ISO/OSI Network Layers.

ABOUT ISO/OSA LAYERS

The ISO/OSI (International Organization for Standardization/Open Systems Interconnection)

reference model is a seven-layer model that describes how data is transmitted over a
network.This model is not a real-world implementation, but rather a conceptual representation
of how different protocols and technologies interact with one another to transmit data. The
layers are:

Physical Layer: Deals with the physical connection between devices, such as cables and
switches.This is the lowest layer of the OSI model, and it deals with the physical connection
between devices. This includes the cables, switches, and other hardware that make up the
network infrastructure. Protocols at this layer include Ethernet, RS-232, and USB.

Data Link Layer: Deals with the movement of data between devices on the same network
segment.This layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between devices on the same
network segment. It deals with issues such as error detection and correction, and it provides a
way to identify and address individual devices on the network. Protocols at this layer include
MAC addresses and ARP.

Network Layer: Deals with the routing of data between different network segments.This layer is
responsible for routing data between different network segments. It determines the best path
for data to travel and deals with issues such as congestion and fragmentation. Protocols at this
layer include IP and ICMP.

Transport Layer: Deals with the end-to-end delivery of data, including error correction and flow
control.This layer is responsible for the end-to-end delivery of data. It ensures that data is
delivered reliably and in the correct order, and it deals with issues such as flow control and error
correction. Protocols at this layer include TCP and UDP.

Session Layer: Deals with establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between
applications.This layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections
between applications. It provides a way for applications to synchronize their communication
and to recover from errors. Protocols at this layer include RTP and SDP.

Presentation Layer: Deals with the conversion of data between different formats, such as
encryption and compression.

This layer is responsible for the conversion of data between different formats. It deals with
issues such as encryption, compression, and data representation. Protocols at this layer include
JPEG and MPEG.
Application Layer: Deals with the interface between the application and the network.This is the
highest layer of the OSI model, and it deals with the interface between the application and the
network. This includes issues such as user authentication, file transfer, and email. Protocols at
this layer include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

Each layer has a specific function and communicates with the layer above and below it using a
protocol. The layers work together to transmit data across a network in a reliable and efficient
manner.

It is important to note that in real-world networks, the functionality of these layers may overlap
and different protocols may be used. Additionally, many networking protocols such as TCP/IP
model and OSI model are used together to achieve the desired functionality.