Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT-2
Poisson Bracket:
Consider a system having ' 𝑛 ' degree of freedom. ie,
it has 𝑛 generalized co-ordinate
𝑑𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐹
= ∑𝑘 𝑞˙𝑘 + ∑𝑘 𝑝˙𝑘 +
𝑑𝑡 ∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑡
𝑑𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐹
= ∑𝑘 ( ) + ∑𝐾 (− )+
𝑑𝑡 ∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑡
𝑑𝐹 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐹 ∂𝐻 ∂𝐹
= ∑𝑘 ( − )+
𝑑𝑡 ∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝐾 ∂𝑡
𝑑𝐹 ∂𝐹
= {𝑭, 𝑯} +
𝑑𝑡 ∂𝑡
Where {𝑭, 𝑯} is known as Polsson bracket of 𝑭 and 𝑯
∂𝑭
⇒ {𝑭, 𝑯} + =0
∂𝑡
(ii) If 𝐹 is not depending upon time explicitly.
∂𝐹
Means =0
∂𝑡
𝑑𝐹
⇒ = {𝑭, 𝑯}
𝑑𝑡
(iii) If 𝐹 is constant of motion and doesn't depend upon time
explicitly.
Means
𝑑𝐹
=0
𝑑𝑡
∂𝐹
=0
∂𝑡
⇒ {𝑭, 𝑯} = 𝟎
∂𝑓 ∂𝑔 ∂𝑓 ∂𝑔
[𝑓, 𝑔]𝑞,𝑝 = ∑𝑘 [ − ]
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
∂𝐴 ∂𝐵 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐵
{𝐴, 𝐵} = ∑ ( − )
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
𝑘
Properties:
∂𝐴 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐴 ∂𝐴
{𝐴, 𝐴} = Σ𝑘 ( − )=0
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
Where 𝛼 = Constant
∂𝐴 ∂𝛼 ∂𝐴 ∂𝛼
{𝐴, 𝛼} = ∑ ( − )=0
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
𝑘
{𝐴, 𝐵} = −{𝐵, 𝐴}
∂𝐴 ∂𝑞𝑖 ∂𝐴 ∂𝑞𝑖
{𝐴, 𝑞𝑖 } = ∑𝑘 ( − )
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
∂𝑞𝑖
=0
∂𝑝𝑘
∂𝐴 ∂𝑞𝑙
{𝐴, 𝑞𝑖 } = −∑𝑘
∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
∂𝐴
= −∑ 𝛿 Kroncher Delta
∂𝑝𝑘 𝑙𝑘
𝑘
∂𝐴 1 𝑖=𝑘
{𝐴, 𝑞𝑖 } = − 𝛿𝑖𝑘 = {
∂𝑝𝑖 0 𝑖≠𝑘
∂𝐴 ∂𝑝𝑙 ∂𝐴 ∂𝑝𝑙
{𝐴, 𝑝𝑖 } = ∑𝑘 ( − )
∂𝑞𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑝𝑘 ∂𝑞𝑘
∂𝐴
= ∑𝑘 𝛿
∂𝑞𝑘 𝑖𝑘
∂𝐴
=
∂𝑞𝑖
KS ACADEMY, SALEM. CONTACT: 9047767620, 8148891005 &
9042976707
K S ACADEMY, SALEM
AP TRB, PG TRB, POLY TRB, UG TRB & TNSET -
COACHING CENTRE FOR PHYSICS
{𝑞𝑖 , 𝑝𝑗 } = 𝛿𝑖𝑗
Ex:
{𝑞2 , 𝑞3 } = 0
{𝑞4 , 𝑝4 } = 1
∂ ∂𝐹 ∂𝐺
(10) [𝐹, 𝐺] = [ , 𝐺] + [𝐹, ]
∂𝑡 ∂𝑡 ∂𝑡
(11) [𝐹, [𝐺, 𝐾]] + [𝐺, [𝐾, 𝐹]] + [𝐾, [𝐹, 𝐺]] = 0 (Jacobi's identity)
Identities:
(i) [𝐹, 𝐹] = 0
(vii) [𝐹, [𝐺, 𝐾]] + [𝐺, [𝐾, 𝐹]] + [𝐾, [𝐹; ; 𝐺]] = 0 (Jacobi's identity)
Which gives
{𝑥 , 𝑝𝑥 } = 1, {y , 𝑝𝑦 } = 1, {z , 𝑝𝑧 } = 1
(2) {𝒒𝒊 , 𝒒𝒋 } = 𝟎
Which gives
{𝑥, 𝑥} = 0, {𝑦, 𝑦} = 0, {𝑧 , 𝑧} = 0
{𝑥, 𝑦} = 0, {𝑦 , 𝑧} = 0, {𝑧, 𝑥} = 0
{x, 𝑧} = 0, {𝑦, 𝑥} = 0, {𝑧, 𝑦} = 0
(3) {𝒑𝒊 , 𝑷𝒋 } = 𝟎
Which gives
{𝑃𝑟 , 𝑥 } = 0
{𝑃𝜃 , 𝑃𝜙 } = 0
{𝑃𝜙 , 𝑃𝑧 } = 0
{𝑃𝜃 , 𝑃𝑟 } = 0
KS ACADEMY, SALEM. CONTACT: 9047767620, 8148891005 &
9042976707
K S ACADEMY, SALEM
AP TRB, PG TRB, POLY TRB, UG TRB & TNSET -
COACHING CENTRE FOR PHYSICS
𝟏
Q1) If the Lagrangian of a simple pendulum is 𝑳 = 𝒎𝒍𝟐 𝜽˙𝟐 −
𝟐
𝒎𝒈𝒍(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) then find {𝜽, 𝜽˙} =?
Solution:
Generalized coordinate is 𝜃
∂𝐿
⇒ 𝑃𝜃 =
∂𝜃˙
𝑃𝜃 = 𝑚ℓ2 𝜃˙
𝑃𝜃
𝜃˙ = 2
𝑚𝑙
𝑝𝜃
{𝜃, 𝜃˙} = {𝜃, }
𝑚𝑙2
1 1
{𝜃, 𝜃˙} = {𝜃 , 𝑝𝜃 } =
𝑚𝑙2 𝑚𝑙2
(7) if 123 are in cyclic order then 𝜖123 = 1 and if not cyclic then
𝜖132 = −1.
𝜖231 = 1
𝜖312 = 1
𝜖213 = −1
➱ 𝐿⃗ = r × 𝑃⃗
L = 𝐿𝑥 𝑖ˆ + 𝐿𝑦 𝚥ˆ + 𝐿𝑧 𝑘ˆ = 𝐿1 𝚥ˆ + 𝐿2 𝚥ˆ + 𝐿3 𝑘ˆ
𝐿𝑥 = 𝑦𝑝𝑧 − 𝑧𝑝𝑦
𝐿𝑦 = 𝑧𝑝𝑥 − 𝑥𝑝𝑧
𝐿𝑧 = 𝑥𝑝𝑦 − 𝑦𝑝𝑥
( Or)
𝐿1 = 𝑥2 𝑝3 − 𝑥3 𝑝2
𝐿2 = 𝑥3 𝑝1 − 𝑥1 𝑝3
KS ACADEMY, SALEM. CONTACT: 9047767620, 8148891005 &
9042976707
K S ACADEMY, SALEM
AP TRB, PG TRB, POLY TRB, UG TRB & TNSET -
COACHING CENTRE FOR PHYSICS
𝐿3 = 𝑥1 𝑝2 − 𝑥2 𝑝1
.
.
.
.
Exercise Problems
Ex:1
Ex:2
Ex:3
Find the value of Poisson bracket of {𝐿𝑧 , 𝐿𝑥 }
Ex:4
Ex:5
(iii) {𝐻 + 𝑓, 𝑔}
(iv) {𝐻, 𝐻 + 𝑓𝑔}
∂𝐻
𝑞˙ = = {𝑞, 𝐻}
∂𝑝
− ∂𝐻
𝑝˙ = = {𝑝, 𝐻}
∂𝑞
Proof:
since
Putting 𝐶 = 𝐻