e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical

Engineering, Electronics and Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/prime

Multiple voltage source converters based microgrid with solar photovoltaic

array and battery storage
Sunaina Singh *, Vivek Narayanan , Bhim Singh , B.K. Panigrahi
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a standalone photovoltaic (PV)-battery storage (BS) based microgrid (MG) is presented with a
Dual VSCs 415V-AC bus. The PV array is linked to the main voltage source converter (VSC1) DC-link to maximize power
PV array production in an efficient and cost-effective single-stage structure. This is achieved through an incremental
MPPT-based INC algorithm
conductance (INC) maximum power point (MPP) tracking approach. Moreover, a secondary converter (VSC2) is
PR controller
Battery storage
connected to BS for power flow management. MG performance is evaluated under various operating conditions.
Steady-state and dynamic performances of MG are studied for variations such as changes in solar PV irradiance
and load unbalances.

Introduction There is a growing emphasis on developing renewable energy technol­

As societies globally continue to undergo industrialization and ur­
banization, there is an increase in energy consumption. Several factors
contribute to this trend [1,2].
• Urbanization and Population Growth: The process of urbanization
often involves the migration of people from rural areas to urban
centers. This population shift and overall population growth results
in higher energy demands to meet the needs of growing urban
populations.
• Industrial Development: Industrialization involves the growth of
manufacturing, construction, and other industrial sectors. These
activities require substantial energy inputs for various processes,
machinery, and facilities. As industrialization progresses, energy
consumption tends to rise.
• Rise in Commercial and Residential Energy Use: Urban areas witness
increased commercial buildings, residential complexes, and infra­
structure development. This expansion increases energy consump­
tion for lighting, heating, cooling, electronic devices, and other
necessities.
Conventional energy resources like fossil fuels have been the main
sources of energy for last few decades. On the other hand, these re­
sources have resulted in environmental issues such as air pollution.
Moreover, these resources are limited and cannot replenish itself [3,4].
ogies to address these challenges posed by increasing energy demand
and depletion of conventional resources [5]. These technologies harness
energy from naturally replenishing sources such as solar PV arrays,
biomass, and wind. Among all these RESs, a solar PV source is a better
option to generate electricity than other RESs. Moreover, solar PV sys­
tem is being widely implemented for the integration of linear and
non-linear load linked systems on a large scale [6–9]. Solar PV sources
have many advantages, presented here [10,11].
• Abundant Recourse: Solar energy is abundant in many parts of the
world, making it a reliable and widely available renewable energy
source.
• Low Environmental Impact: Solar PV systems have minimal environ­
mental impact during operation, especially compared to fossil fuel-
based energy sources.
• Reliability: Solar PV systems provide consistent power during
daylight hours, making them predictable and dependable for grid
integration.
• Low Maintenance: Solar energy has a greater number of benefits in
comparison to other forms of renewable electricity. This technology
is environmentally friendly since it does not generate any pollutants.
Additionally, it requires very little maintenance and does not incur
any expenses for fuel with no moving parts to wear out [12].

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ssunaina12345@gmail.com (S. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100408
Received 5 November 2023; Received in revised form 8 December 2023; Accepted 17 December 2023
Available online 19 December 2023
2772-6711/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
S. Singh et al.
• Clean and Renewable: Solar PV systems generate electricity without
emitting greenhouse gases or pollutants during operation, making
them a clean and environmentally friendly energy source.
• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Solar PV plays a crucial role in
reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, helping to mitigate climate
change by decreasing the overall carbon footprint of the energy
sector.
• Decentralized Power Generation: Solar PV systems enable decentral­
ized power generation, which means electricity is produced closer to
the point of use. This reduces transmission losses and enhances en­
ergy resilience.
• Technological Advancements and Innovation: Ongoing research and
development in solar PV technology continue to improve efficiency,
reduce costs, and introduce innovations that enhance performance.
• Energy Independence: Solar PV generation contributes to energy in­
dependence by diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependence
on imported fossil fuels.
• Long Lifespan and Durability: Solar panels have a long lifespan, typi­
cally 25 years or more, and require minimal maintenance. This
durability contributes to the long-term reliability of solar PV systems.
Solar PV solar energy generation by itself is not always adequate to
meet utility demand. Therefore, BS is used. Moreover, when a solar PV
array generates more electricity than needed, the excess energy is stored
in BS [13]. Various types of energy storage, such as battery energy
storage, flywheel energy storage, and superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) are presented in [14]. The battery is often used as energy
storage due to its high energy density. Battery energy storage is used for
system stability and to meet the peak power demand [15].
Bollipo et-al [16] have reported several maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques, such as fuzzy logic (FL), constant voltage
(CV) and incremental conductance (INC). MPPT algorithms are used in
photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize the energy harvesting from solar
PV arrays. The primary function of MPPT is to dynamically adjust the
operating point of the PV array to ensure that it operates at the
maximum power point (MPP) on the solar PV array voltage-current
curve, also known as the I-V curve [17,18]. The INC MPPT algorithm
allows for real-time adjustments to the operating point, ensuring that the
solar PV array operates at the maximum power point under varying
environmental conditions. While simplicity is an advantage, it’s essen­
tial to consider the application’s specific requirements. Because of its
simplicity and minimal hardware requirements, the INC MPPT algo­
rithm is suitable for low-cost solar power systems [19,20]. This makes it
an attractive choice for applications where cost-effectiveness is a pri­
mary consideration. Meanwhile, fuzzy logic (FL) and constant voltage
(CV) MPPT have more complexity [21].
This paper deals with a parallel inverter structure [22,23] in a
standalone MG with BS and solar PV array. Parallel operation of VSCs
has gained significant popularity to enhance power availability. This
inverter’s configuration can potentially reduce power requirements of
electrical devices. Some key aspects of parallel operation of VSCs and its
potential to reduce power requirements of electrical devices are as
[24–27],
1) Increased Power Transfer Capacity: Each VSC contributes a certain
amount of power output based on capacity. When operated in par­
allel, the power outputs of individual VSCs are aggregated, resulting
in a cumulative power output that is the sum of the contributions
from each VSC.
2) Enhanced System Reliability: System reliability is improved by
operating VSCs in parallel. If one VSC experiences a fault or requires
maintenance, the remaining VSCs continue to provide power,
reducing the risk of downtime and improving overall system
reliability.
3) Redundancy and Fault Tolerance: Parallel operation provides redun­
dancy in the system. If one VSC fails or is taken offline for
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408
maintenance, the other compensates, ensuring continuous power
supply. This fault-tolerant operation contributes to the resilience of
the power system.
4) Improved Voltage and Frequency Control: Parallel operation enables
better control over voltage and frequency in the power system. VSCs
actively regulate these parameters, helping to maintain stable and
reliable power delivery.
5) Flexibility and Modularity: VSCs are modular in design, allowing for
easy scalability by adding or removing units as needed. This modu­
larity enhances the system’s flexibility and facilitates adjustments
based on changes in power demand.
6) Reduced Power Losses: Operating VSCs in parallel helps distribute
power more efficiently, reducing transmission losses and optimizing
the overall energy transfer process.
The following are the features of this microgrid (MG).
• An INC control extracts peak power from a solar PV array. In a single-
stage configuration, the elimination of a boost converter reduces the
need for supplementary components, hence lowering losses and
improving the cost-effectiveness of the MG system.
• The enhancement of power rating is achieved by the parallel
connection of voltage source converters (VSCs) at the point of com­
mon coupling (PCC).
• Steady-state and dynamic performances of MG system are analyzed,
with satisfactory results.
This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes a standalone
solar PV-battery storage (BS) based MG system. Section 3 provides
comprehensive details of control approaches that are used. In Section-4,
MATLAB simulation results of MG are analyzed in detail. Section-5
demonstrates the real time implementation results of MG system. Con­
clusions are presented in Section 6.
System configuration
Fig. 1 illustrates MG system configuration, a standalone system based
on a single-stage solar PV array-BS. Numerous components are used in
this configuration. These components include ripple filters, local loads,
interfacing inductors, a solar PV array, BS, parallel voltage source con­
verters (also known as VSC1 and VSC2), and ripple filters. The current
ripple of VSC is reduced with interfacing inductors. The use of ripple
filters effectively mitigates voltage ripples. Ripple filters are composed
of resistors (Rf) and capacitors (Cf) interconnected at the PCC. The power
flow regulation and power quality (PQ) improvement is achieved using
two parallel VSCs. All parameters of MG are specified in Appendix.
Control strategy
Fig. 2 presents control algorithms used in main VSC1, secondary
VSC2, and MPPT-based INC control. Illustrations of these controls are
presented in this subsection.
MPPT-based INC control
Fig. 2(a) illustrates a flowchart of MPPT based on the INC method.
The control logic of the MPPT-based INC method is as follows.
• If the incremental conductance is positive, the system moves away
from the MPP. The algorithm adjusts the operating point in the di­
rection that increases power.
• If the incremental conductance is negative, the system is moving
towards the MPP. The algorithm adjusts the operating point in the
direction that decreases power.
• When the incremental conductance is approximately zero, the sys­
tem is close to the MPP, and the adjustments become smaller.
S. Singh et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408

Fig. 1. System configuration.

Fig. 2. Control algorithms (a) MPPT control, (b) Primary VSC1 control, (c) Secondary VSC2 control.

The power Ppv is expressed as the product of voltage and current PV current at peak power and is ξ equal to 0.01.
(Ppv=Vmp*Imp). The incremental conductance (dImp/dVmp) is the current
rate of change with respect to voltage. Primary VSC1 control
Mathematically, the method of INC control is expressed as,
( ) This section explains many components of VSC1 control. It includes
dImp − Imp
= (1) the computation of unit templates and primary VSC1 control, as
dVmp Vmp
depicted in Fig. 2(b).
Here, the negative sign is introduced to ensure that the INC is
negative when the system moves towards the MPP and positive when Unit templates estimation
moving away. INC MPPT algorithm is summarized as follows, Generated voltages on load lines (vLab, vLbc) are converted into phase
( ) load voltages.
dImp − Imp dImp
= , ∗
= 0, Vmp (d) = Vmp (d), (2) 1 1 1
dVmp Vmp dVmp vLa = (2vLab + vLbc ), vLb = ( − vLab + vLbc ), vLc = ( − vLab − 2vLbc ), (5)
3 3 3
( )
dImp
>
− Imp dImp
, ∗
> 0, Vmp (d) = Vmp (d) + δ, (3) Unit templates are estimated as,
dVmp Vmp dVmp
vLa vLa vLa
( ) uda = , udb = , udc = (6)
dImp − Imp dImp Vk Vk Vk
< , ∗
< 0, Vmp (d) = Vmp (d) − δ (4)
dVmp Vmp dVmp Where, Vk represents voltage amplitude, which is calculated as,
In this context, V*mp represents peak power voltage, Imp represents

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S. Singh et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408

√̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Vk =
1
∗ v2La + v2Lb + v2Lc (7) Where, Verror2 (d) = v∗Lb (d) − vLb (d) (18)
2
i∗vsc2c (d + 1) = m0 Ver2c (d) + m1 Ver2c (d − 1) + m2 Ver2c (d − 2) − n1 i∗vsc2c (d − 1)
Loss weight component computation
− n2 i∗vsc2c (d − 2)
DC-link voltage of solar PV array is regulated based on weight loss.
This work uses a proportional-integral (PI) controller to compute loss (19)
weight by evaluating the discrepancy between primary VSC1 reference
Where
voltage (RV) and computed DC-link voltage. Lossless component (wloss)
is estimated as follows. Verror2 (d) = v∗Lc (d) − vLc (d) (20)

wloss (d + 1) = wloss (d) + kp1 (Ver1 (d + 1) − Ver1 (d)) + ki1 (Ver1 (d + 1)) (8) Where
( )
Where, Ver1 is error signal. This error signal is calculated as, 4 + 4Ts wcut + w20 Ts2 kp + 4Ts ki wcut
m0 = , m1
4 + 4Ts wcut + w20 Ts2
∗
Ver1 (d) = Vdc1 (d) − Vdc1 (d) (9) ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )
2w0 Ts − 8 kp + 4Ts ki wcut 2w0 Ts − 8
= , n1 =
Where V*dc1(d) and Vdc1(d) are the reference and sensed DC-link volt­ 2 2
4 + 4Ts wcut + w0 Ts 4 + 4Ts wcut + w20 Ts2
ages, respectively. ( ) ( )
4 − 4Ts wcut + w20 Ts2 kp − 4Ts ki wcut 4 − 4Ts wcut + w20 Ts2
m2 = , n2 =
Reference currents calculation 4 + 4Ts wcut + w0 Ts2 2 2 2
4 + 4Ts wcut + w0 Ts
Net weight component is evaluated as,
i∗era2 = i∗a2 − ia2 , i∗erb2 = i∗b2 − ib2 , i∗erc2 = i∗c2 − ic2 (21)
wnc = wff − wloss (10)
Hysteresis controller receives the current errors, which are calcu­
Where, wff is the feed-forward term of solar PV array, which is calculated lated as the difference between the reference VSC2 currents (i*a2, i*b2,
as follows. and i*c2) and the measured currents (ia2, ib2, and ic2). Subsequently,
2 × PPV these pulses generate the VSC2 switching signals.
wff = (11)
3 × Vk
Simulated results
Where, Ppv is the power of solar PV array output.
These reference currents are calculated by multiplying with total Simulation results obtained through a designed model of MG system
weight component (wnc) and unit templates (uda, udb, and udc), which are in MATLAB are presented to verify the effectiveness of a standalone PV-
given as follows, BS-based MG system. These results are extensively discussed in detail.
i∗a1 = wnc × uda , i∗b1 = wnc × udb , i∗c1 = wnc × udc (12) Parameters used in standalone PV-BS based MG systems are provided in
Appendix.
Switching pulse generation
The first stage of VSC1 control method involves the production of a Steady-State behavior of PV-BS based MG
switching pattern using the hysteresis current controller. The hysteresis
current controller switching implies estimating reference current errors Fig. 3(a) shows behavior of MG based on solar PV array-BS sources.
and sensed current errors in the following manner. This MG system consists of various waveforms, including solar PV
voltage (Vpv), solar PV current (Ipv), load voltages (vL), load currents (iL),
i∗era1 = i∗a1 − ia1 , i∗erb1 = i∗b1 − ib1 , i∗erc1 = i∗c1 − ic1 (13)
VSC1 currents (ia1, ib1, and ic1), VSC2 currents (ia2, ib2, and ic2), DC-link
voltages (Vdc1, Vdc2) and BS power (Pb). The VSC2 is controlled to
Secondary VSC2 control improve power quality while ensuring the DC-link voltage’s continuity.
The waveform shows that the solar PV array operates at a constant solar
Fig. 2(c) shows secondary VSC2 control operating in VCM. It refer­ irradiation at 1000 W/m2, while solar PV array supplies electricity to
ences load voltages are denoted as, both battery and loads.
( ) ( )
2π 2π
v∗La = Vt∗ sin(ωn t), v∗Lb = Vt∗ sin ωn t − , v∗Lc = Vt∗ sin ωn t + (14) Dynamic performance PV-BS based MG at load and PV irradiance
3 3
variations
Here, three-phase reference voltages (vLa*, vLb*, and vLc*) are
compared to sensed load voltages (vLa, vLb, and vLc) and three-phase When one phase of the load is deactivated, it exhibits varying cur­
current errors are sent to PR controllers. The hysteresis current rents across multiple phases, leading to an unbalanced load. Fig. 3(b)
controller generates VSC2 triggering pulses from PR controller outputs. illustrates the operation of MG at a condition of unbalanced loads. The
Equations of PR controllers, which function as voltage regulators, are load imbalances are detected at 0.36 s and 0.45 s. The DC-link voltages
given here [28], of VSC1 and VSC2 are unaffected since the loads are unbalanced. When
an imbalanced load is effectively handled, the voltage and current at the
i∗vsc2a (d + 1) = m0 Ver2a (d) + m1 Ver2a (d − 1) + m2 Ver2a (d − 2) − n1 i∗vsc2a (d − 1)
output demonstrate no distortion. In Fig. 3(c), a reduction in irradiance
− n2 i∗vsc2a (d − 2) from 1000 W/m2 to 700 W/m2 occurs at a time of 0.36 s. Additionally,
(15) solar PV array irradiance decreases from 700 W/m2 to 200 W/m2 at
0.41 s, indicating a corresponding decrease in power output of solar PV
Where, Verror2 (d) = v∗La (d) − vLa (d) (16) array. Consequently, solar PV arrays cannot supply electricity to loads
linked to them. Therefore, battery supplies insufficient power. Fig. 3(d)–
i∗vsc2b (d + 1) = m0 Ver2b (d) + m1 Ver2b (d − 1) + m2 Ver2b (d − 2) − d1 i∗vsc2b (d − 1) (e) illustrate total harmonics distortion (THD) of load voltage, which is
− d2 i∗vsc2b (d − 2) 3.10 %. THD of load current is 19.16 %, while THD of load voltage re­
(17) mains lower. It complies with the criteria given in the IEEE-519
standard.

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S. Singh et al. e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408

Fig. 3. Performance of PV-BS-based MG system (a) Steady-state performance, (b)-(c) Dynamics at load unbalanced and solar PV irradiance change, (d) THD of vL, (e)
THD of iL.

Real-Time implementation results

An OPAL-RT-LAB platform is used as a real-time evaluation platform

for evaluating performance of a PV-BS MG system, as shown in Fig. 4. It
can be used in the design, testing, and optimization of control and
protection systems for electrical networks and power electronics, among
other applications.
Furthermore, RT-LAB, a program developed by OPAL-RT, helps users
develop models appropriate for real-time simulation. The RT-LAB
models exhibit complete integration with the MATLAB/Simulink soft­
ware unit. Hardware of this MG system includes the following: Central
Fig. 4. OP5700 real-time test bench.
processing unit (CPU) used in this system is an Intel Xeon E3 v5, which
consists of four cores and an 8 MB cache. Clock speed of this CPU varies

5
S. Singh et al.
from 2.1 to 3.5 GHz. This system is equipped with 16 GB of random-
access memory (RAM). A 128 GB solid-state drive (SSD) is employed
in terms of storage. Additionally, this system incorporates a Kintex7
field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It comprises 32 channels for
digital inputs, 32 channels for digital outputs, 16 channels for analog
inputs with a resolution of 16 bits and a voltage range of ±20 V, and 16
channels for analog outputs with a resolution of 16 bits and a voltage
range of ±16 V. In addition, this OPAL-RT PC platform provides
essential commands for real-time control and monitoring of MGs. Per­
formance data is captured and stored with a digital storage oscilloscope
(DSO). Real-time modeling and monitoring enable a comprehensive
examination of MG behavior and associated responses to various
scenarios.
Fig. 5. System performance at solar PV irradiance variations and unbalanced loads (a)-(b) Solar PV irradiance change, (c)-(e) Load removal, and load addition.
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408
Dynamics of PV-BS based MG at varying solar PV irradiance and
unbalanced loads
Fig. 5 depicts load current (iL), VSC1 current (ivsc1), VSC2 current
(ivsc2), solar PV array current (Ipv), load voltage (vL), solar PV array
voltage (Vpv), and BS current (Ib) waveforms. Fig. 5(a)-(b) depict a
change in solar PV irradiance in PV-BS-based MG, from 600 W/m2 to
200 W/m2 at 0.32 s. Fig. 5(a) shows that load current is constant and
ivsc2 currents are increased due to solar PV irradiance variation. Fig. 5(b)
illustrates a scenario when solar PV array power decreases to zero,
leading to a positive battery current, representing discharging mode of
battery. Figs. 5(c)-(e) illustrate the performance of the MG during load
removal and addition. During the load variations, ivsc2 currents are si­
nusoidal at solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2. Fig. 5(e) shows that the
battery is charged with more power during the load decrease and that no
S. Singh et al.
effect is observed in PV array current.
Conclusion
A comprehensive analysis has been made to examine operational
behavior of an MG system based on a solar PV array under conditions of
unbalanced load and varying solar PV irradiation. PV array is equipped
with an MPPT, facilitating efficient extraction of maximum power from
the array. Battery has provided required electrical energy during periods
of low demand or in the event of a failure in primary power supply. Both
main and secondary voltage source converters (VSCs) function in CC or
VC modes. The total harmonic distortion of vL is kept below 5 %.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sunaina Singh: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal
analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Vivek Narayanan: Writing
– review & editing, Methodology, Formal analysis, Conceptualization.
Bhim Singh: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project
administration, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition,
Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. B.K. Panigrahi:
Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization,
Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project administration,
Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data
curation, Conceptualization.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgement
This work has been done under the financial support of projects
RP03443 (INDO-US Project), RP03195 (FIST Project), and SERB-NSC
Fellowship.
Appendix
Parameters of MG System: Rf = 5Ω, Cf = 10 μF; Cdc = 4400 μF; Lf =
4 mH; Ppv = 11 kW; Vmp = 29 V, Imp = 7.84 A, and Load power = 4 kW,
Battery: 615 V, 100 Ah, Switching frequency: 20 kHz, Np = 2, Ns = 26,
Nonlinear load: 30 Ω, L = 100 mH, Vdc1 = 750 V, Vdc2 = 750 V, Ts = 50
μs (sampling time), Kp = 0.005 and ki = 0.0001.
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S. Singh et al.
Sunaina Singh was born in Najibabad, India, in 1998. She
received the B.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from the
Kunwar Satya Vira College of Engineering and Management,
Bijnor, India, in 2019. She is currently working towards the M.
S. degree with the Centre for Automotive Research and
Tribology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India. Her research interests
includes renewable energy, Power Quality, energy storage and
application of control techniques for grid interfaced systems.
Vivek Narayanan (M’18) was born in Kerala, India, in 1993.
He received B. Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics En­
gineering from the College of Engineering Thalassery, Kerala,
India, in 2015 and the M. Tech. degree in Power Electronics
and Drives from Government College of Engineering Kannur,
Kerala, India, in 2017. He is currently working toward his Ph.D.
in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technol­
ogy Delhi (IIT Delhi), India. His-research interests include
power electronics, solar and wind energy conversion systems,
energy storage, power quality improvement in the distribution
systems and microgrids. He was the recipient of the IEEE
EEEIC/I&CPS Europe Best Poster Award and the IEEE ICPC2T
Best Paper Award in 2019 and 2022.
e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100408
Bhim Singh (SM’99, F’10) has received his B.E. (Electrical)
from University of Roorkee (Now IIT Roorkee), India, in 1977
and his M.Tech. (Power Apparatus & Systems) and Ph.D. from
IIT Delhi, India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, Dr.
Singh joined Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Roorkee, as a Lecturer. He became a Reader there in 1988. In
December 1990, he joined the Department of Electrical Engi­
neering, IIT Delhi, India, as an Assistant Professor, where he
has become an Associate Professor in 1994 and a Professor in
1997. He has been ABB Chair Professor from September 2007
to September 2012. He has been Head of the Department of
Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi from July 2014 to August
2016. He has been the Dean, Academics at IIT Delhi from
August 2016 to August 2019. He has been JC Bose Fellow of DST from December 2015 to
June 2021. He is the SERB National Science Chair Professor at IIT Delhi since July 2021.
Prof. Singh has guided 117 PhD. dissertations, and 179 M.E./M.Tech./M.S.(R) theses. He
has filed 107 patents. He has executed 90 sponsored and consultancy projects. He has co-
authored a textbook on power quality: Power Quality Problems and Mitigation Techniques
published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2015. His-areas of interest include solar PV grid
interface systems, microgrids, power quality mitigation, solar PV water pumping,
improved power quality AC-DC converters and electric vehicles.
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi (Senior Member, IEEE) received the
Ph.D. degree in power systems from Sambalpur University,
Sambalpur, India, in 2004. He is a Professor with the Depart­
ment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India. His-research interests include soft
computing, signal processing, power quality, renewable energy
systems, power system protection, electric vehicles and
charging infrastructure, cyber-security of power systems and
IoT. He is an Associate Editor for the IET Smart Grid, and an
Editor for the IETE Journal of Research.