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NS IX: Cerebrum I
NS X: Cerebrum II
NS XI: Cerebellum
CT Scan
Positioning
Projection fibers: vertically
Commissural fibers: transversely
Association fibers: sagittally
WHITE MATTER FIBERS: Corpus Callosum (Sagittal)
PARTS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM
1. Rostrum
2. Genu 5
3. Body
4. Splenium 2
1 7
3
Remember: Rostrum is ANTERIOR!!
2 4
1
64
Claustrum Claustrum 3
Localization:
Caudate nucleus - medial to the internal capsule
Lentiform nucleus - lateral to the internal capsule
Globus pallidus (internal and externa) - more medial to the putamen (next to the internal
capsule)
Putamen - (darker in coloration) lateral to globus pallidus
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE MEDIAL CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Orbitofrontal a. and Frontopolar
a.: supply the anterior frontal
lobe
- Pericallosal a.: follow superior 5
surface of corpus callosum;
2
supplies superior surface of
posterior parietal lobe 1 7
- Callosomarginal a.: follows the
cingulate sulcus (above the
corpus callosum); supplies 6 4
medial and superior surfaces of
frontal lobe and anterior parietal 3
lobe
Posterior Cerebral Artery
*difficult to trace
- Calcarine a.: supplies visual
cortex
- Dorsal branch to corpus
callosum: anastomoses with
pericallosal a.
BLOOD SUPPLY: Branches of Ant. Cerebral Artery
5
2
1 7
6 4
Interhemispheric/ Median
Longitudinal Fissure
-separates left and right hemispheres of
the brain
SUPERIOR VIEW
SULCI AND FISSURES
Central Sulcus of Rolando
- Separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe
- Bounded by the precentral and postcentral
gyrus
- Tip on locating: identify the transverse gyri
of the frontal lobe, beside that is the
precentral gyri. The sulcus beside it is the
central sulcus. It is also the only sulcus that
runs from top to bottom.
LATERAL VIEW
SULCI AND FISSURES
1. Parieto-occipital
-separates parietal lobe
from occipital lobe 6 4
2. Cingulate Sulcus 2
5
-sulcus above 2
cingulate gyrus 5 1 7
3. Calcarine Sulcus 1
-separates lingual gyrus
from cuneus 64
3
4. Marginal Sulcus
3
- Extension of the
cingulate sulcus
posterosuperiorly
5. Callosal Sulcus Anterior
Posterior
-sulcus above corpus
callosum
6. Paracentral Sulcus
SAGITTAL SECTION
LOBES
Summary of important structures per lobe:
Frontal Temporal
Precentral gyrus Uncus
Superior frontal gyrus Superior temporal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus Occipitotemporal gyrus
Parietal Parahippocampal gyrus
Postcentral gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Paracentral lobule Transverse temporal gyri
Precuneus Occipital
Superior parietal lobule Cuneus
Inferior parietal lobule Lingual gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus Central or Insular (Island of Reil)
Angular gyrus Limen insulae
LOBES: GENERAL
Frontal
rior
Exam tip: Supe
s
- If paper is inserted, the Gyru
l
ronta
us
structure is the sulcus F
us
le 5 Superior
yr
Midd
yr
lg
- If pin is used, the structure Parietal
lg
s
Gyru
ra
tra
2
nt
is the gyrus Lobule
en
ce
1 7
ec
st
Supramarginal
l
ronta
Po
Pr
r F Gyrus Angular Gyrus
io
Infer
s
Gyru 6 4
us
- It can be located by following 5 Superior
yr
lg
the inferior portion of the Parietal
ra
2
nt
postcentral sulcus Cingulate Lobule
ce
1 Gyrus 7Pre
st
Inferior Parietal Lobule Supramarginal cuneus
Po
Gyrus Angular Gyrus
- Supramarginal gyrus - caps
the upturned caudal end of 4
Cingulate 6
lateral sulcus
sulcus
- Angular gyrus - caps the
upturned caudal end of the 3
superior temporal sulcus
Anterior Posterior
Grabbed from 2021B trans
LOBES: Temporal(Lateral)
Superior Temporal gyrus
Middle Temporal gyrus
Inferior Temporal gyrus
Anterior Transverse Temporal/Heschl’s gyrus (Orange pin)
pinned on the side of Superior Temporal gyrus
Primary Auditory Cortex (BA 41,42)
WERNICKE’S Area (Red pin) Cingulate
Gyrus
BA 22 Precuneus
located at the posterior aspect of Superior temporal
gyrus
Cingulate
sulcus
Cingulate
sulcus
Sagittal Cut
LOBES: Occipital
Calcarine Sulcus
- The lips of the calcarine
sulcus are the primary visual
area (BA 17)
Cuneate Gyrus/ Cuneus Cingulate
- Above calcarine sulcus Gyrus
Precuneus
- Together with the lingula, it
represents the visual
association area (BA 18,19) Cingulate
Lingual gyrus/ Lingula sulcus
- Below the calcarine sulcus Cuneate gyrus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine Sulcus
LOBES: INSULAR LOBE
Insular Lobe (Island of Reil)
- Cone shaped portion of cortex
- Can be seen by gently pulling apart the
borders or opercula of the lateral
fissure
- Considered as the fifth lobe
- Primitive lobe of the telencephalon
LOBES: PARACENTRAL LOBULE
Paracentral Lobule
- Continuation of the precentral and
postcentral gyrus
- Between the marginal and paracentral
sulcus
- Best appreciated in the sagittal section
LOBES
Important Brodmann Areas Make sure to memorize these!!
Occipital Upper part of cuneate gyrus & Visual Association Area 18, 19
lower part of lingual gyrus
MODELS (Lobes and Sulci)
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Lobes
1 - frontal lobe
5
2 - parietal lobe
3 - temporal lobe
2
4 - occipital lobe
1 77
Fissures/ Sulci
5 - central sulcus (of Rolando) 4
6 - Sylvian fissure 6
7 - Parieto-occipital sulcus
3
MODELS (Gyrus)
3
1 2
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Tract
Parolfactory Area/
Subcallosal Area
Anterior Posterior
3
3 2
Hypothalamus
→ Ventral portion
Interthalamic Adhesion
Epithalamus
→ Mainly by Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior Posterior
Deep midline structures and the Diencephalon
Fornix
Pathway:
Mammillothalamic tract
Thalamus
Interthalamic adhesion
Pineal gland
(Epithalamus)
Anterior Posterior
Pituitary gland**
Hypothalamus
**The arrow refer to the location/connection; the
mentioned structure was cut Posterior commissure
NS X: CEREBRUM II
Structures to identify:
CORONAL SECTIONS Thalamus Corpus callosum
Lateral Ventricle Anterior tubercle Rostrum
Anterior Horn Pulvinar Genu
Temporal horn Mammillary body Body
Body Subthalamus Splenium
Choroid plexus Lateral Geniculate Body Medial Geniculate Body
Corpus Callosum Hippocampus Lateral Geniculate Body
Anterior commissure Mamillothalamic tract
Corona Radiata Cerebral peduncle
Fornix Optic radiations
Basal Nuclei/Basal Ganglia
Caudate Nucleus HORIZONTAL SECTIONS
Globus pallidus (Interna and Externa) Third Ventricle
Putamen Internal Capsule
Internal Capsule Anterior limb
External Capsule Genu
Amygdala Posterior Limb
Hypothalamus Basal Nuclei/Basal Ganglia
Tuber cinereum Caudate nucleus (head and tail)
Infundibulum and Pituitary gland Putamen
Globus pallidus
CEREBRUM: CORONAL SECTIONS
1. Corpus callosum
2. Lateral Ventricle (Anterior horn)
3. Caudate Nucleus
2 1
1 3 3
2 2
CEREBRUM: CORONAL SECTIONS
1. Corpus callosum
2. Lateral Ventricle (Body)
3. Caudate Nucleus
4. Lateral Ventricle (Inferior/Temporal
8
Horn) 8
5. Globus Pallidus 1
3 2 3
a. Globus pallidus interna 11
13
b. Globus pallidus externa 13 7
6 9 6
6. Putamen 5 5.a
5.b
7. Body of Fornix 4
8. Corona Radiata 10 4
9. Thalamus
10. Mamillary bodies
11. Claustrum (streak of dark line
lateral to putamen
12. External capsule
13. Internal capsule
CEREBRUM: CORONAL SECTIONS
1. Caudate Nucleus
2. Globus Pallidus
3. Putamen
4. Internal capsule
5. External Capsule
6. Thalamus 8
7. Third Ventricle 8
8. Corona Radiata
9. Anterior horn of lateral ventricle 9 1
10. Mamillary bodies 11 13 6
11. Fornix 4 3
12. Inferior horn of Lateral ventricle 7
2
5
13. MamilloThalamic Tract 4
Notes: 10
- Above the lentiform nucleus = corona radiata 10
- At the level of the lentiform nucleus = internal capsule
-Internal capsule separates the caudate nucleus from
the lentiform nucleus
- External capsule separates the lentiform nucleus from
the claustrum
CEREBRUM: CORONAL SECTIONS
1. Hippocampus
2. Lateral Geniculate Body
3. Medial Geniculate Body
4. Septum Pellucidum 12
8. Uncus 1 6
8 8
9. Pulvinar of Thalamus
10. Fornix
11
11. Middle cerebellar peduncle
12. Body of Corpus callosum
CEREBRUM: HORIZONTAL SECTION
Capsule 6
11
7. Third Ventricle
8. Posterior horn of lateral ventricle 9 4 2
8
9. Optic Radiations 8
10. Column of Fornix
11. Thalamus
12. Genu of internal capsule
CEREBRAL CORTEX (Sagittal section)
Notes: 2
- claustrum is a part of the basal ganglia located 1 7
lateral to the external capsule
- insular lobe is found in the operculum of the frontal
and parietal lobe, internal to the Sylvian fissure 3 6 4
- Posterior limb of the lateral ventricle is bigger than 3
the anterior limb
3
- Thalamus is located anterior or close to the
posterior limb
- Caudate nucleus is located closer or posterior to
the anterior limb
CEREBRAL CORTEX (Sagittal section)
DIVISIONS
Neocerebellum (posterior lobe)
Archicerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
Paleocerebellum (anterior lobe)
FISSURES
Primary fissure
Posterolateral fissure
Horizontal fissure
External Features (superior view)
1 - Neocerebellum (posterior lobe)
2 - Paleocerebellum (anterior lobe)
3 - Primary Fissure (purple line)
Notes:
- Primary fissure - separates the neocerebellum from the
paleocerebellum
2
- Folia - analogous to the sulcus of the cerebrum
1 2
1
External Features (superior view)
1 - anterior cerebellar notch
2 - Primary Fissure (purple line)
3 - posterior cerebellar notch
4 - superior vermis
1
Notes: 2
- Primary fissure - separates the neocerebellum from the
paleocerebellum 1 2
4
- Folia - analogous to the sulcus of the cerebrum
3
External Features (inferior view)
2
2
Notes: 1 1
- Posterolateral fissure: separates the flocculonodular 1
lobe to the tonsils of the cerebellum 3
- the nodulus cannot be seen in the external aspect of
the cerebellum, it is located deeper in its structure - Doc
2
Pelayo
Horizontal fissure
Notes:
2
- Horizontal fissure: separates the cerebellum into
2
superior and inferior parts
1 1
1
*If asked in the exam: 3
Identify lobe (2) - flocculonodular lobe
Identify structure (2) - flocculus
2
External Features
1 - Inferior vermis
2 - Left cerebellar hemisphere
3 - Right cerebellar hemisphere 2
4 - Tonsils/uvula of the cerebellum 2 4
3
3 4 1 1
1
Notes: 3
- the vermis is further subdivided into the superior and 1
2
inferior vermis 2
3
External Features
1 - 4th ventricle
2 - superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium
conjunctivum) 2
3 - middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium 2 4 2
3
pontis) 3 3 4 1 1
4 - inferior cerebellar peduncle (juxtarestiform 1
1
body) 4 3
5 - tonsils/ uvula of the cerebellum 1
2
2
3
Notes: 5
- the vermis is further subdivided into the superior and
inferior vermis
Internal features (Deep Cerebellar Nuclei)
Notes:
- From lateral to medial in relation to the Vermis
(Dentate > Emboliform > Globose > Fastigial)
- Emboliform + Globose nuclei = nucleus
interpositus
External Features
VENTRAL VIEW
2
2
CT SCAN
Try to identify the following parts and blood vessels.
CT SCAN: ANGIOGRAM
CT SCAN: ANGIOGRAM
CT SCAN: ANGIOGRAM
CT Scan: Angiogram (answer key)
Transverse or Horizontal
1. Internal Carotid Artery
2. Anterior Cerebral Artery
3. Middle Cerebral Artery
4. Posterior Communicating Artery
5. Posterior Cerebral Artery
CT Scan: Angiogram
Coronal
5. Superior Cerebellar a.
1. Anterior Cerebral a.
6. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar a.
2. Middle Cerebral a.
7. Basilar a.
3. Internal Carotid a.
8. Vertebral a.
4. Posterior Cerebral a.
CT Scan: Angiogram
Sagittal
1. Basilar a.
2. Internal Carotid a.
3. Anterior Cerebral a.
4. Pericallosal a.
5. Callosomarginal a.
CT SCAN (Test Yourself)
● Frontal lobe ● Caudate nucleus
● Temporal lobe ● Lentiform nucleus
● Cerebellum ● Anterior limb of internal capsule
● Basilar a. ● Genu of internal capsule
● Suprasellar cistern ● Posterior limb of internal
● Pons capsule
● Midbrain ● Thalamus
● Fourth ventricle ● Quadrigeminal cistern
● Anterior horn of lateral ventricle ● Occipital lobe
● Third ventricle ● Posterior horn of lateral ventricle
● Sylvian fissure ● Body of lateral ventricle
● Ambient cistern ● Parietal lobe
● Corona radiata ● Cestrum semiovale
● Falx cerebri
CT SCAN
CT SCAN
CT SCAN
CT SCAN
16
CT SCAN
CT SCAN
26
25
CT SCAN (Answer Key)
10 -Third ventricle
9 - Anterior Horn (Lateral ventricle) 13 - Corona radiata
11 - Sylvian Fissure
12 - Ambient Cistern
CT SCAN (Answer Key)
16
26
25