wang Cong’er led successful attacks against the Qing dynasty in China during the White Lotus Rebellion, and her forces were only beaten down ( --) with great difficulty by the Chinese authorities. 6. Our accountant made off ( ) through the window of the toilet when he saw us coming towards his office accompanied by the policeComplete the sentences using the phrasal verbs below. Pay attention to the verb form. 1. bear down on press or weigh down on; crush 2. buy up buy as much of something as one is able to 3. eat away at destroy gradually through pollution or natural decay; erode 4. ge. by succeed in going past 5. go off (for a machine) suddenly start making a noise 6. hit on have an idea that solves a problem 7. lay aside save for use at a later time 8. fook at consider something in a particular way 9. pull into reach a place; arrive (usually for a train) 10. tear up cancel or annul 4. Louise was so angry with the way that she was being treated by her bank that she her contract and took a job with a different bank. 2. itwas the referee Ken Aston who ........ ... using red and yellow cards at football matches in order to enable a referee to punish a player who swore at the referee. 3. In the book Around the World in Eighty Days, when Phileas Fogg’s train .... a worker's camp near Rothal in India, he finds that the railway line doesn’t continue all of the way to Caloutta. 4, Due to the heavy trucks which . the road, its surface has become uneven and difficult to drive on. 5. Oliver Stone's first two Vietnam War movies were told from the perspective of American soldiers, but his third, Heaven & Earth, ... the war from the perspective of a Vietnamese woman. 6. Sener... the two defenders and had a clear shot at goal, but in his excitement, he struck the ball too far to the right. 7. By the 1960s, acid rain in Athens had the marble surface of the Parthenon, which is the city’s most famous building, 8 The poor of Phnom Penh are being forced out of the city centre because rich developers have been the land in order to build luxury properties on it. 9. The car alarm .. the moment that Kevin had managed to force the door open. 10. Due to the hyperinflation in Germany in the 1920s, any money that was quickly became almost worthless, so people tried to spend their money as quickly as they could. Replace the italicized phrasal verb with a verb from the list. Pay attention to the verb form. annul erode reach crush pass save 1. After the train had pulled into (. ) the station, Hugh could see his mother waiting for him behind the barrier. 2. Over a long period of time, the river has eaten away at (. ) the cliff and formed a ravine. 3. Every month, Filiz lays aside ( ) 200YTL from her salary because she wants to go and visit her cousin in Belgium next summer. 4, When | woke up from my nightmare, for a few seconds | still felt as if something was bearing down on (.... .) me 5. In 1992, the ex-Yugoslav republic of Slovenia decided not to tear up ( ) the Treaty of Osimo that Yugoslavia had made with Italy in 1975 6. During the American Civil War, many ships managed to get by (. ) the naval blockade which the northern states had imposed on the southern statesTEST YOUR VOCABULARY if a writer wins the prestigious Man Booker Prize for Fiction, it helps him or her to become more ........ known around the world. A) principally B) sparingly C) widely D) indifferently E) customarily Because Jodi Foster didn’t want to be in the film Hannibal, which is the sequel to The Silence of the Lambs, Julianne Moore was ........ in the role of agent Clarice Starling instead. A) performed B) cast C) eamed D) revised E) owned Onur mistakenly ........ the law in New York by walking across the road at the traffic lights when they were green for vehicles. A) broke B) tured C) crashed D) reversed E) punished . Before Yusuf and Filiz could move into their new apartment, they had to pay the landlady two months rent in... + B) present A) advance D) worth C) deadline ) instant Before the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia- Herzegovina, the majority of the .. of ViSegrad were Bosniaks, but now there are almost none left in the city. A) vatiations B) processes C) inhabitants D) agreements E) proportions N. Paul Scott had been ........ aS a writer, so he became a teacher in order to make a living. A) interrupting B) rejecting €) depressing D) lessening E) struggling 7. Colin is going to the technology conference on......... of the boss, as she has to go to Berlin this weekend. A) place C) review B) task D) behalf E) sense 8. Cleopatra committed suicide in 30 BC, so just over two ........ have passed since her death. A) measures B) centuries ©) anniversaries D) timelines E) millennia 9. The first international organization that was set up to ....... war through, collective security and diplomacy was the League of Nations, whose membership was 48 independent countries in 1920. A) prevent B) facilitate C) gather D) provide E) deplete 10. It failed to ........ a peaceful world, however, and had begun to be seen as. almost completely ineffective by the 1930s. B) withstand D) ensure A) precede C) cost E) convert 11. Although Rob Brown was alan ........ to acting, he was given the leading role of Jamal Wallace in the film Finding Forrester. A) achievement B) offer C) excellence D) freshness E) newcomer 12. Up until the modern era, armies generally ........ in the warmer months of the year and stayed in their home countries during the winter. A) extended €) launched B) prepared D) campaigned E) encountered13. 14. 15. 16. 47. 18. 19. Helen ........ her last lines in the play Ghosts with such effect that most of the audience started to cry. A) delivered ©) admired B) notified D) recalled E) contributed As it contains the only freshwater in a large area of desert, the ........ at al- Buraymi has been the cause of a dispute between Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. A) image ©) oasis B) tide D) flood E) ocean Because of his ........, John charged too much for his old computer, and nobody offered to buy it A) cost C) pleasure E) feature B) cash D) greed There were several Spanish ........ to the American Gulf Coast in the 16th century, but they often ended in disaster for both the Spanish and the native peoples. A) expectations B) expeditions C) expressions D) explosions E) explanations The quality of the air in Bursa has ...... improved since natural gas started to be used for heating in the city. A) wearily C) patiently ~ B) seriously D) warmly E) temperately Caterina had become so......... in the book she was reading that she didn’t even hear the doorbell ringing. A) involved C) figured B) revolved D) pictured E) evolved George Orwell’s novel Coming Up for Airis mainly ........ on his experiences growing up as a child in rural England. A) raised C) based B) reminded D) mentioned E) supported 20. In 1945, between 400,000 and 2 million people......... to death in a famine in northern Vietnam. A) dropped B) starved C) perished D) hunted E) yielded 21. I've just found out that Sean has to the city; | haven't seen him since we were at school together. A) passed B) visited C) returned D) spread E) arrived 22. The kangaroo is......... to Australia, because it is not naturally found anywhere else in the world. A) nearby C) wild B) alone D) relative E) peculiar 23. The Mughal Empire became so powerful that it was able to of the Indian subcontinent. A) require C) undertake E) intorfere B) attend D) conquer 24. Canan a great deal of jealousy in Nihat when she agreed to go out with Fikret at the weekend. A) excited B) persuaded C) seemed D) included E) advised 25. According to the poem Eiriksmai, the Norse warriors who are gloriously ........ in battle are welcomed into the hall of Valhalla by the god Bragi. A) expired ©) slain B) laid D) suffered E) invaded2. 28. 29, 30. 34. 32, km, so the planet is only 15% of the size of Earth. A) height B) distance C) establishment D) circumference E) investigation Fakirs, in India, are generally regarded as holy men who possess ....... powers, such as the ability to walk on fire. A) faithful B) industrious ©) ordinary D) spicy E) miraculous Sandra aimed her gun and, with great accuracy, hit the centre of the... A) motive B) target C) purpose D) aim E) cause In assassinations, as the hitmen are almost never ......., there is little risk to either the person who has hired the shooter, or the shooter himself. A) captured C) excused E) picked B) missed D) regretted Yvonne is impatiently ....... a reply from the accountancy firm with which she had a job interview last week. A) containing B) hoping €) worrying D) delaying E) awaiting As its name suggests, the Central African Republic is located in the of the African continent. A) heart C) term B) match D) point E) summit Diane won her in court against the municipality, which had wanted to pull her house down in order to build a car park. 8) guilt D) correction A) case C) crime E) refusal 33. Although Lev Tolstoy had been born wealthy, his religious ideas led him to give his ....... to his wife and then grow his food on a part of it as if he were a peasant. A) environment C) estate B) value D) agriculture E) income 34, In 1964, a........ against Portuguese colonial rule started in Angola, and in 1975, the Portuguese were eventually forced to leave the country. A) reduction C) relation B) rebellion D) resignation E) revision 35. After having looked everywhere for them for two and a half hours, Simon ss: Fealized that his glasses were actually on his face. A) closely C) entirely B) gradually D) properly E) finally 36. Nazim had been strongly ....... by his parents to study medicine at university in order to become a doctor. A) contrasted B) applied C) demonstrated D) insisted E) encouraged 37. And so, Nazim made sure that his parents were sitting ....... before he told them that he had quit university to become a drummer in a rock band. A) enormously B) fortunately C) punctually D) comfortably E) suspiciously38. The ...... of the volcano Krakatoa in 1883 was so loud that it was heard 4,800 kilometres away. B) dimension D) proportion A) eruption €) consumption E) mention 39. The Indian actress Aishwarya Rai, who has starred in both Indian and Western films, is a ........ Miss World champion— she won the ti 1994, A) annual B) former C) overdue D) primary E) scenic 40. Professor Sciocco found Tim's theories interesting, but he gave him a low grade because they hadn't been........ through a scientific method. B) applauded D) objected E) concealed A) persuaded C) proven 41. On 27th September 1994, the ferry M/S Estonia set off from Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, for its which was Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. A) attention B) instruction C) prediction D) destination E) exploration 42. The ferry never ........ that city, though, because during the night it turned over in bad weather and then sank. B) reached D) succeeded E) progressed A) arrived C) landed 43. Of the 989 passengers and crew on the ship, only 137 soon - A) existed C) continued E) survived B) rescued D) inhabited 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. So few people were able to be ........ because of the weather and the failure of the crew to give their position accurately over the radio. A) saved C) concerned E) released B) preserved D) reserved Itis possible that the ferry had been secretly ....... to bring weapons from Estonia on the orders of the Swedish government, and these could have been connected to the sinking. A) transmitting B) smuggling C) wandering D) attempting E) concealing The governments of the area are still ssn: to allow people to dive and look at the wreck of the ferry. A) ignoring C) refusing B) overcoming D) distancing E) preventing King Kong was strong enough to break the... that were attached to his arms in the theatre. A) threats C) levels B) cages D) chains E) duties Melinda wrote something nasty about Jodi on her desk, so Jodi poured cola into her bag in... A) addition C) disfavour E) revenge B) balance D) contract Berk is ...... of walking across the woods to get to the bus station, so he walks a long way around it every morning A) afraid B) faint C) unfit D) disgusted E) cowardly In 2004, a finless dolphin in the US was given an artificial fin which swim as fast as a normal dolphin. A) enabled B) exposed C) admitted D) relieved E) provided toYDS - VOCABULARY Alfred Nobel created five prestigious which are still awarded every year for outstanding work in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace. A) prizes C) results B) presents D) kinds E) selections The minister of the interior ........ in his TV interview that he had never taken any bribes in his life. A) conversed B) told €) spoke D) stated E) proposed The rubber tree is one of the plants that Europeans took from the Americas and win into Asia. A) interviewed C) introduced E) revealed B) abandoned D) created When William Dalrymple was 22 years old, he set off on a/an........ across Asia from Jerusalem to Shangdu in Outer Mongolia. B) travel D) way A) expectation C) movement E) journey Before their ...... of the mainland of Australia, Europeans had assumed for many years that there was a large landmass in the southern hemisphere. B) founding D) expedition A) discovery €) revelation E) attention I bought a new microwave oven to .. the one we had, because it had been causing problems for a long time. A) receive C) replace B) restore D) return E) reveal 7. 10. "1. 12. 13. A torch will be you want to go deep into the cave, because it is extremely dark inside. A) flammable B) probable €) visible D) necessary E) particular The Japanese ....... of the tea ceremony has existed since the 13th century, and is still carried on today. A) pattern B) tradition C) attitude D) habit E) cuisine Toothpaste ........ the chemical fluoride, which helps to fight tooth decay. A) contains B) combines €) concludes D) consists, E) concems Animal rights activists claim that elephants should not be kept in zoos; instead, they should be left alone in the A) waste B) field C) wild D) surface E) nature Derya ....... us $5,000 two years ago, but I still don’t earn enough money to be able to pay her back. 3 Even though Chile is in South America, it wants to the North American Free Trade Association, which is currently made up of Canada, the US, and Mexico. assisted rented B) borrowed D) lent E) preferred A) apply C) connect E) jon B) import D) gather Ever since Linda became a member of the theatre club, her........ in speaking in front of large groups of people has got better. A) sentence B) audience €) obedience D) sequence E) confidence14, The ...... that Arthur has collected together for his thesis is unfortunately not very relevant to his area of study. A) article C) extent B) material D) process E) attention 15, Some analysts believe that, one day, water will be a that is fought over in the Middle East. A) reaction B) reason C) respect D) resource E) resident 16. Nicholas is so......... of snakes; he even bought a python, which he keeps in a cage in his room. A) fond C) eager B) alike D) selfish E) attractive 17. In the novel Lord of the Flies, the that is used to light the fire on the desert island is a pair of glasses. A) attempt C) object B) subject D) concept E) aspect 18. The weather in south Australia has some caus to that of the Mediterranean, and that is one reason why some people from the Mediterranean region choose to migrate there. ‘A) temperatures B) relations C) degrees D) climates E) similarities 19. , Rafael has been fired for continual lateness, but I'm not sure whether that is just a rumour or not. A) Apparently B) Regularly C) Doubtfully D) Promptly ) Exceptionally 20. Helen has made great........ in her guitar playing since she began taking lessons four months ago. A) talent ©) repair B) improvement D) opinion E) restoration 24. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 2. The dolphin is alan ........ of an animal which lives in water, but is unable to take oxygen directly from it. A) obligation C) example E) creature B) subject D) adgition For our group project on ancient Egypt, | am going to write the main piece for it, Yolanda is going to prepare the pictures and film, and Cameron is going to ...... it to class. ‘A) experiment C) remove E) present B) affect D) decide Birmingham is not a big city, but it is large for a city in northern Europe. A) merely €) recently B) gradually D) comparatively E) successfully The Americans Robert E. Kahn and Vinton Cerf....... the system which enables the Internet to work. A) created B) occurred C) impressed D) satisfied E) reckoned In case of an accident, seatbelts and airbags increase the of a vehicle's passengers. A) promise €) survivor E) safety B) bravery D) effect The person in the photograph looks ..., but I'm not completely sure that Pve seen him before. A) constant C) familiar B) opposed D) obvious E) relative The Morse code ....... for a ship that is in danger is S-O-S, or three short sounds, followed by three longer ones, followed by three short ones agai A) display C) resource E) delivery B) signal D) volume28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. The story has been ....... exaggerated— Philip hurt his toe a little on the side of the bath and now everybody is saying he almost cut his foot off! A) enormously B) fairly C) instantly D) immediately E) relatively Erkan might be upstairs in the office, but it would be very ........ for him to be here during the afternoon. A) unsurprising €) unusual B) unwilling D) unoccupied E) unemployed Catalina is still the job offer from ‘the pharmaceutical company, because, although the salary is good, she doesn’t want to work on Saturdays. A) pursuing B) accepting C) remaining D) persuading E) considering In mythology, Oedipus became king of Thebes after he correctly ..... the riddle that the Sphinx gave him. A) solved B) scored €) admitted D) replied E) collected In the film The Emperor's New Clothes, the character of Napoleon and Eugene Lenormand look........ because both of them are played by the same actor. A) actual B) alike €) conscious D) nearby E) indifferent Can you ....... that book, Science and Poetry, on the top shelf for me? I'm not tall enough to get it myself. A) discover €) reach B) hand D) stretch E) explain The parents of the English writer J.R.R. Tolkien had both died before he was 13 years old, and so from that age he was up by a priest who had been his mother’s friend. A) brought €) given B) broken D) sent E) looked 35. In her first meeting with the new restaurant workers, the boss importance of keeping the kitchen extremely clean. the A) pointed C) warned B) concluded D) lectured E) emphasized 36. Melinda was ........ with the watch that Chandler had got her for her birthday; she thought that he had been very thoughtful. A) agreed B) considered C) enjoyed D) delighted E) smiled 37. The architect Sinan wanted to build alan ..... that looked like Haghia Sophia, and so he made the Kilig Ali Pasa Mosque in Tophane. A) volume €) structure B) admiration D) distinction E) appearance 38. All of the party members who were opposed to the prime minister's foreign policy were ....... from attending the conference. A) refused B) arrested C) contradicted D) overdone E) prevented 39. The highest hospital in the world is the Everest Base Camp Clinic, which is on the ....... Of the mountain at 5,400 metres above sea level and 3,400 metres from the top of Mount Everest. A) summit B) slope C) state D) secunty E) slide 40. Alpay....... Managed to pass yesterday's chemistry test by copying from the student who was sitting next to him. A) considerably C) gradually E) fairly B) constantly D) barelyTEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS . eating animal 1g products animals. Vegans abstain products and avoid u: that have been tested .. A) about / since C)in/ to B) with / at D) from /on E) of / for In 1846, American dentist William Morton demonstrated the effectiveness. . an anesthetic ...... giving it undergoing jaw surgery. A) for / after C) dunng / of E) as / by B) upon / into D) without / from |. A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, is a Victorian morality tale ...... the form of a novella that deals ...... two of his common themes—social injustice and poverty. A) at/ around B) over / about €)in/ with D) lke / for E)to/in |. The Milgram experiment was designed to measure the willingness ...... a person to follow orders when those orders conflict....... his or her conscience. B) of / with D) towards / in E) by / between A) for / against €) as/to One of the most popular animated television shows ...... American history, The Simpsons has earned its fame ...... its parodies of the middle American lifestyle. A) about / to B) of / above ) from / among D) at /by E) in/ through . his late twenties, Ludwig van Beethoven began to lose his hearing, but continued to produce notable masterpieces his death. A) In / until ©) By /in B) During / after D) For / before E) On/to 7. 10. "1 12. ‘An image of John Lennon, taken....... the last day of his life by Annie Leibovitz, has been named...... the top US magazine cover of the past 40 years. A) on/as C) from / for B) in / throughout D) with / E) about / on the invasion of Anatolia, engineers, itects, scientist, and histor a well-organized army, accompanied Alexander the Great. A) Over / towards B) At/ through C) During / alongside) With / from E) Across / upon Bonsai, Japanese ...... "tray gardening”, is the art of growing dwarfed, ornamen- tally shaped trees or shrubs....... pots or trays. A) by / with B) for /1n €) about / under D) on / inside E) as / behind Doing yoga develops a balance ...... the flexibility and strength of the muscles and releases the tension ...... them. A) around / at B) over / to €) upon / from D) between / in E) without / of Outside Japan, sushi is often taken to mean “raw fish,” but to the Japanese, it refers to a broad range ...... foods prepared ...... vinegared rice. A) over/on ©) from / by B)in/as D) of / with E) for / inside Aloe vera has a long history of cultivation in the drier tropical and subtropical regions of the world, both an ornamental plant and....... use in al medicine. A)in/on C) as | for B) like / as D) from / by E) for / ike13. 14, 16. 17. 18. 19. The ancient Greeks and Romans wore amethyst and made drinking vessels the belief that it would prevent intoxication. A) in / against €) out of / to E) of / over B) from / in D) down / with Going ...... the objections of his father, Paul Cézanne, a 19th-century French painter, committed himself pursuing his artistic development. A) beyond / on B) through / by €) for / tll D) over / beside E) against / to the flood, there was extensive damage ...... both crops and property. A) Under / from B) Since /on C) In fat D) After / to E) By / about In the Western world, cosmetics were used....... the medieval period, although their use was mostly restricted ...... the upper classes. A) throughout / to B) to / for C) in / towards D) since / by E) around / from We were fascinated ...... the scenery while sailing ...... the Bosphorus on that beautiful summer evening. A) for | towards B) from / above C) by / along D) with / beneath ) on / through Most of the men who migrated northern California to make "easy money" found barely enough gold to pay ..... daily expenses. A) along / at B) during / off C) towards / on D) across / in E) to/ for There is controversy ...... the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, although the design was attributed ...... Bonanno Pisano for many years. A) upon / as B) about / on C) for / by D) in/ from E) over / to 20. Australian researchers have found that chemicals released ...... the skin of green tree frogs produce a strong smell that keeps ...... mosquitoes. A) by /to B) through / off ¢) under / over D) from / with E) beneath / on 21, José Carreras is an opera singer famous for his participation ...... "The Three Tenors” concerts ...... Luciano Pavarotti and Placido Domingo. A) in f along with B) of / between C)among/as for _D) for / about E) during / out of 22, Potatoes have a high glycemic index, meaning that they cause rapid rises .... blood sugar, and so,....... time, can damage the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. A) to/ in C) from /on E) up / by B) of / beyond D) in/ over 23, In 1888, Joshua Slocum, a Canadian seaman and adventurer, became the first man to sail ...... the globe ...... his own. A) from / at B) across / of €) throughout / with —_D) towards / in E) around / on 24, The Battle of Gallipoli took place the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli April 1915 to January 1916, during the First World War. A) across / about €) on! from B) in / between D) along / before E) down / after 25. The process of making tofu, a food Chinese origin, from soy milk is similar making cheese from milk. A) by / as C) of / to B) from / with D) about / of E) upon / in26. 27. 28... 29, 30. 31. Chopsticks, the eating utensils of East Asia and Thailand, are traditionally held....... the right hand only, even ...... the left-handed. A) at /to B) with / beside €) on / on D) for / of E) in / by Butter is very high ...... cholesterol, but you can substitute margarine ...... it in most recipes. A) from / to B) in / for C) about / after D) at/by E) over / with .. continued lack....... sufficient sleep, the part of the brain that controls language and memory is severely affected. ‘A) About / by C) With / of E) In / for B) From / to D) As / from A guest speaker came to our school to warn the students ...... the harmful effects ...... smoking A) about / of ©) of /for B) against / at D) from / in E) in / through According to Aristotle, the ideal man bears the problems o . dignity and grace, making the best... the circumstances. A) from / among B) between / about C) for / under D) by / inside E) with / of Totem poles are monumental sculptures carved ...... great trees by a number of Native American cultures ...... the Pacific coast of North America. A) from / along C) over / above E) by /in B) into / as D) beside / on 32. The clock tower with Big Ben, which has become a symbol ...... the United Kingdom and London, is a recurring image ...... literature and movies. A) between /from —_B) of /to C) for / in D) in/ with E) across / as, 33. When the brain is deprived ...... blood, a person loses consciousness after about 5 seconds, and irreversible damage occurs ...... a few minutes. A) from / for C) for / into B) with / to D) of / within E) about / as 34, A 10-year-old Italian boy became the youngest person ever to swi the Strait of Messina, which he did 55 minutes and 30 seconds. A) along / till B) across / in €) through / during _D) opposite / by E) down / of 35. Radar is the technique used for detecting the position, movement, and nature of a remote object ...... means of radio waves reflected ...... its surface. A)in/as B) to/in C) about / at D) from / on E) by / from 36. The most famous event in the festival of San Fermin is the encierro, which involves numerous competitors running ne BUIIS wa. @ Stretch of cobbled streets, A) about / above B) behind / at C) during / towards D) in front of / down E) from / below 37. Intense espionage activity was experienced during the Cold War .. America, the Soviet Union, and China, particularly related ...... secrets about nuclear weapons. A) with J of C) among / to E) over / at B) by / about D) on / for38. 39. 40. a. 42. 43, 44, Neil Clark, a curator at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, found similarities descriptions of the Loch Ness monster and what an Indian elephant looks ...... while swimming. A) between / like B) among / for C) to / around D) from /'into E) in / through After her discovery ...... an old wedding dress ...... the attic, Hazel didn't have to buy a costume for the party. A) about / under €) on / with B) of /in D) for / above E) as / down Historically, many cultures have attached special significance ...... Sirius, which is one of the stars closest Earth, A) to/to B) of / of C) over / on D) for / around E) by / across Niagara Falls is both a valuable source hydroelectric power and a challenging project ...... environmental preservation. AA) into / within B) through / at €) around / to D) of / for E) as / from The Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas is the only diamond mine open...... the public, and, ...... a small fee, tourists can dig for diamonds and other gemstones. A) by / after C) in/on B) to / for D) at / under E) till /as NASA plans to crash a space probe into the Moon in 2009, which will be visible ...... Earth ...... a telescope. A) around / for €) from / through E) in/ with B) on / above D) as / by Blood type is determined ...... specific substances....... the surface of red blood cells. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 50. A) by / on C) among / from E) at / over B) with / across D) in / against The Titanic was a massive ocean liner that became infamous for its collision an iceberg and dramatic sinking S first voyage in 1912. A) down / before €) with fon B) to/ during D) at/ after E) below / from Traditionally, on special occasions, unmarried Japanese women wear kimono ...... extremely long sleeves that extend almost....... the floor. A) of f across C)as/on By with Fo D) for / beneath E) inside / over Tiktaalik roseae, a predator with sharp teeth and a head shaped like a crocodile's, may have been fish to leave the sea and walk the first land. A) by / along B) as / around ©) for / across D) among / on E) without / in China says it will shut down all small coal mines ...... a production capacity of less than 30,000 tons by 2007, an attempt to improve safety. A) by I from €) with Jin B) for /on D) at / through ) from / after The Bode Museum in Berlin, home ...... the city's sculpture collection, reopened on 19th October 2006 ...... six years of restoration. A) in / for €) around / during E) to/after B) of /at D) from / before The Andean condor plays an important role ...... the folklore and mythology of the South American Andean regions, much...... the role the eagle plays in North America. A) over / of C) through / for E) by /as B) in / ike D) about / withELS 2006-2007 / 10. Say: ANSWER KEY | 1. Deserts, (ng.2) ANIC 2A 3.8 48 G)1C 20 3A 48 5D B) 1D 20 SE 40 58 68 7A BE 9.0 H)4D 2E 3A 4c 58 1A 28 3A 4c ILA 26 30 46 5D 68 D)1B 2A 30 4€ E)1E 2B 3A 40 5.0 6A TA 8.0 96 F/G 2B 3A 4A 2. Palmyra. (pg.9) A) LE 2.8 3D 48 B) LE 2A 3B 40 5.0 68 7.D BA OE 10.0 11A 128 13.0186 ©) 118 2A 3B 3. Hitlist (pg.t1), AVIA 26 3.0 40 B) 1B 2A 30 4A S.C 60 TE BB 9 10.8 11.8 120 13.0 14.0 6) 1B 2A 3c 3. Check What You Know (pg-13) LE 2E 3.0 4A 56 60 TA BA 9.C 10E 11.0 126 13A 140 15.0 16E 17.C 184 19.8 208 2LA 22E 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.8 27.8 28, 29.0 30.E 4, Learn These Phrasal Verbs _(pg-16) A) t.road into. 2.hanging onto 3.beaten down 4.brought out Sal! for 6.pushm 7.checked off 8.make off S.kcked of 10.measure up to B) d.cluiching 2ticked Sexposed A.bogn S.subdued Bed ©) Aitore up 2.hiton 3.puls into A.bear down on Slooks at 6.got by 7.eaten away at B.buying up Swent off 10.19 ase D)zeached 2eroded Z.saves 4.crushing S.annul 6.pass ELS rPuAauUmey>e Ov>rarata oOm>rwvoomm avmarouza5A 6C 7D 15.D 16.A 17.C 25.E 26.C 27.B 35.E 36.D 37.C m > Ope om mromawar wommoDema .E Cc .B A .D .B Wc 7A NG . E wamuawmmroy Umr>owrouwNDN nme >aw>maua >PrPom>rarm are oa