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    ‘The Historiography of Modern Central America Since 1960 Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), 461-496, Stable URL: Ittpflinksjstor.orgsici?sici=0018-2168°% 28 198708%2067%3A3%3C461%3ATHOMCA®3E2.0.CO®SB2-Y The Hispanic American Historical Review is currently published by Duke University Press. Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of ISTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at flip: feworwjtor org/aboutterms.htmal. ISTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in par, that unless you fave obtained pcior permission, you may not dowaload an cnt isus of @ journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe ISTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial uss. Please contact the publisher cegarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at bbupsferwer.jstor.orp/joumals/duke.htrn. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transtnission. ISTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding ISTOR, please contact support @jstor.org- up:shrww jstor.orgy Sat Jul 9 20:02:56 2005 tara Arian dost Beat 6.4 Eryn ps by ake Uber Bt tien go The Historiography of Modern Central America Since 1960 RALPH LEE WOODWARD, JR. * Bout 95 years ago William Griffith reviewed the histo A riography of Gentral America since 1830! and noied the tendency of mech of che writing on Central Anveri- ‘ean histery éo be characterized by high pasion. “Mast modern works on political ancl military subjects,” wrute Grifith, “are dominated by she spivit of passion pethaps more thoroughiy than were the events which they record.” Yet Griffith abserved also that a smaller number of histories had "begun to deal with less transient, more braadly significant phe- omen in Central Amercea and to link them with similar cinvents else where in the world." These tw chaseteristics rernain prominent Central American historiography, but although the recent revolutions lave heightened the passianate quality of much wring on the veuion, for the quarter-century ay a whole it is noteworthy that the balance has shilied to professional, dispassionate analysis of more broadly siguificant trends in Central America’s past and their relation to the vest af the world Indeed. the prafessionalization of the writing of Central American history during the past ag yea is pethaps the ost cbvious observation one ean inake about the diverse and numerous publications of this period. Tt is te that not a year goes by but that there are a number of pas stanate hiographies or period accounts in the old style, more aften than not by antenr historians enlogizing an ancestor or promating 2 special political ar economic interest. Although sometimes appalling in theit his torical judgment, ar lack thereof, even these works have made a contrib tion in fling gaps inthe Factual chronology of Central American history Thu surveys erly pweseute ot the 2 Stuties Asovstion, Bast, Get ag, 199, The ala seats ol Helo Poser Brawl, Jorge Baal Aveli tho also achvowledges considerable assistance Warden of tts Amora Sts alse Paton oF ths vee TMthe Hisoringiaphy of Casta Aner Sinee 430," HAMBL. 4o.4 (Now. sist 2 Dd. 55, ‘a especlly pte fr He fd Easrell Glide. Thea he Ceateal Anseica section of ee 462 HAHR | AUGUST | RALPH LEE WOODWARD, (R Until very recently, Central American historians were primatily con- cored with simply trying to establish the factual structure of the region's history. Destruction of archives and libraries, and an almost total absence of classification of what documentation does exist for the nineteenth and ‘twentieth centuries, have made that job far more cifficult han in other aneas of Latin America The growth of serious, professional historical veseare on Central America, however, produced an explosion of publications, especially since 3970, even before Central America emerged as a major etisis area. The political criyes have limited and restrained resesteh, but uot precluded i altogether. Even in Guatemala, £} Salvador, and Nicaragua there have been notable works published despite the less-than-satisfactory candi tions for research and writing, although more often historians of those countries have found it more convenient to publish abroad—in Costa Rica, Mexico, North America, or Europe. This article highlights vecent developments rather than offering a comprehensive compilation of the work of the last quartercentiny. & more detailed bibliographical essay appears in the second edition of ray general history of Central America.” Further references may be found in specialized bibliographies and the Handbook af Latin American Studies.« Background end General Reference Even though historieal writing about the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is of primary concern here, the most impressive recent histort- cal publiestions on Central America have miquestionably been on the colonial era More ample and well-ordered documentation helps to «x plain chis phenomenon, but zhe heavy colonial burden of modern Central “America makes that work of considerable value in providing insight sud understanding of realities in modern Central American development. The monumental works of Murdo Macteod,” William Sherman," George Lyell,’ Chuistapher Lutz," Norberto de Gastro y Tas,” Carmelo Sienz de 5, Contra Anacien, a Nation Dini, a od. (New Yn, ag) 896 4 Used teed tory bibliographies to each Cental Aner eountey ane heir pu Tesh the World Bibligraghieal Sesis Oslged). To date, wlumes have appa oi Bo ise (fa) sel Nearagua (4983) piled by TE. Wensvard, Je, on Cuatenal (ty) ‘compiled by Woovas Fearn; and on Prave ( eome by Eleaor Langa 5 Spanish Centr) America A Socinsaonumt distorg. 1580-1720 eee, 15) 8 Fora Metin abn Stent Cay Gon! aa Fan. 7 Gungussr and Suraial ix Colonial Gurtenale: A itovice! Geosraphy of the Cuchamatite Mahan, 2500-2821 (Kiogstou, 1988) 8 Histovi soci dennoprifice de Sang de Guotenal 1561-1779 (Guatersaa Gey, sot “4 "La poblacn de la oud de Cacao es sls NVUEy NOE," Rect del A hi econ (Casta Bis), 2: (964, 15-175 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL. AMERICA 3, Santa Mavia,"" Germén Romero Vargas," Fiancisco de Salano,'* Carlos Meléndez,” André Saint Lu," Juan Carlos Solérzano," aad Inge Lange berg," especialy, fall into this category, but also important have been those af Thay S. Floyd," William Sorsby,"" Manuel Rubio Sache, Ligia Estrada Molina,” Marco Antavio Fellas," Miles Wortman,® and Geoflrey Cabat. ‘The extended essay of the Guatemalan historian Severo Martinez Pe 10. Compan de Honea, hata" Hote detains, 40: ag (8) og-a5p, and "Remesl, be Yeray y fay Bortabang de los Casa." In Bator largestanos. TW cantennrae defo nacrte defray Bartana te Las Cuses, 1566-196 (Seville, igh, 599-365, Uh Les structures secs de Nicnregua ox XVIle sce (Llle, 177) 1 Thane mice ome! Raves Be Guster (Goatenals Cy. spy) elabmotig on hiseatie tides this toe. Fu asepatate vine, Las mages del ils RVIN: eros 1 trnuformaciin Ladigero qotoneltece dante in adeisctracion horbanen (Meld, gra). Solona has given usa valuable referee wk which complements nicely Nancy Ea tha clasics Mago Saciey rider Galital Rude. The Collects Enieryae of Sarsien! (einceton, oR ay, ba card de lato, 1585-1573 (San fort, sya) Jen Vaeques dle Garoneda con auistatory fnlador de Coste fco (San Jost, sgpeh lemandes de Corded Caritn de amvrte da Wiaeagur (Manas, 1470), Costa Rie. Persa potlamtento eb colt (Sam Jose, 1g77h a Ubeteneton oh ol antigo eino de Coteus (Sam Jone ng) Com ‘gutter es ebladaro% Orgone hutrseosacuate de fw caer viconses San Toe, 19), 1. Le Vora Pes: Bap doonastuy ot clowestgn (Pace 168) 1S “Centreningrea en cl siglo XVIIU Un intent de emplicaicn ecm sel Euaviios Soces Centroamaricoon, 11:32 Qday~ Aux. Khe A213, “Pueley de yey Y eaplotacisn er ly Guntemals y El Salacoe elomiley” Atworia ste Estudinn Centr fvaeteunes, 8 (igh), 125155, Hcenda, Indias » expec eolanél Gritentla, El Scho hs nee SIL Ann ve annonce iy, Las catnidades gen de Guoterla, Bl Saad y Cigna durante olin S¥IIr Los mecnnanor dels explonson econdinve” Ansari de Bstuios Camteuamertew hos 1 (495) a=. 16. Urbanism vl Beuberangsérnbaur der Stu Catrmala iu der cued Kolysiatgs Bane srl igre Analae der Stadeslging aud iver Aurore uf de demographinche, bavuftche, nd wsiole Glederng der Beuilherng (1773-142) alogse, 18) 1p The Augl Sani Stewsal for Mayas talbeaverque. 196) 1h “Spanish Colgan af the Mosque Gost, 179-48," Revleeee Miszoe ds evi. 737441999). 145-18) 15, Cinarcia le y cnn ae prolactin de Centraaménen (Croan City, 97h bt torn del puesta de Praglls emege, 147gh, Hist det Roetoya (Manages. 9973). Sint de leon en Ceutsoamioion(404-18010/San Seder, 1gp8). dbataror dl etal agalto on Contra Atrio, aol (Sit Salud, 199M) Bari del Pert dete Set ‘rmvded ede Sonvonete 0 Acmptl (Se Slvatoe. 1497), Alerldes wayores Uastrtn de bos le frie mares sberntre este ven Jifesvoltoun, dele grivinet de San Salvador. Son Mina! y Son Vint ave (San Sal “dat 2979 Hisar def Soctelad Econdnice de fnigas dl Pats (Custensla Cy 19% Hurorts de eal doa reve ds China y det laste del gun de a on. Guatoaala (Gunemals City 2), ‘La Coste Boer le don Pas de Acta (Sa Jos, gf 31. La factor de tabs le Grate Bon (Sa Joe 1972, 32 Goveramant and? Socaty fx Center! Arsarien s680~v84a (New You, 198) 35, “The Gonachidation af tog in Guatemala, Pe Ainerion, 28-1 (Jl 71% 2038 He mann | AucUST | RALPH LEE WOODWAND, Jk sez, La patria del criolo, has been an especialy influential, ifcontrover- sial, work. Based on surprisingly limited vesearch in colonial sources, its interpretation of the mentality of the Guatemalan elite has served as a stimulus for considerable reinterpretation of nineteenth-century social and political history, and even for understanding the modem Central Ametican elite. Martinez and Ancdé Saint-Lur* (who pursues the same theme less pretentiously) have provided thaught-provaking analyses of coloncal social structure which enable historians to understand Better the nieatality ofthe ruling classes afler independence. These works renaind us of the deep roots of conservatism and the powerful legacy of feudal trad tion in modern Central America ‘There has heen relatively litle attention paid to Central American historiography in any formal sense. Beyond the br:ef carmments af Mario Rodriguez end Murda Meceod in the Haudhook af Late American Studies, it is hard to find any systematic, general treatment of Central Amevican historiography, although the substantial compels of historical literature now demands such a study. Several chapters in the recently published Research Guide ta Geniral America and the Caribbean, how= ever, do provide histoviographical guidance, most especially those of David McCreery on Guatemala, Kenneth Finney on Handuas, Derek Kerr on 1 Salvador, Charles Stansifer and Richard Millett on Nicaragua, and Stansifer and John Bell on Costa Rica. These articles, and some adli- tional topical essays, focus on research needs, but in the process comment fon the existing historiography." Jorge Eduardo Atellano has kept track of Nicaraguan historiography over the past two decades in a series af useful, but soptetimes abseuvely published, guides to Nicaraguan bibliography. 24 La pried vile: ga le iurretacin del realidad ctu putooloc {Gugterala City. 1470) Cv FS Cardoso colleges sane of Martner’ Mast premises lo "Severo Mutinen Plier yalcanetr del réshnen cola,” Extdis Sociale Cente funericanes. 124 lau--Abt 1973), 87-8. ‘Condi elentae of concennce ordale nu Guatanale,a524-2Han (Pa 28, Edited by Kenneth]. Grich (Moise, 985). vaeiton chapters anthesis pend by Murda MacLeod aad Maro Rodigvez, ths olive cludes wustey ates on $e ational pesiod hy Diva! MeCreniy, “Guttemsls,” pp.a6- 57, Waone Clegern, ie lie." yp gyn4o: Detek Rere, "El Salvador” ype gt—ak Kemelh Finney, “Honduras, fb gion Chats Stonsiler sd Rilsed Millet, "Niro," s-64 Charles Stuer Bed Jolt Bell,“ Ria,” pp 64=76, and held Liss, “Para” pp. 7789. Mal tien, there are topical aticles by Kenneth Grech, “Ceutal Acerca Tntersatonal Rela tions py 2-H Miles Worthan, “Quaneleation wi Cente Awerioan Hoste UD. 87 (5: Neil Macaulay, “Millar History and Gucci Wate," py. = 27. Arelah fas een caceedinay active an compiling, Niawaxuan bibliographic sqcer, Atsong them sve geversl jeradieal gubeatiaiy Hat he by edited, ladies Cuadernos te Bilingcefa Nicurrgderue (11) Boletn Nicarogtomve de Mibineofie Dosyentacin (gre), latin te Referencon, Contr fe Dceumentacain Cgss~ [Aral tinge on Niexaguan fstory mere luatadacoapliol oti athens ioes He Suni amor aloe in ecording he ltl sd intellectual history of Bis ey HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 465 Mario Argueta has dane much the same for Honduras, and written a uusefl historiographical essay on that country For Belize, Peter Ash down has written a brief but biting critique of traditional Belizean history, rejecting the glorification of the creole past and calling for reevaluatfon.* ‘There are a few other topical works Franklin D. Parker has given us 2 very nice anthology of important travel aceounts and includes « topical dex to their content, as well as.a bibliography of the priaeipal nineteenth - century travel accounts of Central America ® Light Estrada Molina has called sttention ta the considerable historical weiting of Teodara Pieado, following his controversial Costa Rican presidency (1g44—48)-™ Intellectual history in general has Tagged considerably behind other areas of Latin America. Constantino Lascaris’ Historia de las ideas en Cen- troamérica” is not so muuch a history of ideas as itis a review of Central American history through the early nineteenth century from the perspec tive ofhow it reflected the ideas of contemporaries, but it is « useful and creative volume that hears on the historiography of the region. Arellano has produced a fine history of the University at Leén.”* On Guatematan exhication, Garlos Gonzilez. Orelhana’s Historia de la educacién en Guate mala’ is welcome contribution that is surprisingly comprehensive from pre-Columbian times to the 1960s. Otto Olivera his published a useful, if Tess than comprehensive, overview of nineteenth-contury Guatemalan periodicals with emphasis on literary content and analysis. Sivullarly, there are relatively few good reference works an the region, although certainly there has heen some progress over the last few dee ades, Seatecrow’s Historteal Dictionary series is of uneven quality, bat certainly useful.” Biographical directories are primitive or nonexistent. ‘The Diccionario general de Guatemala, a labor of lave of the late Car os G. Hacussler Yela, and limited to 200 copies, cantimns much useful mn formation but is often inaccurate and almost alvays mcomaplete in its en 28 Inout y tendon seina du histone honda. Cans bi Mogedico Rags, 98 a, The Fraiet of Grele Hitomi Joural of Betoun Affe, 7 Ser spe gyns Sexson Asus “The Beever of Hsin 90978 37-9. 0 Techn Cenal merce, tbat bya sinenles970) Su TendaraPludo httchalbs Su eyorte af storiografie (Se Jos, xg6p) These eluded soi st listo ales pulsed lathe Sonoan dpeasiys an, Notedadey {Mag flange enter (Go) wih ve cpus bore {pau fore. 370 5p, thseurn dela Universidad do Len vos (Lego, 1993-74) HH abed. (Guatemala Gy g70} 2, Ea lueranara on pubocres pvaens de Gustanal xo XUX} (New Oren a8 “Php Fenian £1 Stor (Metuchen 970) H_K. Meyer Nicarege igy sul ondeves gz FW. Oars Gated (n73} and Theadee Creednun ‘Coe Bc am 496 Haan | AUGUST | RALPH LEE WOODWARD, J8 tries.” Yet there is not even anything af this sort for the other Cent American states, Franklin D. Parker's Geueral American Republics" con- tained a wealth of information on many aspects of Gentral American hise tory not found elsewhere and remains a valuable reference tool “The mamber of serious scholarly journals within Central America pul lishing historical articles # not great, but several have been important, Costa Rica leads the way with Estudios Saciales Centroamerianas (Sait José: Confeceracion Universitaria Centroamerieana, ig7t— |, Revista de Historia (Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1975~ ), and the Anuavéo de Estudios Centrosmericanos (Universidad de Casta Rica, 1974 ‘The Renista det Pensamienta Centrocmericana (Managua, 1960-85) has published many historical monographs since its inception. In its pre ‘occupation with opposing the Sandinista regime, ithas degenerated some. ‘wluat inte polemics in recent years, causing it also to move: ts publication site to San José in 1986, but it remains a potentially important journal. El Salvador’s Estudios Centroemerieanas (San Salvador: Universidad Centra americana, 1946—_) remains a remarkably independent chronicle of the political and economic history of modern El Salvaclar, of which there is no real counterpart m other states. By avoiding polemies and for the most putt recent history, the Anales de la Academta de Geagrafia e Historia (Guatemala: Academia de Geografia ¢ Historia de Guatemala, 1924- and Mesoamésica (Antigua: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamériea, 1980} continue fo be major publishers of high quality Listorical articles in Guatemala. In Honduras the Revista de Ceaarafie ¢ Historia Clegucigalpa, 190¢~ _) has appeared irregularly, but some excel- lent historical work has appeated ia Economia Politica (Tegucigalpa, 1962) and other somewhat sporadically appearing academic journals sw that country. In Belize, the Journal of Belizean Affuirs (1973- and Belizeare Studies formerly Mational Studies) (1g79-) have struggled for exis- tence, while publishing some Fine historical work Few historians have been ainbitious enough to attempt general histo~ ties of the whole region. In Baglish, Matio Rodriguez, wrote a brief sur vey of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries im the context of the 1g6as,* and my own modest effort has been relatively feee of competition doring the past decade.*' In Spanish, a useful, if sketchy, eccnomie his tary of the isthmus by Héctor Pérez Brignoli ard Cieo F. 8. Cardose ap- peared in 1977, and more recently Pérez has published an excellent brief a7- aval (Cuotemala Ch, 985) 3 Landon, 195 59. Gentea! Aire (glen Chis. Nf 95) 2 Goutal Ame'ice, A Mata Duvaded¢Neo York, agp: ade, 198). HISTORIOGHAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 49 ‘overview of Central American history.* By far the most important gencral history of Central America published duving the last 25 years, however, is the erudite narrative history of Ervesto Chinchilla Aguilar "The frst two volumes, respectively, cancentrate on the pre-Cohumbian and calonial periods, with volume 1 dealing with the national period, This work essen- tially replaces the century-old Banerot volumes" and the early twentieth- century treatment of Antonio Bates Jauregit" as the basie regional his- tory, loaded with data in traditional style, the culmination ofa lifetime of research and waiting on Central Ameticaa history by a leading Guate- malan scholar Notional Histories and Special Topics Histories of individual Central American states constituted a vatable advance during the past three decades, although we ace still waiting for definitive general histories of all of them. Thete have been a number of national histaries published that have some utility, however. Perhaps the uiost obvious advancement has been made in Belizean histary, since virtually nothing had heen done before 1960. David Waddell published the first adequate history of Belize in 1961," with its focus on ‘cantemparary political parties and major issues facing the colony. It pat cansidlerable attention to diplomatic history, but much of that was super- seded by R. A. Humphrey’ definitive Diplomatic History of British: oa duras, 1638-1901 Since then, Belizean historians have begun to go deyond the sovereiguty dispute with Guatemala and investigate the eco- nomie and social raots of Central America’s newest indepenclent state Nard Dobson’ general history of Belize is especially useful for the teenth and twentieth centuries." Althougit it is thin in some places, te- fecting madequate research, it vepresentted a major step forward in the recorcing af the tiny country’s history, Three excellent period works have added greatly to the widerstanding of Belizean ational development Nigel O. Rolland illuminated the early history ofthe colony to the 1870s, ‘emphasizing its economic dependence on Buropeait maikets and the colo nial nature of the country.” Wayne Clegern documented the econo: ju Contrcaméricn la eonoms aceldentel (4590-1930) (Si foe 2477} Bron et rie ee Centrasuéniea (Mode, 1935). 42: Hisar de Ceatrommiren 9 vols. yates Ces, 1974-72) $5. 4 Mason of Central America, vol. San aneo, 1886-87) Sf La mdeter Central aute l ftiri, 3 vle (Gastar Cty, 298640) E Brinl Honduras A Murovicl aud Contoanyorary Sart (Ne Voth, 1h B Lasdos, 6 Gp A Histon of Belize London, 1975) IB. The Rermaien of 1 Colonial Saciaye Belize, fron Counaat 22 Grows Colony 665 atin | AUGUST | RALPH EEE WOODWARD, JR. ancl politcal decline following completion of the Panama raileosd, as well as the serious boundary difficulties with Guatemala and Mexieo."" And Cedric H. Grant's Making of Modern Belize is an impressive sucigeco- nngwie and political study of the emergence of the Belizean nation since about 1930." Arnumber of broad works reflect the remarkable development af his torical investigation and writing at the University of Costa Rica, Carlos Melendez lus syuthesized the history of that countey,” while a new edi- tion of the Biesanzes’ Costa Rican Life appested in 1974. The wost useful tevent genetal work on Casta Rica is Gavolyn Halls Coste Rica, Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective.* whieh concen trates on the nineteenth and twentieth centeries, but has solid cove of the colonial period as well, In 1971, Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli number of other prominent Costa Rican historians made a commendable contribution to the national historiography of that country with a collec tion of essays on a wide variety of soctal, ecanamie, political, and cultural topics over the past 150 years of Casta Rican history" Alberto Sienz Ma toto, Historia agricola de Costa Rica” is a major reference source of de- tail on the history of Costa Rican agriculture from the ealanial era to the present, The social history of Casta Rica was gueatly advanced by the major genealogical study of Costa Rican patitical leuders by Samuel Stone, while the neglected history of blacks on the coastal region was advanced in a series of aticles by Carlos Melendez. and Quince Duncan, commendably supplemented by the dissertation and articles of Michael lien.” Richard Salsbury has reported and analyzed the remarkable dip (Baltonrs, Vg]. Ballad Las loo published fine setle showing the dgeuees of Be lea slavery generally unansoiated wth pnttines, tron ta a aoa of the resto the Conditean,‘Sloery a Belize” fone of Babhonn Affe, 4 Clam. gph, gg ol wilh ‘Avs Suman, Cand 0 Belse,¢795~ 1874 (Man 1677) “so. British Hovudurey Colonial Dead En 185-14 (Beton Rouge af. Sh The Making of Blalern Belize: Polit, ratty and British Cobuation ia Crateat Anure (Canbilge, 1g76)- Fora snore detailed dante of Belvcas batocca stig, See Wondwatd in, Bebe (dod 180) Iph ctr de Costa aon (Sa Ji8e 1978 Se fon and Mavis Beovave Coste Rican Life ad ud, (Westport, CT. pat the scitine Mice, Kare, id Mavis Bless publied 9 slotatialy fevied ede of the wrk, Lav eestansicenies (un Jose 193g) ad as danided Esl verve, The Caste icant (Englewood Chie, NJ. 085) 5 Boulos a Se. El dorrrila vacionat on 150 aves de ida udejnsente (Cauda Universitas odiga Fsso, Costa Ble, 171) 5. Sab Jost agp Pa chanatie de les eonyustadares (San ose, 197 fy, Melende and Drunent, barges eu Costa Rew Antelate (San fond, 73) Ole. the Weg in Conta Rica The Bihotistory af ap Ble Manity (Pi Des» Univers OF Orewa. Ig67h. See ala flficy Coven, fr publeidn de fain, a8tetygs (ered, HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 469 lomatie history of Costa Rica, especklly in. its relations with the other Central American states in the early twentieth century. Alastair White affered a brief overview of modern Salvadoran history when virtually nove was available, but bis work is primattly useful for its deseription of El Salvador in the: 1960s." That work has largely been su- perseded by Philip Russells excellent synthesis." Italy Lépex Vallecillo has wuitten an informative history’ of jounabstn in. El Salvador.®” David Luna’s Manual de historia econémica isa useful reference, but David G. Browning’ superb history of land temure ancl its consequences in Fl Sal: vada isthe closest thing to a comprehensive socioeconomic history of the country and, I believe, the finest work on Salvadoran history yet writ ten." Also essential, however, is Mario Elores Macal fine work on th social ancl economte structure of that country." ‘The loug-neglected history of Honduras hay been considerably ad- vanced by José Guevara-Escudero’s dissertation on is nineteentl-century economic history, while Mario Argueta and Edgardo Quine have produced a much-needed general overview." A highly useful and well conceives! work on moder Honduras is Mario Posay and Rafael del Cid, La eonstruccin, det sector piiblica y del estado nacional de Huraluras 1876-1679," iu which the authors provide a mare detailed dleseription than found elsewhere of the rise of agracian capitalisnn and foreign domi nation of the Flonduran state bureaneracy between 1876 and 1948, fal- lowed by discussion of the capitalist expansion and growth af the rule af the state fram 1948 through 1472, and the mulitarization of the state that has occurred since 1972. ‘The need for a Nicaraguan national history is especially great, but une tone appears, David Radell’s Historical Geography iva very useful survey ioral ond Lowell Goslguadion, “Black inte We a Mintewe Ce Su AAncris: AioArneccan Asst Argenta dl Cease” Slay wad Abt, 5 top Sgeag. A pled ty fetes in poly Conta a Srnes! Las eat td ig i Sa Bre 1985). 'P Crata Rican Rear th Conte Americ, rg Bul, yp) A pnt edd sppeated in Sa ie 198 SpE Slander ado, &, £ Sted Cras Aue, 1h St 8 parade ex Fi Siena Bove hte dacwnta. gre dea suey val prvi cto sonacn en Sed, 10) a" Sin Saver, cor 85 El Setoador Loudiepe ond Sacety Oskud 978) {f, Origen dear y eis dels foros de donsnacn BL Sela Sa 1983, 4s: Guewr-Breudeo, “Nuctecath-Centry Hie & exo Appr the Eaqatie Hoty of Canal Averia, tygeageg’ (PhD. dows New Yai Unters, Sith Aguctn ancl Quinones, fitorteHimdars equal ig ft Grated iver tae ign Fac, Cita We gS 70 ian | AUGUST { RALPIC LEE WOODWARD, 18 of that state’ history.” A powerful and influential history of the eountry by Jaime Wheelock, Imperiatisme y dictadura, has combined dependency theory with a strong attachment to native Nicaraguan characteristics, andl hhas become the basic text for Sandinista interpretations of Nicaraguan history.” For Guatemala, there have been several genetal histories, none of which is altogether satisfactory. Clearly the hest is fames Handy’s Gift of the Devil although it s primarily an account of Guatemala sinee 1945, A provocative, depencency-theary approach, emphasizing the unjust class structure of the country, 1s found i the brief work of Carlos Guzman Bockler and Jean-Loup Herbert.” Clemente Marroquttt Rojas’s Historia de Guatemala," niare passionate than scholarly, 1s weleetive of the na- tonilism of the midtwentieth century and suggests some interesting hy= potheses for Guatemahin histary, while Peter Calverts recent effort i Westview’ Nations of Contemporary Latin America series” offers little beyond what Chester Lloyel Jones told ns in Guatesnala, Past and Present nearly a half-century ago ‘The development of topical histovtes has progressed notably in vecent yeats. The history of mining in vincteenth-century Central Ametica r= mained almest wholly unexplored until Carlos Araya’s two articles. on carly independent Costa Rica, which illustrated woiniva’s celation to accu mulation of capital by the ruling class, and helped to explain Costa Bica’s ability to develop coffee earlier than the other states of the isthinns. An ‘ther Araya article compares Costa Rican mining to that in Honeluras andl Niearaga.” Two works an eninage ave especially notable. Artura Castilla Flavess Historia de la moneds de Honduras” is an excellent history of Honduran coinage, but also contains much on financial development ofthe country ina thoroughly illostrated volume, For Guatemala, Kurt Prober's 6p, Histriced Goxvanhy of Westen Dionregut, The Spheres of Tutu: of Len Granacla at Mangus 1516-1965 (Berkley. 1969) 1. Imperialism dioauen Ceti do une farmacion sacl ( Msi Civ, 1y?Sh bo Ci of the Deel A Ulatore of Cuotamela Bost, 184 oti (Mexioa Cty, 970) 17 NNeton ia Tor mo (Boies, 15) "in selacies com le aciviein deepal a lise daft de Bq, Eeion Scales Gtreamortarns 35(A973) 31-04. Le he Roi da star (Conta Mea 2 (0978), 85 Has; and EL ‘enclave minern en Cent Atiénct 88g, sto dei ean de Hoan, Nice Fag, 9 Coit Bik,” Rast Cen Sov (Coats Bes), 47/18 (1999), 33-39 Sew len ‘Metta Lanza, “ia miners en Nicuvgms (182i-aMps” Awnaria de Betadior Contr ‘xncriones, 0972) 215-angeané Kenneth Finney, ovarian the Becton of 1889: The Fits! Reoroniy of Manin HABE, 59 a (Jam rpgh 8-407 39 Teqicsalpa, 1974 po: Gintenala: Une dnterretactn hati J Bitoni de Cutenale Cstewala Ci Je. Gantonata HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA, an profusely illustrated work provides excellent coverage of coinage from cor Jonial times to modern, as well ay other economic information.” Social history, however, has been the fastest growing area of Central American history, and the work of other social scientists has been especially iufluen- tial here. Throughout the period under consideration, Edelberta Torres Rivas has provided neh of the inspiration for serious reseach in sucial history.* Similarly, Mario Monteforte Toledo’ major secioeconomie stucly of Gentral American dependency has been highly influential ‘The considerable progiess in the demographic history of the colonial period has not been matched for the national period, and work an the nineteenth century, by Héctor Pérez and athers, has barely hegun.® conference on this tapic in Casta Rica m 1973 produced a value of ar ticles hy Germin Romera Vargs, Severo Martinez Pelier, Jasé Las Vesa, and others, but mest of the work dealt with the colonial period.” An excellent collection of essays ont both colonial and modern highland Guatemalan demography was edited hy Rubert M. Carmack, Jol Barly, and Christopher Lit.” A beginning of sorts has also been raide in stady- ing the history of women in Central America with the pubheation of a few 15. Uistria namisonticn de Gates aol (Casters City, 493). The inter tested tn Contd Amertan nusbmatics 9 wih to enact ME: Bch Stat, PA. Ba SSo- Deovls CA gag wha poses nef the Lagest he eles of Cn Amerteuy evs Sh imrpretacit del deals socal cevtemericun: Proctor 4 etrcturos de toa Tocca deponainte San one, ns) the rd olen oF Txtes Rant Many publerts 77 Cetra Améric, wwatesurato y devendanein, 3 vol (Masi City, La FA. See Noardo MocLead, "Modena Reseinc i the Dermot of Call Cented nics Bboprgine Ess Latin Aronian Polo Bisory Nensleter 3 Sigal y83) 29-36 7p See eqecily fo Early, The DemaganticSeuatare aud Fuclatn af 0 Present Suc The CustenalonBrpeltan (Boe lt, a8, Hae: Pes Beng, Eee 9 sotedl en Houdran dante el ig XIX. Lis enutatan detain" Estucion ‘later Centroumeriars.2:6 6973), 91-82 Péver had bo lished seve devegraphe Studies the Unversty of Csta Bick Avances de Inoetgnetin series). Culler Molina, Extrauct product e hstoriasemogea (eons » deal ce Hurl Anuaria de Extadtn Controamaricanun 9 ig7t) w61-t7. and Albert Laue. “Nie {aur Torstona y pablaang. Recs el Ponsmaiento Contrameriono, ish 69 frat, an Lint Demetio Taco, Publacain de Cane iu igen ele os Castertomaet {San fae, 1977). Woodend as made some pref toulition stiches ofthe Chivers veatsin-Ciseinints de polices en Caxtro Auden dutantels pres ita dels Gale ‘Cacoemdeccawsctonal tnvatgc ecient yetnadan ntl fac” Movin {ig} 397251: nd Population vad Development Guster: shyo~ v8” SECOLAS ‘ah a8 fh hich ees plan a A soe try wd the Conseviive of Congreso Ceatonnarkano de Hitt Denotes, cause y Soil (unte Biss, CAR gz, Enron dentro contranericeas (an ont 628) 11 The Hatortnt Demaraphy of Hiaklond Gaateral (Albany. 384) m anit | AUGUST | WALPH LEE WOODWARD, J& stems that mainly emphasize women’ vale in revolution, but the quality of this work lias not yet achieved 2 very high level " ‘The history of labor in. Central Ameriea has oaly beg to be told. Int some promising vesearch has taken place unclereilfieult conditions. Vlad amie de La Cruz offs a brief introductory outline of origins of the Inbox ‘union movement in Gentsal America, especially Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica.” Slightly move comprehensive on Honduras is Vietor Meza’s Historia del mavinuento obrera londureno,"* but Marto Rosas’ series of monographs has extended Honduran labor history to greater depths ™ Aristides Augusto Latins fine review of Salvadoran labor history, 1918-67, also includes a useful analysis of Salvadoran land temure prab- lenis fram éhe colonial period through the mictwentieth century.” For Costa Rica, Carlos Luis Fallas Monge has dealt ably with the nineteenth century,” followed by Vladimir de la Cruz. on the period from 1870 to 1930, in which lee details the development of the Costa Rtcan labor mave: rent and early confi ppany-"'To some early work done én the Guatemalan labor mov the 1950s has been added Antonio Obando Sinche2’s Memarias on the twentieth-centary development of the labar movement in that country.” A major advance ithe history of Guatemalan rural labor systems is be made by David MeCreery." Beyond Rui Stnchers woe on thecal pdb cen got MeCerys oe article om pretation 17, tee nce Hite sores ent wenn in Cent Atserta Bistury. Te paleations ow wena ib resokuti eende News de Hee Eat Jnr endo revalicionslondata Mesa ty, sea) Elosheth Mier Nese fe Js a roshacn Mesisn Cay. 29h) atl Norges Raval. Tse cats eset ‘tinned lame leraaana de hay Medes Cy, 8) {i Aponte are le Aitr al mouimtente ror ceatomieene (esueia. tuo). Aare on Ratan labor hstry stn ape in No. athe Restle de tnd (Cots Bis on wh e,Togscel. 186. J bans with ennai abe Ast Hendon Feecatin f Liban gee Latha det mnolniente arora touderes (San fost, sgh; Cache Mein enya tna en Handaves,sogqnte Meme, noi El neuen co ano lands. Uso perpecie ven egrigsios 195 ‘stato del mounients snieal de E.Svlne La Universi (1 Sle Boa Gus—ang 3670) 135-173 ign "apes pc ue ints del mayinota ober en Costa Rx Sila NES Re sista dete Uniertded de Cota Bien, 4-7 (Jly~Dee gp. gyn. 5 Les lucas scien em Coase Res 1S90~a4q0 fom fone x96. See sly ven Bache, Le pli nena on Carta Bae. oir Je, 2678, Neen oe Me diva, drzescuoty sbvermcortariinae,10~ sg (San Jos 198, oe the But wane ‘of comune prefect nulnolime ptr hatory of Coste Benn labs, Hitt rica es echtepopuleres en Coste Bee, wbya-ng3e tS fone. 990). By Atemoras hort eb acini obverse Goatele ca ate sil (Gusterla ow. 104) go 'Dat Seewtude tn Rural Gusts, 1678-noyh.” HAHR, 63:4 (Nov au) 1387180 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODEHN CENTRAL AMERICA 3 Independence and State Building Sonte of the most exciting recent research has heen done on the tur buleut period of national independence and the ihfated United Provinees of Central America, While « number of Marxist and other scholars have argued thi incipient and potential revolts from Indian and mestize peas- auits have heen a reality in Ceubral American history since the eighteenth century,” Jorge Lujin Mufoz, in a petveptive interpretation of the in dependence period providing a genetal averview of the political situa tion, economic syste, and social stuucture in the late eighteenth and catly nineteenth centaties, argues persuasively that Tndian revolts of the period had litle or nathing to da with the movement for independence in the kingdom’ eapital.” Undoubtedly the most important work, however, on the indepen dence period is Mario Roduiguez, The Cédis Experiment in Contral America, 1808-2826." More than simply a study af the Gidiz goveru. inent’sand constitution’ immediate impact in Central America. Rodrigae7 has wnitten a major work on its influence all across Latin America, which explains much of the origin of wineteenth-century liberalism andl the con. Aiets that scarred the isthmus for much of the remainder of the century acl beyond, isa work that goes consicerably beyand Jorge Mario Garcia Laguardias very fine, but more narrow, monograph showing Guatem: reaction to the call for veformy in 1808." These works conpleinent the €2 lier excellent bioxeaphy of José Cealio del Valle by Lovis Bumngartner ‘hat described his role in bringing the Enlightenment t Central Ameri- ‘an polities and institutions." foure Wicelecky Boson anions ee lucha endian cu Navan, de Ci isos o Joann Zao, igus. 1482 (Mesieo Ct, 1974, Severn Meriner elien "Las otis ee india en el pet colonial xustrltec,” drt, Core Centrmulenna de Histors Desiupria, Beandmica v Socal, Eman de hist cantvcamer eat, "Ls sl Teva de lon Zendiles,” Bema ide San Calor de Guster 14:5 gy) ry-niged 104 ligrsh 205-178, Suis and detent Tete Bs Po ‘Monae ea fe faractin wel etado nacional en Centranmericn (Sm Jove 49 12 Aportucies al esticin de be ndepelenca ak Cauteanetot, Hanaias, ue sarah 050-697. 99, Bevkele, 199 See ol Ravers La cmprace de Betéa cu nce pespecticn (Gate City gh). shies pices the Gately Blo anspor” tne rape pee spective of Wve Cte. clon al the diviion het eles and petals a i tet iy Cem ‘ge Lan corns dle Cis a comstituciin de wi (Sa fe, ag. Gaia caries Wie wont sanewhat fee ns Grigenes elvan eowatnael vie Avverien {Sun Joe, 1974) 1. fa del Vie of Control Ameren (sham. tg) Bam Lie Hinde, fae Coun del Valle, Fanche de Centon hoi Bane police Bitavien [Costes Cy, “efi ollrs vome sedition igs om del Walle, snd Peusmntent ees de Fost Ceci det Ville stecci yd de foe Helio Vee. 20 el (an Jose 3970), oan exelent rthology of law wating and synths of his ides, 474 HAHM | AUGUST | RALPH CEE WOODWARD, pi. A number of articles have Brought some elarity to the confused events surrounding independence from Spain and Mexico and the establishment ofthe fnst Central American republic. Nettie Lee Benson and Charles R Berry detail the backgrounds and origins of the Central American repre- sentatives in the Mextean Congress of the Iturbide period, suggesting the kind of data thar ean be compiled on the iesding political individeals and families * Herndn G. Peralta’s work on Casta Rica dueing the Ieurbide pe- riod is thoroughly tesearched and provides a good indication af the pops larity of monarchy among many Latin. Americans at the time of iudepen- dence The role of the first Central American Constituent Gangress dealt with in detail by Andrés Townsend Ezcurva, Las Pravincias Unidas de Centroomérica, is a substantial amplification of his 1958 book of the same title. Philip Fleraion has written a vahiabie revisionist article on Manuel José Arce that presents him ay a sincere nationalist rather than a betrayer of Liberalism as he has so often been portrayed in Central American works. And Mauricio Dominguez’ article on the controversial question of the Salvadoran bishopric sheds futher light on one of the ‘ost important issues in the period." A.collection of aticles on Central American independence in a Nicara- guan anthology commemorating the sesguicentennial af Central Amevi- ean independence contains mostly reprints of eater works, but includes four new articles. Especially valuable among these is Geninin Romero's discussion of the Nicaraguan elite in the eighteenth century" Note~ vwarthy, too, is Chester Zelaya Goodmans critical analysis of Nicaraguan institutional and political development in the independence. period." Miich more detailed are the first to volumes in Jos# Coronel Urtecka's biojected history of independent Nicaragua. Subsequent volumes were never published, but these Rrst two provide tmmense detail an the rst years of independence (18208), emphastzlng economic and social fuctors, and providing a good historiographical survey." Rafzel Obregén Loria wrote a synthesis of the Central American mdependence movement, with «6 “The Cents Awsigey Dele tothe Fiot Costivent Cusco of Mase, vest AIM yg (Nor 1 Os— 702 sind hte Conn Bn ed eel an Jost SB Loe Poca Unie de Conran: Eva de fe Bayan (Sa Ts wn So Slates ar yan Pies. Manel Ace the Shue fr Cental Ameen Ua Had ay Ny 7g). nh To “El chp de Si Sado de dese ean elie,” Aamo de Estate euronmarcnen, aga Sy ToL “Lasratecracie mosreptcse oil XVI" Sexgtcononri de indepen serie Cesrmncisy oe sepmine,sasmtgpt iba apy mga) Tos Nesrgan ea flpendeni fn Joe 7) Woy, React a torre Nir Geno Sonic 2 vel Leh, sai) Ha te tates See denne Mesos tap Re HISTORIOGHAPHY OF MODERN GENTRAL AMERICA “5 special emphasis on Costa Rica, and useful accounts of individual states, in the nineteenth century are headed by that of José Luis Vega Carballos ‘on. the forniation of the Costa Rican state.'® Rodalf Cordas Graz has ‘written the major Marxist interpretation of the early independence pe riod of Casta Rican history. Cerdas discusses several competing thearies ‘of Costa Rican state development, favoring that of class struggle; his stay runs from the colonial periad through the end of the Branlio Gavrflo dic tatorship of the 1830s, The era of independence has continued to inspire biographers of the principal actors, some of which advance our knowledge af the period sis: nificantly. Miguel Angel Duréns wark on José Matias Deluado, far ex- ample, although undocumented, is well organized, informative, and abe jective." Tt is suxpassed, however, by Radallo Bardn Castro’ pereep tive, prize-winaing, work on Delgaco, based on research in Spanish ar- chives, which makes clear the Spanish encouragement of lucalisns on the eve of independence, helping to foster the regional fragmentation of the subsequent Central American union. Chester Zelaya biographical study of Rafael Francisco Osejo, an unfluential Nicaraguan lawyer, edu ator, aud politician m Costa Rica in the easly nineteenth century is particularly well dove." A biography of Oseja’ rtval in Costa Rican eauly national development, José Santos Lombardo, was vnitien by Oseae Aguilar Bulgarelli," José Reina Valenzuela provides a biography of che important Honduran savant and leader in the early dependence period, Dionsia ¢e Herrera," as does Rémulo Durén for Joaquin Rivera Rivera was a Honduran Liberal unianist, but alsa « defender of the tn dlians. A useful biogeaphy of a Salvadoran Liberal priest, who played an active and important rale in the early nineteenth century and eventually codified the laws of El Salvador and Costa Rica, is Jorge Lardeé y Lavin’ Isidro Mendude.\" Fiita Gowseronilora de! Peasumisato Geatroavierican, 29:13¢ (8711, 29-49 provides an ‘veelent stesso Nieaayts ely atonal ptieal hse 1. Be rvestenhstora pati: Le prover lo de indeponcevts (So Tos, 2974 1g. La formuciin at estado acinaat en Coste Bua {San ore, ist), vee ala J C Pte Sein, Contraomceice, dla coli testa meio na, 186-18 (stele Cay 1950 a8. Bormacidin text oa Coste Rica, al al. (Cea! Univaritara, Gusts i, vo toy. Awseuci y presenci d fod Maties Dela eu el prowess covisepudar Hiterks soledora Sn Salvo, ag to foue Matos Deg el viowuninte mmrgente de Bs (San Saban, aye) toy EF Iuclillor Quy, 2 vols. (Sa lov wth fas Santon Lord (Sa Jon, 9731 2 EL pres Dionisio de Herrera kurta Monte CTegucialys 19. 1 Da foun Rica ys tempo Teueel, 495). ig, Sue Sin, 1995, 498 Jzaum | AUGUST | RALPH LEE WOODWARD, 11 ‘The federation attempt also attracted a few noteworthy: writings Robert $. Smith documented the fiuaneial mtsmanagerment of the feder ton, but refuted arguments that the British lon wis a major burden om the vepublie, since none of it was repakd during that period. Smith, an economist, helieved noneconamie dffeulties may have been more impat tant for failure of fedexation than esonamnie problems." A new edition of amas L, Kamnes’s Failere of Galan appeared in 1976, updating the story of the repeated attempts to restore the Genta! American union, skillfully weaving together threads of international, rexional, anel domestic policy Kames sine the failure as resulting from an inahility to create successfat reprerentative goverument in each of the Central American states, ex treme natianalisa, and Costa Rican isolationism used upan a feeling of superiority. He regarded economic factors as less important, Dut was pes slmistic about the future of Gential Ametican union. ‘The critical years presided over by Maviano Gillvez were the subject ‘of a number of important studies. Jorge Luis Anriola’s biography’ of the Guatemalan Liberal governor of the 1839s praises him for his idealistic belief in political freestom and social progress and reproduces many dct nents of the periad."" Miriam Willifords dissertation on the Galvez re- forms produced several perceptive articles on the nature of the ently Guatemalan Liberalism that provide insight inte: the controversial pe- riod. Marto Rochsiquez's penetrating analysis of the Livingston Codes; ‘enyphasizes the role af fosé Frameisco Barrandla sn those reforms and the ‘extent to which Anglo-American institutions hae! impressed the Liber als? ‘This theme t developed to much greater length by Willian § Griffith in his Empires in the Wilderness, 2 meticnlons study of British ceffovts ty establish a colony on the eastern coast of Central Ameri praviding muck insight into the whole question of British conmeveial and territorial insperialism in eatly aineteenth-century Central America." sng “Pra dhe Cents American Feta, Bat gh, ANE, 4954 Aa. x Tig, He Rte of nin: Cente Ameria, thap—tyfi Chapel Hil, yf, ee C8) Calo te 2. the etary fds (Msi City, iy rani of Dk, Marion Culven, ChieteabState of Guten (8h Dig. Tehute University, ayfh “The Fdueatonal Ifa of Be Me les,” Jawrnel of Faoe-Amortinn Stach, neg Chal AS ty —73 ane Tas Coes va etna Tee Soeial Relor of Marsa Cilbea, e Apphud Ealihacmn el Cendury Laberalien (Ness Oslems. 1979), 59-31 118. The Living Ces inthe Costes Cabs of 7g" Applied Ea Iedtowmeat. 1-9 1g. Enis uae Wldorvan,Funee Gentzation ane Denese in Cantona agg (Capel Hal, sof) lvoe vie of te yeas quetin o y Grilith in Atitdes Trward Foreign Colocation. The Evaaton af Nineteen {Cautury Gustenabin Favsigatin Polis. ma Apped Ealielteament. 70-30 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 47 [have dealt with internal aspects of the Guatemalan econamy in a study of the Consulada de Cometeio, which survived in Guatemala until 1871.2" A major reference work on the church compiled by Agustin Es- trada Monroy is useful for this period, as well as the colonial era, since it extends through the administration of Archbishop Francisca de Paula Garcia Peléez."" Craig, Dozier’s account af the Mosquito Shore elaborates in a broader context on Griiths story of British colonization, and shaws hovr the United States contmued that development in Nicaragea well into the present century. The British involvement in Central American his- tory {s finther elucidated by Mario Rodrigues. in his classic biography of Frederick Chatfield, detailing the career of Britain’ ubiquitous consul in Centval America ftom 1534 t9 1852, who often pursued British interests ‘more aggressively thao London wished."® In addition, Robert Naylor has contributed to understanding the economic role of Geeat Britain in Cen. tral America during the first half of the nineteenth centuey in a pair of auticles outlining British commercial activities on the Caribbean shore." British approsches to this activity are presented by R. A. Hhmaphreys™ and David Waddell. ‘The first 50 years of independence in Centeal America have been re- viewed by me in The Gambridge History of Latin Aimerica, challem many of the traditional accounts by Liberal historians." Supportin interpretation proposed by F. Bradford Burns in his Poverty of Prog ess, Lexplare Conservative as well as Liberal development plans, and 120. Clase Prelge end Beanonte Deoclopment. The Contulade de Camera of Guntemals, 1759-185 (Chapel Hl, 4965), pubohad de Spa ection ln Sa foe Wit, nt added ocamentary apendaes a Detas ya lo hora def leven Guatemala (Grats Cay, 979 Uk Wnwosars Mosgite Stone The besovej Beth nd Arncon Beeserce (ive sty, A, 3) Jas AFulmerstonton Dpdowat tn Central Auseitea Eradertch Chath, Exg. Tucson ssh ag “The Bish len Cental Aneica Pi tothe Claylen Beller Treaty of 185, atta 9 hug. gn}, 963-98. "The MalepinyTeae a Factor nthe But ete tothe Morgue shart the Socnd Quite ofthe iat Century Ts famalons Rito ect 71! tif 40-57. See ale Nears 1098 Tare Univeraty FD iss" Betish Sonnectol Rel tats ith Gated Aevetten, 851 98. op AngbsAnersea Rashes te Cantal Asc in Prodiow nd Rol in Eatin meth and Other Est New York igi 94s 1, “Great Bran andthe Bay Llc, 18a. -010° The atrial ogra: Cah 59-77 Sue io Willan V Dsvulon, Haterz Goosen of he Bo felands, Hoare Mecatupunic Confit in the Weseta Ca bbeon Bawunglat, 7 tap. eutil Atte igs ulpendonce sgn The Cambedge hay of Ein Ararin Lese Bethel ed fCamae, 1984). Mh grt-ge Vhavecated i i, Se ofthe Literal a Coral Amen tary Rake The faceted Decle of Tibetan: Conta Avent Hintaled Perspecdves onthe Contemporary Cie, Jour tel fateohnercanStadinc and World Affe 9 (i984), 298-302 D5 Te Bovrty of Prose Lats Amerie it the Niaiseath Century (Beseley ob 48 HAHE | AUGUST | KALPH LEE WOODWARD, JR describe the violent peasant uprisings that occurred against the Liberal reforms, Clemente Marrogutin Rojis's Francisca Morazén y Rafael Ge rrera,! although bombastic and unscholarly, hae already suggested a part ‘of this approach in its revisionist interpretation of Moraz4n and Casrera, rejecting Liberal glorification of Morazin and beginning with the ve evaluation of Carrera which has so long beeu needed in Guatemalan his toriography. More learned and convincing is Luis Belttanena Sinibaldi’s strong defense of the ninetcenth-century Conservatives and af Carvers, in particular." Very useful for its factual detail, if not its relative lack of interpretation, is Pedro Tobar Cruz, Los mantarieses, hut even more thoraugh is the unpublished disse:tation of Hazel Ingersol* Pedro Joa- guin Chamorra’s Frato Chamorro is a thoraugh study of the founder of the Nicaraguan Conservative party." Favarable to Chamorro, the work is thoroughly researched, although undocumented except with bibliogra- phies for exch chapter: ‘The Anglo-American rivaley for an interoceanie route and the William Walker episode have continued to attract historical writings at all levels Several Central and Narth American authors have reevaluated Walker's career, hut except for Albert Carr's teresting, attempt at psycho. ag, Guatemala Cie, eg, gp. Pundaca da te Reptlien de Guotenela (Gusts City, 1971) This peso ia Cuptettsae Mutory has heen tested by te a om aie, "Seal [evoltioa Ih Gute tala The Carsars Reval ky Apated Eolghtonucn), 4j=pu aod “Larabie, Co atm, atid the Besponse ofthe Peasant of La Btontaa the Goveinaent af Gates Mist gh." lautaron Socey in Me Amerie, 129 (Fel agg roy tay See asa Kesh Miceli, Batbel Carvers. Defender si Promoner of Peosint fwteves hc Cute, 1897-1645" The Anercns, 341 (Tul ag73) 72-45, igh Bal, Guster Cy, 1959 232. The Whe uf the Mountain, A Stuy of eactary Peosent lasurgescy én Cuatee raat, 18Q7— pq" (George Woshangton Unversity, 9472) ‘ig. Musas, 198 2 Natty j Bicsrdg Dues Sereren, queera tone, 24 el (Su Saleen, 1963). unique Guser, Wien Walker (So Jin, Topi atd Federc Rowegaten, Jr, Biecheevs Mar Dio! The Lifucual Duth uf Wilan Walker the Moat Notonens Faia ofthe Nortech Century (Ase, PA. 1996) Ale ideo Huta Chamorvo, Wim Walr: feels y aroganto {Maasive, 196g) ate Ue Walder ss nat stay at ext adventoger av fe fy ates been preven an Cantel ‘atierean hstoregephy, bt an estat deternined fates Cental Amerie the Uuited States tna He Seater states. The wad fas denwn Newly fr Cantal Aseria ba tevtngapiy and does 4 good job of recanstancting CeatealAneeun pote of the per, Thor her of Walker, ck origi research, rena street Beka Gever has published several wrk om the Waller epee. peeing the Wrst éecesns beng 6 £1 flbuacare Clinton Rolie (Masa, 17) 50 wiih be exposes Reus. 50 prety an auciste of Welker, Hie pseudonym of LC. baibhurst nd is aes of Walker se fctens Belasor tsa tale aed J ©. Jaa, ion Walon Mar uu say 1gr7} nd TN Soot, Eltestinane de Scot (Mansa, (575) HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA a9 history." they auld little to what is mot found in Seroggs’s early work. ‘There are aspects of the Anglo-American rivalry over the interaceanic route that have stimulated important historical research, Charles Stow sifer’s definitive study of B, G, Squier, the controversial U.S. envoy to Central Amenica, is one example," Several warks on Manifest Destiny in Central Ameriea lave also deepened our understanding of the role played by the United States tn the period before the U.S. Chal War." Other important warks on the effort ta develop an interaceanie route that have extended the story beyond the diplomatic and military history to diseuss social and economic change include Joseph L. Schott’s Rails Across Pan- cama, and David Folkman’s The Nicaragua Route. Au interesting work lon nivetecuth-century French interest inthe istlamys is Cyn Allens work on Félix Belly and the repeated, successtul US. effarts to fustrate his efforts." ‘The years following the Walker episode hal been almost entirely ne- lected nefore 1960, but several works have begun to reconstruct that inn portant period that preceded the Liberal Reforma. The impact af the cholera epidemic brought back to Casta Riea by troops in the Niearaga canypaign his been described by Germin Tjarks and others. A similar study is weeded for Guatemala. Pedvo J. Cuadea Chamorra has given ws 2 careful study ofthe role of Gerardo Barrios and his unionist efort of 1863, biaming correctly Guatemala’ strong antiunionist sentiment under Cx nera for the falore af the movement "Italo Léper Vallecills’ full-scale rag, Albert Cave, The World aud Wit Walker (New Yor, 46 296. Fulbuutare nd Eomactve: De Str of Willis Wallan! his Accototes {Nase York, gz" phan George Suen: Divert spect de ot cient en Centuvansicy.” Re asta Conaortadavn del Pasarionto Coutsramericao. 20:08 (Ne uf). See ae bt er ‘on Squiery exotic actives te Honduras, E, George Siler ad the Hosalaras tte Geeanie Tafel Prsect ATR. 46" (Pe, ugh, sap. 138 KW May Te Soushein Destas fe Cavieen Bapive, sge-e860 (Bato Fou, 1e3)-T Wall Manifest Destiny Dead: Amex ice ure Me eatin s Mena (ashing, ag8s). and CoH. Benn, Asents af Afaafee Destin, The Lies and Tues of te Fildusters (Chapel Mil, 4) See alsa Lester Lule, Steer the amor Med Inovronean: Unit Stateefxeneon Rican hn the Cillian. 1776 ug (athe, A) oy. Rule Aerass Panama The Stan af the Bade of the Paria Retro a) igs (Nese So, 1657) ans Phe Ninna Bena Salt ake Cty. agra at. Braue in Centre! Amven: Blix bly end the Niewrognat Cano! (New York 6) 42.“ epiesua del esa deg ot ol le Caner Analisis y conse de roti” Revit fe Histuran 929 (Agr). 94-189 {ug "La naionalidad ceutocinerici» a seets dl 63," Henin Conser cave det Benuimicata Centramerizaia, 2a epi, ga (July Wf). Bo HaHR | AUCUST | RALPH LEE WOODWARD, JR biography of Barrios and his times, however, is the most complete work: ‘on that period in Bl Salvador. A provocative essay by José Abdulla dero explains Costa Rica's emerging natfomalism in terms af ts relative s0- lation anid autonomy during the coloniat perfod, its movement for mde: pendence, and its development of a national educational system. "* Aud Samuel Stone's careful and well-documented stuely of coffee production in Costa Rica fiom the 1840s on reveals the importance ef the colonial elite in this activity,“ Carlos Melénder's fine work on Montealegre reveals the significant role ofthis English-traimed physician who presided over Costa Rica following the fall of Juan Raftel Mora, m that country’s transition from conservatism to hbetalism."” For Guatemala, Wayne Clegetn has concisely, but perceptively, identified the transitional quality of the ceate Cera regime between the reactionary conservatisn of Carrera and the eadical liberalism of Justo Rufino Barvios.'™* Nicaragua’ delayed Gon: sevvative years are reflected in Franco Gernutis detailed study of the Jesuits in nineteenth-century Nicaragua ‘” Jorge Mario Garefa Laguardia provides a competent synthesis and documentary study of the Reforma in Guatemala ® Also usefu! is his a thology, with a long analytical intraduetion, of the peineipal Liberal writ ings of the era." Rather belated publication of an earlier doctoral disser tation by Thomas Herrick provides us with cue af the mast thorough accounts of the economic and political sequence of events in the Barrios administration. More interpretive and getting at the heart of the Liberal development philasopliy, however, is David MeCreery’s study of Baris’ Development Ministry.” Hubert Miller reveals the importance of post tivism to Guatemalan educational reforia in the Barrios period," but the 4g: Gertie Harrice yan tana, vols (San Salto, 196 15. Et sor dla nacional cosiarrzonsa (Mali whge 24 etl. Su José, 198s) 46. "Los ecealerog. Un extn de los exGculenes de Conta Bice” rete Ceangr nore del Poavanonts Cestronaericano, 2B 426 (Ma 197th 113t 7. Dir Juss Marie Montene, Coxtnbeten a etude de an hurabre w v0 doce oon conus de unesta bistrea Sa Jose, 29658). 146. “Truaition tram Consens Lidetallan uy Guaevoala, a5~t27e,” iy HisyenteAmerigon Brongn Bano” of Mat Loon Moric, Willi §- Cake, el (Beane. ‘ol, 1979). 98120, also guished in Spanish the Rewsto Conserendore del Pewsannente (Centracnurian, 3.19 675), 60-55, 4s, Ta ents es Marine sta XE (Sa. oe 136. En Hofer Liberal en Guotemele Vide alten 9 Srdan conaiacione (Grate mala Cay, e973) 1g Bl ensigns liberate Guotenale: Antonia San Jose, 1972) 132, Desorralt conus police de Gaatemae drautee! yortra de juste Bihan Burts: 15711885 (Guatemala ry, 1974). 135. Developm mid the State Moforne Guetanila, rpa~ 185 (hens, OF, ss 154. “Pastivsn and Educational Refers i Guatenala, 1871-2885," A Journal of Chavet and State 5:2 Spring 1g, 251-28 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 4t most thorough study of positvisnt in Central America is Jess Anmirrio's El positioiona en. Guatemala." Miller hus forther given us a thorough examination of church-state relations in the Guatemalan Reforma, ® but a tanmber of Central Americans have also examined the church in Liberal Centrat America: Rodolfo Cardenal provides an outline of twentieth- century Honduran church history, emphasizing the entry of foreign clergy and capital and the decline in ceclesiastical influence in Honduran society" More substantial is Cardenal’s ecclesiastical history of El Sal: vador ftom 1871 to 1931, a halanced history of chareb-state velations that enaphasizes the anticlericalism of Salvadoran Liberals, followed by the al- liance of the coffee elite with a servile clergy." Jorge Eduardo Arellano has briefly surveyed the history of the Niearaguan church, while Bieardo Blanco Segura has written a number of useful anecdotal works an the his tory of the church in Gosta Rica." Manuel Castrillo Gamez, Reseiia histérica de Nicaragua, despite the title, covers only s887~95, 2 critieal period in. Nicaraguan history documenting in considerzhle detail the transition from Nicaraguan en lightened conservatism to the new liberalism of J. 8, Zelaya, This wel: documented and abjective contribution to Central American historiogr phy pays considerable attention to the question of the incorporation of Mosquitia into Nieaeagua dvring this peried. On this question, there is also an excellent article by Gary M. Ross." Very usefil, too, is Pedro Joa quin Chamorro’s Enrique Guzmén y st tiempa," concerning a Liberal fiznre who became a Cunservative opponent of Zelaya. Chamarro’ te: count and necompanying dacuments offer some valuable insights on the period. And Charles Stansifer hus written a fine review of the Zelaya era, presenting 2 mare sympathetic view than many North Americans have formerly given of bia." 455, Gustesals City, uf. Le ile cotton y ef etada ex Gnatevalo, 181-1845 (Gaterla City. 1975) 157. Acorsacimients sobresdentes de i ist dle Honduens top ts. Prue uso ora laboracidn de wea histata de te esi hondorote Clegucelgs. nd [0471). 198 El par ecesastioy on RL Steele, 871g a Salva, 1980) 359, Avllang, Bova hire la iglesia on Narain, 1535-2479 (Momagu, Ig) Blovce Segura, Hutorin cestode Caste Mice de dasaranicnts be erence eto iscsi, #502" #950 (San Jase, 1967) 08: 2l eater, lee ls reformas torales Se ose, so and lispor, ersobiqo, 1 reprasen‘antr dla Sante Sede on Costa Rica at 198) 160 Manag 1980 ot. “Moujtoadlane and Anglo-Americn dilomsey"in eran Studie (Palla, Way. 35°9 Seat 2967), 929-255 1 Mavatn, 1365 1, “Tose Satis Zoloy: A Now Look at Nicooqu' Liberal Dict” feist te: famercane 7 (all 1479), 488-85. Aloo useful is Benj Teplios "The Peleal ond enone Foundations of Mederatzatta ta Mearagia: The Adirnistestions of Jose Santos elas 1Bq5~ 1994 (PRD. des, Honaed Univers, 2975) 482 HAH | AUGUST [ RALPH LER WooowanD, Jt The long Guatemalan Liberal dictatorship of Manuel Estrada Calera has not yet been adequately studied, but Jose: Lizardo Diaz’ account of the 1996 revolution, although unscholatly and uneven in quality, contains much of value for any sveh study, including many official documents, tele ams, and «ther sources, and the memeins of Dr. Vietor Manuel Cal- derén, a participant in the 1996 conflict." Similarly, Néstor Enrique Alvarado provider « detailed and revealing account of the Honduran Revolution of 1919." A very useful biography of one of Costa Rica’s key fygures in the eatly twentieth century és Euyenta Rodriguez Ves's work ‘on Hicarde finner Oreanuny." Similarly valuable ts Oscar R. Axuil: Bulgarellis article on Alfred Gonzalez Flores," a splendid anal President Gonzilez’ controversial administration (1gn4~17) and th tary coup of Federico Tineco, On Tinoco, bewever, the miast important recent work is that of Hugo Murillo," useful for showing the relationship with the United States in the Tinoco revolution, If the political history of the Liberal era remains as yet imperfectly told, the last quarter century has produced seme impressive advances tn research on ecename and social development. Lowell Gudmndsom has done especially fomportant work on the soclaeconumne histary of dependent Costa Rica, revising the arth of Costa Rican egolitse fom.“ Carolyn Hall’ Oxford dissertation tells the story of the remarkable growth of coffee under both Conservative and Liheral regimes iv Cos ics; she followed that up with a comprehensive description of a single caffe estate." In addition, Mavio Samper Kutehbach lias provided a de tailed social history of coffee in Gosta Rica." Jutio Castellanos Gambra- 164 Bobs Covert Bailey Besa, Lr elute ener Caso Sa Sa eden y transac on 1906 (Guaterrals Cas 96 le revubradn de 35 equi. 9h Ist e donRierd (San Jon, gy see hs wack om wore rent Cat leat entory, De Golder « Feoves San Sone. 1h) and Sete enayespoteon: Peete dele demactta sie ou Costa fice San ose, 1b iy Lo figs contrat de cet Alftaby Grates Flares” Rei de a Uaivornidad de Coots ica. Jey 199th 37-380, 68 Taco ln Bata Uni: Cees end deo réginen (8 Jd, ah). 19, Casto Bea Before Coffe: Secety wad Econana on the Es af the xjart Bons (Baton Rouge, tg8t, See also Gudmundeons thacentadat. poltons yrecarstn La faders Fein aanecusteco, oo~ toe (San fs, ail and hi Nae We tiie besten socrecouomia rstarceue sl ciel expan oes, evita dele Oniversadad de Costa Rice, =f =Jane 1977) 14 IR. Spo El eflirfdmrvila honing te ate len a Jo, Fort ci dee Bacio fear, B= (San Ju. pH) A slut of Hall, Get eters, flo mde tor contrib wih het “La fru tert de a Bets sivndes decd Is Messta Genta Estee Ua Bina aura (B8—sgggl,” Reo de Tistrn ge fio. t= Lu pradcaves ect eno sic de as" Rete de Cainer le Coste ic. 4:7 {July ee 3978), 439-217 a8 one oprelind La euecalnci cre HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN CENTRAL AMERICA 489 nes" and David MeCxeery™ provide much new data on the nature of the coffee elite and their influence in nineteenth-ccutury Guatemala Thei strong interpretive statements 99 well beyond the valvable aecuntulation of data in Manuel Rubio Sanchez’ massive study on the praduction and commerce in coffee." Cire Cardoso also purstied the topic bath in Costa ict and in Central America generally, and his “Historia econdmica del café en Centroamérica. Siglo XIX, estuclio comparativo” provides 2 good introduction as well as preliminary comparative foeus on geography, fac- tory of production, labor, capital, and cofiee technology for Costa Rica, Guatemala, andl El Salvador." Ou a related topic, Manuel A, Solis shows the importance of the sugar industry in development of agroexport de- pendence and heavy involvement of foreigners in that transition in Costa Rica." Jeffrey Casey Gaspar has done some careful and informative stud fes on agroexport development on Costa Ries's Carthhean fowlands, in Which he diseusses social as wall as economic history in well-documented accounts." E. Bradford Burns hes again illustrated haw valuable travel accounts can be to the historian as be documents the decline in standards of living for most Salvadorans in the face of rising agroexports between 1838 and 1931." And McGreevy has recently made a further important

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