CHAPTER - 1

1. INTRODUCTION
In this Project, we mainly focus on designing a new smart parking system that assists
drivers to find parking spaces in a specific parking district. In addition, an important goal of
the system is to reduce the traffic searching for parking, hence reduce energy consumption and
air pollution. This project consists of parking space monitoring nodes, routing nodes, sink
nodes, parking nodes, parking guidance display and an information management center. The
nodes transmit the information through wireless sensor network to the microcontroller which
contains the protocol, we developed. After analyzing and processing the data, the information
and management centre wopuld distribute the parking information by LCD and displays to the
drivers which help them to park and get the vehicle easier.

1
 CHAPTER - 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Based on the research, the car parking has been classified into four types.

They are
1. Wired parking
2. Wireless parking
3. Counter based parking
4. Image based parking

Wired Parking
Wired parking is using detection sensors such as ultrasonic sensors which are installed
at parking lot. These sensors are wired to a central control unit that store and manage the
occupancy information.

Wireless Parking
With the advancement in the wireless technologies, wireless based methods have been
employed in parking guidance systems. These systems are deployed and there are operated by
the android phone. They make use of the slot allocation algorithm and Parking management
System.

Counter based Parking

They use sensors to count the number of vehicles entering and exit a car park area. This
can be gate arm counters and induction loop detectors located at the entrances and exits. They
can give information on the total number of vacant lots in a closed car park area, but does not
help much in guiding the driver to the exact location of the vacant lots.

Image based Parking

Image based Parking sometimes called as video sensor techniques are used to capture
the images at the parking lot and provide the information based on the image. There are
arguments concerning the viability of using this technique.

2
 CHAPTER – 3
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4
3.2 OUR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
After our studying and researching for the suggestion solutions to implement a smart
parking system that corresponding the requirement to facilitate the entry and exit of vehicles to
the parking we Quote the idea from the second solution from the above suggestions that is
Smart Parking System (SPS) Architecture Using LDR that is the LDR to detect the availability
of the car in the parking spaces and we will use the LCD and the LED to indicate what is the
available spaces In the parking the LCD will show to the enter drivers where is the most
closest level and free space to directs the driver where must him to go at first to any level and
then to any space number in the level as shown in the next figure .

Fig.3 LCD VIEW

HOW WE MUST CHOOSE THE SUITABLE SENSOR TO IMPLEMENT OUR

PROJECT
Another detection technology uses sensors to detect vacant spaces in a parking lot.
With the availability of various types of sensors, selecting a suitable detection system is an
important part of implementing a smart parking system. Different factors play a role in
choosing the proper sensor, including size, reliability, adaptation to environmental changes,
robustness and cost.
Sensors technologies are categorized as either intrusive or non-intrusive. Intrusive
sensors need to be installed directly on the pavement surface, so digging and tunneling
under the road surface are required. Magnetometers, pneumatic tubes, inductive loops,
weight-in-motion Sensors and piezoelectric cables are considered intrusive sensors [9]. Non-
intrusive sensors only require fixing on the ceiling or on the ground. LDRs are categorized
as nonintrusive sensors, meaning that they require simpler installation compared to intrusive
sensors. In our project we need to use the LDR to detect the availability of the car in the
parking spaces we need to know how this sensor work

5
 CHAPTER - 4
4. METHODOLOGY
Our work divides into
Software
We put the circuit design of the smart parking controller made simulations and then
we did the programming part.

Hardware
We brought the circuit components together and connected them.

Fig. 4 METHODOLOGY

6
 CHAPTER - 5
5. ATMEGA328 BIT AVR MICROCONTROLLER
The AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture. ATmega32 is
a low power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture.
AVR can execute 1 million instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1MHz.

Fig. 5 40 PIN DIP PHOTOGRAPH OF ATMEGA32

5.1 KEY FEATURES

 32 x 8 general working purpose registers.
 32K bytes of in system self programmable flash program memory
 2K bytes of internal SRAM
 1024 bytes EEPROM
 Available in 40 pin DIP, 44 lead QTFP, 44-pad QFN/MLF
 32 programmable I/O lines
 8 Channel, 10 bit ADC
 Two 8-bit timers/counters with separate prescalers and compare modes
 One 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare mode and capture mode.
 4 PWM channels
 In system programming by on-chip boot program
 Programmable watch dog timer with separate on-chip oscillator.
 Programmable serial USART
 Master/slave SPI serial interface

7
5.2 SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES
 Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby and
extended standby.
 Internal calibrated RC oscillator
 External and internal interrupt sources
 Power on reset and programmable brown-out detection.

Fig. 6 40-PIN DIP OF ATMEGA32

All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle.
The power-down saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator. All other chip
functions will be disabled until the next external interrupt arises. Asynchronous timer allows
the user to maintain a timer based in power-save mode while the rest of the device is sleeping.
ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except ADC and asynchronous
timer. In standby mode, except crystal oscillator the rest of the device is sleeping. Both the
main oscillator and asynchronous timer continue to run in extended standby mode.

8
 Fig. 7 DIAGRAM OF CHIP
ATmega32 is a powerful microcontroller because of its in system self programmable
flash on a monolithic chip, provides a high flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications.

5.3 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

VCC: Digital voltage supply
GND: Ground
Port A (PA7-PA0): This port serves as analog inputs to the A/D converter. It also serves as an
8-bit bidirectional I/O port if the A/D converter is not used.
Port B (PB7-PB0) & Port D (PD7-PD0): It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Its output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, these are extremely pulled low if the pull-up resistors are activated. It also serves
various special function features of the ATmega32.
Port C (PC7-PC0): It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the
pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS), and PC2 (TCK) will be activated.

9
 Fig. 8 DIAGRAM OF PORT C FUNCTIONS

Reset: It is an input.
XTAL1: It is an input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2: It is an output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
AVCC: It is the supply voltage pin for Port A and A/D converter. It should be connected to
VCC.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D converter.
ATmega32 Memories
It is having two main memory spaces data memory and the program memory space. In
addition it features an EEPROM memory for data storage.
I/O Memory
All I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The I/O locations are accessed by
the IN and OUT instructions, transferring the data between the 32 general purpose registers
and the I/O space. I/O registers with in the address 00-1F are directly bit accessible using the
SBI and CBI instructions.

10
5.4 ARCHITECTURE

Fig.9 ARCHITECTURE
5.5 MEMORY
It consists of 8KB of flash memory, 1KB of SRAM and 512 Bytes of EEPROM. The
8K flash is divided into 2 parts- lower part used as boot flash section, and upper part used as
application flash section. The SRAM contains 1K bytes along with 1120 bytes of general
purpose registers and I/O registers. The lower 32 address locations are used for 32 general
purpose 8 bit registers. The next 64 address are used for I/O registers. All the registers are
connected directly to the ALU. The EEPROM is used to store user defined data.

11
5.6 INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS
It consists of 23 I/O lines with 3 I/O ports, named B, C and D. Port B consists of 8 I/O
lines, Port C consists of 7 I/O lines and Port D consists of 8 I/O lines.
Registers corresponding to any portX(B,C or D) are:
DDRX: Port X data direction register
PORTX: Port X data register
PINX: Port X input register

5.7 TIMERS AND COUNTERS

It consists of 3 timers with comparable modes. Two of them are 8 bit whereas the third
one is 16 bit.

5.8 OSCILLATORS
It incorporates internal reset and oscillator which makes it possible to eliminate the
need for any external input. The internal RC oscillator is capable of generating internal clock
which can run at any frequency of 1MHz, 2MHz , 4MHz or 8MHz as programmed. It also
supports external oscillator with maximum frequency of 16MHz.

5.9 COMMUNICATION
It provides both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes through
USART(Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), i.e. communication
with modems and other serial devices. It also supports SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface) used for
communication between devices based on the master-slave method. Another type of
communication supported is the TWI(Two wire Interface). It allows commutation between any
two devices by using 2 wires along with a common ground connection.
It also has a comparator module integrated in the chip to provide comparison between
two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator through the external chips.
It also contains a 6 channel ADC out of which 4 have 10 bit accuracy and 2 have 8 bit
accuracy.

Status Register
It contains information about the currently executed arithmetic instruction set.

12
 CHAPTER – 6
6. ATMEGA PIN DIAGRAM

Fig. 10 ATMEGA PIN DIAGRAM

One of the important features of ATmega8 is that except 5 pins, all other pins support two
signals.
 Pins 23,24,25,26,27,28 and 1 are used for port C, whereas pins 9,10,14,15,16,17,18,19 are
used for port B and pins 2,3,4,5,6,11,12 are used for port D.
 Pin 1 is also the Reset pin and a applying low level signal for a time longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a reset.
 Pins 2 and 3 are also used for serial communication for USART.
 Pins 4 and 5 are used as external interrupts. One of them will trigger when interrupt flag bit
of status register is set and the other will trigger as long as the interrupt condition prevails.
 Pins 9 and 10 are used as external oscillator as well as timer counters oscillators where the
crystal is connected directly between the pins.
 Pin 10 is used for crystal oscillator or low frequency crystal oscillator. If the internal
calibrated RC oscillator is used as the clock source and the asynchronous timer is enabled,
these pins can be used as a timer oscillator pins.

13
 Pin 19 is used as Master Clock output, slave clock input for SPI channel.
 Pin 18 is used as Master clock input, slave clock output.
 Pin 17 is used as Master data output, slave data input for SPI channel. It is used as a input
when enabled by a slave and is bidirectional when enabled by the master. This pin can also
be used as a output compare match output, which serves as an external output for the
timer/counter compare match.
 Pin16 is used as a slave select input. It can also be used as a timer/counter1 compare match
by configuring the PB2 pin as an output.
 Pin15 can be used as an external output for the timer/counter compare match A.
 Pins 23 to 28 are used for ADC channels. Pin 27 can also be used as Serial interface clock
and pin 28 can be used as serial interface data
 Pins 13 and 12 are used as Analog Comparator inputs.
 Pins 11 and 6 are used as timer/counter sources.

14
 CHAPTER – 7

7. AC-TO-DC SUPPLY

Fig. 11 AC-TO-DC SUPPLY

DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power supplies
will employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage.
A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in
turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated DC voltage. The filter
removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining AC voltage is known
as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering that
must be provided by a power supply. In some applications, high ripple is tolerated and
therefore no filtering is required. For example, in some battery charging applications it is
possible to implement a mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a
transformer and a single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit
charging current.

7.1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most
common application, for conversion of an alternating-current (AC) input into a direct-
current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave
rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a
rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

15
 The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same
regardless of the polarity at the input. Two type of rectifier there are half wave rectifier & full
wave rectifier, here we have used full wave rectifier. A full-wave rectifier converts the whole
of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
Mathematically, this corresponds to the absolute value function. Full-wave rectification
converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a
higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in
a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are
needed.3] Single semiconductor diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common
anode, and four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single components.

7.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages. For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two digits,
indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output, while the 7812
produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is
positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to
provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit. 78xx ICs have three
terminals. These devices support an input voltage anywhere from around 2.5 volts over the
intended output voltage up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the model, and
typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a
lower or higher current rating).

7.3 CAPACITOR - FILTER

The filter is a device that allows passing the dc component of the load and blocks the ac
component of the rectifier output. Thus the output of the filter circuit will be a steady
dc voltage. The filter circuit can be constructed by the combination of components
like capacitors, resistors, and inductors.

16
7.4 LCD
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other
smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow
displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much
less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking
light rather than emitting it. An LCD is made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix
display grid. The active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT) display. The
passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each intersection in the
grid. A current is sent across two conductors on the grid to control the light for any pixel. An
active matrix has a transistor located at each pixel intersection, requiring less current to control
the luminance of a pixel. For this reason, the current in an active matrix display can be
switched on and off more frequently, improving the screen refresh time (your mouse will
appear to move more smoothly across the screen, for example).Some passive matrix LCD's
have dual scanning, meaning that they scan the grid twice with current in the same time that it
took for one scan in the original technology. However, active matrix is still a superior
technology.
We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,
television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of display to display the time. An
LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The
16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The
16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.

Fig. 12 LCD DISPLAY

17
Pin No. Advertisement Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use a variable resistor such as a
potentiometer. The output of the potentiometer is connected to this pin.
3 Vo / VEE
Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backwards to adjust the
LCD contrast.
RS (Register
4 Selects command register when low, and data register when high
Select )
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given; Extra
voltage push is required to execute the instruction and EN(enable)
6 signal is used for this purpose. Usually, we make it en=0 and when we Enable
want to execute the instruction we make it high en=1 for some
milliseconds. After this we again make it ground that is, en=0.

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table No. 1 LCD DISPLAY PIN DESCRIPTION

18
7.5 RS (REGISTER SELECT)
A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The register select is used
to switch from one register to other. RS=0 for command register, whereas RS=1 for data
register.

7.6 COMMAND REGISTER

THE command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its
screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. Processing for commands happens
in the command register.

7.7 DATA REGISTER

The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we send data to LCD it goes to the
data register and is processed there. When RS=1, data register is selected.

19
 CHAPTER – 8
8. L293 MOTOR DRIVER
The most common method to drive DC motors in two directions under control of a
computer is with an H-bridge motor driver. H-bridges can be built from scratch with bi-polar
junction transistors (BJT) or with field effect transistors (FET), or can be purchased as an
integrated unit in a single integrated circuit package such as the L293. The L293 is simplest
and inexpensive for low current motors, For high current motors, it is less expensive to build
your own H-bridge from scratch. ITP Physical Computing has a terrific tutorial on using an
Arduino and an L293 to control a bi-directional motor. The Twin Cities Robotics Club has an
*excellent* tutorial on H-bridges, and complete detail on how to build your own $5.00 H-
bridge good for several amps.

From the same source is a detailed tech note on PWM speed control of a motor using
an H-bridge and a PIC microcontroller.The L293 is an integrated circuit motor driver that can
be used for simultaneous, bi-directional control of two small motors. Small means small. The
L293 is limited to 600 mA, but in reality can only handle much small currents unless you have
done some serious heat sinking to keep the case temperature down. Unsure about whether the
L293 will work with your motor? Hook up the circuit and run your motor while keeping your
finger on the chip. If it gets too hot to touch, you can't use it with your motor. (Note to
ME2011 students: The L293 should be OK for your small motor but is not OK for your gear
motor.)

The L293 comes in a standard 16-pin, dual-in line integrated circuit package. There is
an L293 and an L293D part number. Pick the "D" version because it has built in flyback diodes
to minimize inductive voltage spikes. The L293D can be purchased for somewhere between $2
and $3 (quantity one) from www.mouser.com (PN 511-L293D) or www.digikey.com (PN 296-
9518-5-ND). For complete information, consult the Unitrode L293 data sheet (PDF file,
626Kb).A more recent, improved specification, pin-for-pin compatible chip is recommended
for new designs: the TI SN754410NE motor driver. Available from mouser.com, Mouser part
number 595-SN754410NE, $1.88. Data sheet (PDF file, 172Kb).The pinout for the L293 in the
16-pin package is shown below in top view. Pin 1 is at the top left when the notch in the
package faces up. Note that the names for pin functions may be slightly different than what is
shown in the following diagrams.

20
 Fig. 13 CONNECTION DIAGRAM
8.1 STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless DC electric motor that
divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be
commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any position
sensor for feedback (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the
application in respect to torque and speed.

Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count,
and generally are closed-loop commutated Brushed DC motors rotate continuously when DC
voltage is applied to their terminals. The stepper motor is known by its property to convert a
train of input pulses (typically square wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the
shaft position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively
have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron.
The electromagnets are energized by an external driver circuit or a micro controller. To make
the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts the
gear's teeth.

21
 When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from
the next electromagnet. This means that when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first
is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one. From there the process is
repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a
full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle. The circular arrangement
of electromagnets is divided into groups, each group called a phase, and there is an equal
number of electromagnets per group. The number of groups is chosen by the designer of the
stepper motor. The electromagnets of each group are interleaved with the electromagnets of
other groups to form a uniform pattern of arrangement. For example, if the stepper motor has
two groups identified as A or B, and ten electromagnets in total, then the grouping pattern
would be ABABABABAB. Electromagnets within the same group are all energized together.
Because of this, stepper motors with more phases typically have more wires (or leads) to
control the motor.

Fig. 14 STEPPER MOTOR FUNCTION DIAGRAM

22
8.2 RELAY
Relays are the primary protection as well as switching devices in most of the control
processes or equipments. All the relays respond to one or more electrical quantities like voltage
or current such that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A relay is a switching device as
it works to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state to another.
Classification or the types of relays depend on the function for which they are used. Some of
the categories include protective, reclosing, regulating, auxiliary and monitoring relays.
Protective relays continuously monitor these parameters: voltage, current, and power; and if
these parameters violate from set limits they generate alarm or isolate that particular circuit.
These types of relays are used to protect equipments like motors, generators, and transformers,
and so on. Auxiliary contacts are used in circuit breakers and other protective equipments for
contact multiplication. Monitoring relays monitors the system conditions such as direction of
power and accordingly generates the alarm. These are also called directional relays.

8.3 LDR
A photo resistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a light-
controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be
applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching
circuits. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo
resistor can have a resistance as high as several meg ohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photo
resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo
resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons
(and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range
and sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover,
unique photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength
bands.A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor
has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In
intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon
must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices
have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the
conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is,
longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device.

23
 If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities),
there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
semiconductor.

Fig. 15 LDR
Applications of LDRs
There are many applications for Light Dependent Resistors. These include:
Lighting switch
The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a certain
light level. An example of this could be a street light or a garden light.
Camera shutter control
LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used to
measure the light intensity which then adjusts the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level.
Example - LDR controlled Transistor circuit

Fig. 16 LDR CONTROLLED TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT

The circuit shown above shows a simple way of constructing a circuit that turns on
when it goes dark. In this circuit the LDR and the other Resistor form a simple 'Potential
Divider' circuit, where the centre point of the Potential Divider is fed to the Base of the NPN
Transistor. When the light level decreases, the resistance of the LDR increases. As this
resistance increases in relation to the other Resistor, which has a fixed resistance, it causes the
voltage dropped across the LDR to also increase. When this voltage is large enough (0.7V for a
typical NPN Transistor), it will cause the Transistor to turn on. The value of the fixed resistor
will depend on the LDR used, the transistor used and the supply voltage.

24
 CHAPTER – 9
9. APPLICATIONS
1. Shopping complex
2. Industrial
3. School, etc.,,

25
 CHAPTER – 10
10. ADVANTAGES
1. Easy to parking vehicle
2. No need security
3. Avoid damage on car at parking time

26
 CHAPTER – 11
11. COST OF ESTIMATION
Quantity Amount in
S. No Name of the Equipment
Nos Rs
1 Micro controller 1 950

2 LCD Display 1 300

3 Transformer 1 220

4 Relay 1 180

5 Stepper motor 1 900

6 Motor drive 1 400

7 LDR 1 40

8 Hylam sheet 1 260

Transmitter and receiver
9 1 2500
setup
10 Other _ 250

Total Rs. 6000

Total Amount Rs. 6,000/-

(Rupees Six Thousand Only)

27
 CHAPTER – 12
12. PHOTOGRAPHY

28
 CHAPTER – 13
13. CONCLUSION
Herewith the help of our project the cars can be parked easier instead of making traffic
across the parking area. Also the driver can easily find the available area on the display, and
the car can be parked within short time.
Because of this the pollution across the road side because of finding the parking area
can be avoidances the time of the car (or) driver can be saved, which help them to park the
vehicle easier.

29
 CHAPTER – 14
14. REFERENCES
14.1 REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Ajzen, M. F. (1975). Belief, Attitude and behavior, and an Introduction to theory and
beResearch. Addison-Wesley.Amin Kianpisheh, N. M. (2012).

2. Smart Parking System (SPS) Architecture Using Ultrasonic Detector. International Journal
of Software Engineering and Its Applications , 6 (3), 51-58.

3. S. Yasunobu, K. Kinoshita, "Development of Intelligent Parking Support System for

Welfare Vehicle”, IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence In Robotics
And Automation, pp. 682- 687 16-20 July 2003.

4. M. Wada, K. Yoon, H. Hashimoto, S. Matsuda, "Development of Advanced Parking

Assistance System using Human Guidance”, IEEE/ASME International Conference on
Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp. 997-1002, 1999.

5. L. Winching, X.Fanghua, L. Fishing, “Design ofInner Intelligent Car Parking System”,

International Conference on Information Management, InnovationManagement and Industrial
Engineering 2008.

6. E. Seignez, A. Lambert, T. Maurin, “Autonomous Parking Carrier for Intelligent Vehicle”,

IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, pp. 411- 416, 6-8 June 2005.

14.2 REFERENCE WEBSITES

 http://www.atmel.com/
 http://www.microchip.com/
 www.8052.com
 http://www.beyondlogic.org
 http://www.ctv.es/pckits/home.html
 http://www.aimglobal.org/

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