Contents Class XI Physical World. Units and Measurements _ Motion in a Straight Line. Motion in a Plane... Laws of Motion .. Work, Energy and Power ..... ‘System of Particles and Rotational Motion Mechanical Properties of Solids . Mechanical Properties of Fluids ..... . Thermal Properties of Matter ..... ‘Thermodynamics...Physical World MV 1 Chapter Marking Scheme Choose whether the s 8 10. 4 12 13, 14. 15, eee Maximum Marks 100 SECTION-I : NCERT Liners joment is True (T) or False (F), The word science originates from the atin verb Scientia meaning ‘to know Scientific method does not involve qualitative and quantitative reasoning, Speculation and conjecture also have a place in science but ultimately, a scientific theory to be acceptable, must be verified by observation and experimn Are nnd interactions ated effort is to derive the properties of biggs ofits constituent simpler parts, This approach is The macroscopic domain of physics includes phenomena at the laboratory, terrestrial and ical physics is adequate to handle microscopic domain of physics and quantum theory nics deals with electric an Electrodyna magnetic bodies phenomena associated with charged and A stone and a feather through a long evacuated tube will because force due to gravity acts same on both objects. at same rate under gravity The electric force between two protons is 10™ time the gravitational force between them for any fixed distance Tho range of weak nuclear force is of the order of 10-** m Strong nuclear forces are responsible for stability of nuclei Law of mass conservation is valid in nuclear reactions ‘All conserved quantities are scalar. Using the conservation law of energy and momentum for i decay, existence of a new particle was predicted ‘Symmetry of the laws of nature with respect to translation in space gives rise to conservation of linear momentum. Marks Obtained Percentage ScoreWA Prysical won Know Yous Nee SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type — ' In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion, mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation Of the Assertion, mark (2). (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). (4)_If both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4). 4. A: Electromagnetic force term is used to denote electric and magnetic forces. R: Electric and magnetic effects are in general completely separable to each other. 2. A: It is mainly the electromagnetic force that governs the structure of atoms and molecules. R: Electromagnetic force is so much stronger than the gravitational force that it dominates all phenomenon at atomic and molecular scales. 3. A: It would not be fair to ask anybody to prove the universal law of gravitation. = Si- aN = PROBLEM 1: ‘Some physical quantities that remain unchanged in a process are called conserved quantities, Conservation laws have a deep connection with symmetries of nature. Symmetries play a central role in modern theories of fundamental forces in nature Give the answer of following questions. 4. Symmetry of the laws of nature with respect to translation in time is equivalent to law of conservation of (1) Mass (2) Energy (3) Linear momentum (4) Charge 2. In nuclear reactions existence of neutrino can be determined by law of (1) Conservation of charge (2) Conservation of energy, spin and R-: Universal law of gravitation must be poss: It can't be verified by experiments 2g observations. ‘A: Mesoscopic Physics involves studying fey tens or hundreds of atoms. R: Macroscopic Physics deals with doar intermediate between the mesoscopic ae the microscopic. A: Gravitational independent. R: Force of gravitation, F-S (wee symbols have their usual meaning ands charge quantity is contained in it) forces are hap ‘'SECTION-Ill : Check Your Understanding a | (3) Conservation of charge and mass (4) Conservation of spin, mass and Wel energy Which among the following statements is = (1) All conserved quantities are scalar (2) All conserved quantities are vector (3) Laws of conservation cannot be prove! (4) Laws of conservation can be proved According to law of symmetry of nate charged particle should have anipai™ Antiparticle of electron is (1) Proton (2) Neutron (3) Positron (4) Neutrino Antiparticle of neutrino is (1) Proton, (3) AntiprotonOem UCR ya cy z Chapter Prosee Score i {Marking Scheme For every correct answer you earn four marks (+4), [Marks Obtained |Maximum Marks 180 | 2. For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (~-1). SECTION-4 : NCERT Liners Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). TIF 1. In Slunit system, electric current and thermodynamic temperature are base quantities. 2. Hectare is a unit of length 3. Parallax method is used for measuring distance of stars from the earth. 4. 1 astronomical unit is the average distance of the sun from the earth 5. Unified atomic mass unit is used for expressing mass of atom and molecules 6. The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument does not contain any uncertainty. 7. _ Every calculated quantity which is based on measured values, also has an error. 8 The accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close the measured value is to the true value of the quantity 9. Instrumental error is the source of random error. 10. Error due to parallax is the source of systematic error. 14. Mean absolute error may be positive or negative. 12. When two quantities are multiplied or divided, the maximum absolute error in the final result is. the sum of the absolute errors in the individual quantities. 13. Number of significant figures depend on the least count of the measuring instrument. 14. 5 is uncertain digit in number 2.765. If 2.765 is rounded off to three significant figures it becomes 2.77.Intermediate results in a multistep computation should be calculated 10 one more, figure in every measurement than the number of digits In the te In a formula of circumference of circle S © 2ar(r-* radius), 2 hae infinite Number Of gigey Units and Measurements digits {na measurement, the length 2.308 om has four significant figures, Bul in different Unit samy length 0,02308 m has five significant figures. Ina measurement, the length 20,500 om has three significant figures, ‘The diameter of the earth (1.28 * 10” m) is of order 10! m with the order of magnitude 7 The relative density of lead is 11,3. Its density is 11300 glo’ : SECTION-I ; Assertion-Reason typo In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of | precise Measurement, (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason ts the correct explanation of the Assertion ie mark (1). 7 If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion tay mark (2). . (2) 3) @) a If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3) If both Assertion & Reason are false statem iis: R: AL The dimensions of volume is (L'). The volume occupied a cuboid shaped object is expressed as the product of length, breadth and height. If percentage error in measurement of speed of a particle is 2% then percentage error in kinetic energy of particle is 4% : Percentage error in kinetic energy = (percentage error in speed)? » Azero erroris not as significant for precision work, + Azero error can always be easily corrected. + All derived quantities may be represented dimensionally in terms of the base quantities. R:: The dimension of a base quantity in all other ‘base quantities is always zero, if two physical quantities have same dimensions, then they can be certainly added or subtracted. hen mark (4) R» IC the dimension of both the qua > : fx and y are the distances along « + Dimensions of fox is (MUT!) * Force cannot be added to pressure : Dimensions of force and + Fractional error has no unit. samo then both the physical should be similar axis respectively then the di BY vo inn ae (ML 70 different. The absolute error has the same Un quantity itself,nits ang Measurement iam " A: Out of the measurement P = 38.62 and Q= 38.622, Qis more precise. R:: Precision tells us to what resolution or limit, the quantity is measured. ‘A: Least count error is related to the precision provided by the measuring instrument. R: The smallest value of the measurement that can be directly taken from a measuring instrument is called least count. A: 1 km® means (10° m)* and not 10° m?. R: When a prefix is placed before a unit symbol, the combined prefix and symbol PROBLEM 1: Accuracy of measurement also lies in the way the result is expressed. The number of digits to which @ value is to expressed is one digit more than the number of certain numbers. Rules exist to deal with number of digits after an operation is carried out on | the given values. The errors can be minimised by many trials and using the correct methods and ‘a 1. The length and breadth are measured as 4.234 m and 1.05 m, the area of the rectangle is (1) 4.4457 me (2) 445m (3) 4.446 m? (4) 0.4446 m= ‘Sum of the numbers 436.32 g, 227.2 g and 0.301 gis (1) 663.821 (2) 663.8 (3) 6663.82 (4) 664 “The order of magnitude of 295 is (1 (22 @3 4 18, Shouk! De conskiared as one new symbol which can de raised to power (positive OF negative) withoull any bracket A. To measure the distances between hwo planets or to measure the size of @ molecule, we cannot use metre soale, Vernier caliper and screw gauge, R: Metre scale, Vernier caliper and sorew gauge helps us to measure the length in a limited range A> When we change the unit of measurement ‘of quantity, its numerical value may changes. R: For a particular quantity, unit is. inversely proportional to the numerical wake { ‘) PROBLEM 2: ‘A body moves with constant velocity, It covers distance of (13.8 + 0.2) m in time (4.0 £ 0.3). Answer the following questions according to given information. 4 ‘The velocity of the body within error limits is, (1) (8.45 20.2) ms 2) B420.3) ms B) @4S204)ms (4) (420.5) vs, 5. The percentage error in velocity vis nearly (1) 7% 2) 5.9% 3) 89% (4) 9.8% PROBLEM 3: Net force acting on a body of mass m and radius ris given by AG nn ‘Where, Rils Separation vis Speed Me is mass of another bodyMotion in a Straight Line Marking Scheme correct answer you eam four marks (+4) Maximum Marks correct answer you lose one mark (-1) SECTION-I : NCERT Liners Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). be negative also 2. The magnitude of displacement may not be equal to path length traversed by the object. Magnitude of displacement may be greater than path length traversed. 3. Average speed does not tell in what direction object is moving but it tells about the type of path followed by the object 4. Average speed may not be equal to magnitude of average velocity. and average speed during motion of the object is non zero 5. _ For uniform motion, velocity is same as the average velocity at all instants and magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to instantaneous speed at that instant connecting points with initial velocity to final velocity 7. Position-time graph with positive acceleration curves upward, downwards for negative acceleration and is a straight line for zero acceleration 8 An object moving along negative direction on a straight line with negative acceleration is slowing down. 9. Area under curve for graph between velocity-time gives the distance covered over a given interval of time. 40. Acceleration and velocity cannot change values abruptly at an instant, changes are always continuous. 44. Incase of constant acceleration, average velocity is equal to arithmetic mean of initial and final velocities. 42. The origin and positive direction of an axis in one dimensional motion is a matter of choice. ‘You should first specify this point before you assign signs to quantities like displacement and velocity 1. Path length is a scalar quantity, it has magnitude only and no direction. A scalar quantity can 6. On a plot of velocity versus time, the average acceleration is the slope of straight line Wy Marks Obtained Percentage Score TlFKnow Your NCERT 6. 10. A» The relative velocity between any two bodies ‘moving in opposite direction is equal to sum of magnitude of velocities of the two bodies, R: Sometime relative velocities between two bodies has magnitude equal to difference of velocities of the two bodies. As A body may be accelerated even when moving at uniform speed. R: When direction of motion of a body is changing, the body is accelerating, A: The average speed of an object may be equal to arithmetic mean of instantaneous speeds R: Average speed is equal to total distance travelled divided by total time taken. A: The equations of motion in vector form can be applied for the acceleration along the direction of velocity R: If the acceleration of the body is constant, then mation is called uniform accelerated motion, A: Displacement of an object is actual length of path covered by the object during motion. R: Magnitude of displacement can be more than distance between two points during motion. "1 12. 13. 14. 15. Motonina Sisight tine ‘A: Separation between two bodies ‘moving in same direction on ground with same acceleration, will not increase. R-: Because they are relatively at rest. ‘A: A positive acceleration can be associated with a slowing down of a body. R: The origin and positive direction of motion are a matter of choice. ‘A: At any instant, acceleration of a body can change its direction without any change in the direction of velocity. R: Atany instant, the acceleration of the body is same as that of rate of change of displacement at that instant. A: For motion of object, starting from state of rest, with constant acceleration, displacement-time graph is a parabola, always with increasing speed. R: Speed of a body, which starts from rest with constant acceleration, linearly. always increases A: If a body moves on a straight line, ‘magnitude of its displacement and distance covered by it will be same. R: Along a straight line, a body can move only in one-direction. iad a alias Tai et PROBLEM 1 The seit of an object, in general, changes during course of motion. Change in velocity may not be ‘constant with distance. The accelerating object has acceleration equal to rate of change of velocity with ‘ime. Acceleration may result form change of speed, change in direction of motion, or both. ‘Acar accelerates from rest at constant rate of 2 m/s? for some time after which it decelerates at a constant rate of 3 mis? to come to rest. 1 What is the maximum velocity achieved, if total time taken is 40 second for the motion? (1) 40 mis (2) 48s (3) 20 mis (4) 60 mis What is the total distance covered by the car during entire its motion? (1) 320m (2) 140 m (3) 960 m (4) 630m What is the average velocity of the car during its entire motion? (1) 24 mis (2) 36 mis (3) 20m/s (4) 42 mis ‘The ratio of time of acceleration to retardation is (1) (2) 3:2 Qt (4) 4:9 The ‘ratio of distance covered during acceleration to that during retardation is (454 (2) 1:2 (3) 3:2 (4) 2:3[ERD Motion ina Straight Line PROBLEM 2: ‘An object projected vertically upwards near the surface of earth is accelerated downwards under the influence of force of gravity. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is denoted by g. Its value is approximately 10 m/s? near earth surface. All the equation of motion can be applied for this situation by ‘assuming y-axis vertically upwards and x-axis along horizontal, Using equations we can calculate position of object at different instants of time. ‘An object is projected with initial speed of 20 m/s vertically upward from a building 2 m above ground. The value of acceleration due to gravity at the place is taken as 10 m/s? 6. What is time taken by the object to reach ground? (4s (@)5s (3) 6s (4) 298 7. What is the maximum height reached by the object above the ground? (1) 25m (2) 35m (3) 45m (4) 55m 8. After what time of projection object velocity will be 10 m/s downwards? (2s (2) 3s @)4s (4) 5s 9, How much time particle took to cross back the level of projection? (1) 38 @4s (3) 45s (4) 25s 40. How much time object will take to reach ground after achieving maximum height? (1) 28 (2) 25s (3) 38 (4) 35s a PROBLEM 3: You are familiar with experience of and being overtaken by a car direction as you are. While that car ree faster than your bus to be able to pass seem slower to you than it could be. At the instant the traffic light turns green, a with a constant acceleration of 2 mis2, ‘i instant a bus travelling with constant speed og overtake and passes the car. 141, How far beyond the starting point overtake the bus? Sq (1) 5s (2) 9s (3) 10s (4) 12s 12. How fast was the car travelli i . cveroking? —a (1) 10 ms (2) 12m (3) 15 m/s (4) 20ms 43. What was the distance covered by thea overtaking the bus? (1) 50m (2) 80m (3) 100 m (4) 120m 44, The shape of graph between distance as time for ground observer is (1) Straight line for car and parabola forbs (2) Straight line for bus and car both (3) Parabola for bus and car both (4) Parabola for car and straight 15. When the car overtakes the bus. displacement of the bus with is (1) 100 m (20 (3) 50m (4) 80m4 ey Cele Maa) Chapter cia einem Marks Obtained Percentage Score | For every correct answer you eam four marks (+4 ecw 2. For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (—1). — = - SECTION-1 : NCERT Liners Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). TIF A physical quantity is a vector quantity if it has direction and magnitude Avvector P multiplied by a real number 2. is also a vector, whose direction may perpendicular oP C+A+B+B+As6 Motion in a plane can be treated as superposition of two independent simultaneous one dimensional motions along two perpendicular directions. 5. Ifa particle is moving in a plane and its speed is constant then distance traversed must be equal to displacement. 6. Equations of motion are applicable for uniform circular mation. In non-uniform circular motion net acceleration of the body is towards center. 8 — Ascalar quantity is one that has the same value for observers with different orientation of axes: S — ifa'vector is rotated its magnitude remains same. 10. The shape of the trajectory of the projectile motion under gravity depends on the initial conditions of motion aiso. ‘A particle executes a uniform circular motion and completes one revolution. Average velocity of the particle after completing of first quarter circle and first semicircle is same. 12. in ground to ground projectile motion, maximum height attained by projectile may be equal for two different angles of projection. 13 it two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by A and & then —C will be along ‘diagonal of parallelogram. Given that A + + C =0. 4 {n projectile motion under gravity, radius of curvature remains same in joumey. (8 « 90° and 0°) ies Corporate Otcw- Kakash Tower. 8, Pusa Rod, New Deli-110005. Phone 011-4762345815. The velocity vector of a particle at point is always along the tangent to the path of the ‘ at that point. Patil 9. 16. When a projectile is at the highest point of its trajectory, the momentum and Acceleration are perpendicular to each other. 17. The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform circular motion averaged over one cycle ig g ‘null vector. 4 10 18. Aparticle is describing uniform circular motion such that its time period of revolution is T_ =a T e between average velocity in the interval t= 0 to t= 7 and acceleration at “> is 45%. 19. Vectors A=3i + 4j and B=6i +8] are parallel, Q “ 20. Resultant of three non-coplanar vectors may be zero. SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type = | In the folicwing questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). 12 (1) If bot Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion te mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion, the mark (2). (3) _ If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). (4) __If both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4), 1. A: Vector addition is commutative. 5. A: A projectile is thrown with an ‘initial velo » R: A+0=A, where 0 is the zero vector. of (ai+bj). If range of projedie® 2. A: In projectile motion, ranges are equal for AARURENES oy =? elevation which exceed or fall short of 45° R: In projectile motion, angle of projections s by equal amounts 45° for maximum range condition. ti : i , 6. A: Minimum three of non-equal vectors A? R jectile launched with vel b on—-eq Pomercdgeinden ees Plane required to give zero resutant. steno aaa i R: If A¥8+6=0, then vector Apa? c must lie in one plane. 5 3. A: Centri | acceleration is a constant — 7. A: Two particles of different mass, # i Projected with same velocity at S# R: The direction of centripetal acceleration is angles. The maximum height 7 not always directed towards the centre of both the particles will be same, anne R: The maximum height of projectile 4. A: A projectile that traverse a parabolic path independent of particle mass. would certainly show deviations from its 8. A: A man cross river of width din idealised trajectory in the presence of air time t, On increasing river veloaity, resistance. time to cross the river by man vl R: Dissipative frictional force due to air unchanged: resistance causes anybody to lose some R part of its initial energy and consequently, momentum too, : Velocity of river is perpendicular 10) river. So time to cross the | independent of velocity of river.Know Your NCERT % A: When a particle is thrown obliquely from the surface of the Earth, it always moves in a parabolic path. (air resistance is negligible) A projectile motion is a two dimensional motion. If B is the unit vector in the direction of B , then 8-8 8 Unit vector is always unitless. A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. Direction of velocity changes at every instant of travel of an object moving in uniform circular motion. ‘Average acceleration in the complete journey of projectile motion is aways equal to instantaneous acceleration at any point in the flight. : There is no acceleration acting in projectile ‘motion other than acceleration due to gravity. — | 13. A® Magnitude of resultant is maximum when vectors act m same direction and is minimum, when vectors act in opposite directions. R: Resultant for the addition of two vectors AandB is R=VA <= 2aBeose, #4, 8 are the magnitudes of vectors Aand& and @ is the angle between the two vectors. 14. A: If two particles, moving along straight line with constant velocities have to meet, the relative velocity must be along the fine Joming the two paricies. R Relative motion means motion of one Particle as viewed from the other particle 15. A: For ground to ground oblique projectie Motion, horizontal velocity of proiectie remains constant. R: There is no acceleration in the horizontal direction. _—SECTIONAI: Check YourUnderstanding = PROBLEM 1: A ball is thrown upwards from the top of an inciine at angle of projection 8 = 30° with the horizontal as shown in figure. The ball lands exactly at the foot of the incline. (9 = 10 mis*) 2 The time of fight of the bail is approximately (1) 365s 246s @) 535s 4 255s ‘The angle of inclination of inciined piane 6s {3 | ©) e"laes) Bas PROBLEM 2: A particle 's describing uniform crcular mation on Gircular path of radius F with constant speed x. (@ = angular speed) Answer the following questions according t given information. 4. Distance traversed in ime interval tis mM, aeeR col Marking Scheme | a {Werks Obtained Waa 1 J2, Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). 1 10. For every corréct answer you eam four marks (+4). | Im i‘ a faximum Marks i For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (~1).| SECTION-I: NCERT Liners Soore A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When it overturns it is the inner wheel which leaves the ground first. ‘An elevator having mass m is pulled upwards with an acceleration a, then the tension in the cable is m(g - a) Accricket ball of mass 25 g collides with a bat with velocity 10 m/s and retums with same speed within 0.01 second. The force acted on the bat is 50 N. ‘Swimming is possible on account of Newton's law of gravitation ‘Aman is standing on a weighing machine. If he jumps outside the machine, the reading of a im weighing machine first increases then decreases to zero. Force is required to keep the momentum of particle constant. ‘Ablock is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with an angle of inclination a. The acceleration of incline to keep the block stationary with respect to inclined plane is equal to gtan «. ‘The maximum speed that can be achieved without skidding by @ car on a circular horizontal road is jig . where 11s coefficient of static friction. rough horizontal road with momentum p. If ‘A vehicle of mass m is moving on a straight then on applying brakes minimum stopping coefficient of friction between tyre and road be H, 2 distance for vehicle is —P— 2um*g body slides down a 45° rough incline plane in twice the time it takes to Starting from rest, a 3 th inclined plane. The coefficient of friction between body and the incline slide down same smoo plane is 0.75, i = | 7 ‘Avblock starts moving on an incline plane of inclinat I the bottom of incline is J2gL (sind — j1e080) , where IS coefficient of friction. seaman Ns PHOSee 12. It is easy to draw up a wooden block along a smooth incline plane than to haul Principally because the mass become smaller. 13, Ifa body of mass m falls vertically to the ground from height hy and rebound to @ then change in momentum of the ball on striking the ground is m (.J2gh, + /2gh,). eighth, 14, Total linear momentum of a system of particles is zero Imply that kinetic energy of the systgn of particles is zero, 15. A car is moving on a curved road of radius R, banked at an angle 8. If coefficient of between the car and the road is 4, then maximum safe speed of car on this roa jg gR(u, +tand) (7, tand) 4 16. One end of a string of length L is connected to a particle of mass m and other end is connected a} to a small peg on a smooth horizontal table. If particle moves in a circle with uniform speed y, then net force on the particle will be equal to T (Where T represents tension in the tring), 17. While walking on ice one should take small steps to avoid slipping, 18. A motorcycle is going on an overbridge of radius R. The driver maintains constant speed. As ima the motorcycle is ascending on the overbridge, the normal force on it increases. 19. Minimum acceleration, with which a fireman can slide down a rope when breaking strength of ma rope is z of his weight, will be & 20. A.uniform rope of length L lies on a table. If coefficient of friction between table and rope is 4, Oj then maximum length of the part of rope which can overhang from edge of table without sliding down willbe ML net = SECTION-I: Assertion-Reason type = {In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion tt mark (1); (2) Ifboth Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason Is not the correct explanation of the Assertion tit mark (2). (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). ‘i (4) _Iftboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4 i 1. A: A cricketer draws in, his hands during a 2. A> ‘Suppose a fixed force is applied for catch, allowing greater time for the ball to time interval on two bodies of ‘stop and hence requires a smaller force. R: Force only depends on the change in ‘momentum and not on how fast the change Js brought about.Know Your NCERT Laws of Motion SAINI 3. As When you push hard against a rigid brick 7, A: Pulling (refer figure 1) 8 easier ‘than wall, the force you exert on the wall does no Pushing (refer figure 2) on a rough surface work, even if the force is large. R: It there is no displacement, there is no work Sp Ea et row rom 4. A) A staggering amount of energy is R: Normal reaction is less in pulling than in associated with a kilogram of matter pushing Ri’ Mass and energy are equivalent and are 8. A: It is difficult to move a bike with its brakes related by the relation E = mo%/2 on, 5. A; Work done by friction on a body sliding R: When brakes on, rolling friction will be down an inclined plane is negative omvertad --Into.=ellding-sfelelion which Te R: Work done is negative, if angle between comparatively ings force and displacement is obtuse or both 9 fare in opposite rection, Friction always opposes the relative motion 6 A: A block of mass m is kept at rest on an Shah inclined plane, the net force applied by the 10. A: Impulse and momentum have same Friction is necessary to walk on ground. a> Surface to the block will be mg. dimensions. R Net contact force by the surface on block is Ri»: From Newton's 2nd law, impulse is equal to the resultant of normal contact force and change in momentum. friction force: Stands ‘SECTION-II ; Check Your Understanding a a PROBLEM 1: 2. Net force applied by the string on pulley is ‘Two blocks of mass 4 kg and 8 kg connected to fixed 40 ideal pulley shown and system is released from ) 3 N rest, 80 @ ON 160 (3) > N 320 @=>N 3. Displacement of 8 kg block after 3 second of start of journey. 1. Acceleration of 4 kg block after release is (1) 30 m, upwards +) 2 (2) 15m, downwards i) Goats (3) 35m, downwards 9 (4) 15 m, upwards ar ae 4. Speed of the 4 kg biock when it is displaced by 29 45 m (9 = 10 m/s?) is (1) 25V3 mis (2) 20Y3 mis i (4) {downwards (3) 103 mis (4) 53 misla ee AC me) Le 6 aang Satune Marka Obtained 1. For every correct answer you earn four marks (+4) naanar Mane "TRS 2. For every incorrect answer you tose one mark (1) SECTION4 : NCERT Liners Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). 1. For two bodies, the sum of the mutual forces exerted between them (A, fy) la Zero 10. " 12. from Newton's 3" law, Fyy + Fy, = 0. ‘Sum of the work done by the two forees must be zero, Wo * Wor © 0 in an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum and energy of each body is conserved The principle of conservation of mechanical energy may be viewed aa consequence of the work energy theorem for conservative forces. The work energy theorem is independent of Newton's 2° law [ In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, the total Kinetic energy is conserved during the sivort [ time of collision of the balls (when they are in contact). Total linear momentum is conserved during the short time of elastic collision of two balls (when they are in contact). When a conservative force does positive work on @ body, the potential energy of the body increases. Work done by static friction on a body may be positive An artificial satellite orbiting the earth in very thin atmosphere loses its energy gradually due to dissipation against atmospheric resistance, however small, Its speed increases progressively as it comes closer and closer to the earth. In an Inelastic collision, the total final kinetic energy of aystem is usually fess than the total initial kinetic energy of the system. A(B+C) 4 A-B+Ac Kinetic energy of a particle may be negative, e 7 —— ChapterWork, Energy and Power (BAN) m % | fee servative in ene e is non cons R: Gravitational force R: Wedge exerts a force perpendicular to — inclined face of wedge on particle durin, , A: The potential energy of a particle varies with ae B 9 distance x as shown in the graph The force acting on the particle is zero at 11. A: Exchange of energy is maximum during an elastic collision when two bodies have equal point B and C. mass. U R: Linear momentum of system is not conserved in elastic collision. 12. A: Potential energy by a friction force is not defined, ee R: Frictional force is non-conservative force. : of U-x curve is zero at point Ban . a ee 13. A: Potential energy of a body may be positive, 9 A: If collision occurs between two elastic peoatve opzere, bodies their kinetic energy may decrease R: Potential energy of a body depends on during the time of collision. reference level. R: During collision intermolecular space 14. A: Inan inelastic collision between: two bodies, decreases and hence elastic potential the relative speed of the bodies after energy increases. collision is less than the relative speed 40. A: Aparticle of mass m strikes a smooth wedge before the collision. of mass M as shown in the figure. Linear R: In an inelastic collision linear momentum of momentum of particle along the surface of the system remain conserved. de I een 15. A: The work done by spring force in the motion of a body over a closed loop is always zero. R: Spring force is conservative in nature. — SECTIONAI: Check Your Understanding PROBLEM 1 fee Acceleration (a) versus position (x) and potential energy (U) versus position (x) graph of a particle moving along x axis is shown in figure. Mass of the 40. Particle is 1 kg and initial velocity is zero. x(m)Oy CUR UL ae 7 Vel eee Colt si | Chapter Marking Schome Choo: Marks Obtained ’ ‘or every correct answer you earn four marks (+4), F y Manmum Marks 160 For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (1) SECTION-| ; NCERT Liners. Peconhane Sust6 whether the statement is True (T) or False (F) al \ ) Ideally a rigid body is @ body with @ perfectly definite and unchanged shape, The distance { between all pairs of particles of such a body do not change a In pure translational motion at any instant of time all particles of the body have the same { velocity. - we ket In rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the body moves in a circle. which | lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and has its centre on the ovis - ; The motion of a rigid body which is not pivoted or fixed in some way is either a pure tranel f or a pure rotation. i J Position vector of the centre of mass of a system of n particles is defined as is { z mi 4 Tom = (here ris the position vector of the #” particle of mass m), x mm If F, and pare position vector and linear momentum of f particle of a system of n particles, [ ] then angular momentum of system about the origin is L View, A rigid body may be in mechanical equilibrium if net external force is zero but net extemal fT) torque is non zero. arte A pair of forces of equal magnitude but acting in opposite direction on a body with different [| lines of action is known as a couple or torque. tne A couple produces both rotational and translational motion. lt The centre of gravity of an extended body is that point where the total gravitational torque on | | the body is zero. The moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent with perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456 CC14 15, 17. 18. 19 of Particles and Rotational Motion The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of the body about a parallel axis passing through its centre of mass and the Product of iy ‘and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes: If the total external force is zero, the total torque on a system is dependent of the position ‘the point about which torque is calculated The centre of gravity of a body coincides with its centre of mass only if the gravitational ig does not vary from one part of the body to the other. meaning). ‘Skaters and classical dancers performing a pirouette (a spinning about a tip-top) on the of one foot display ‘mastery’ over the principle of conservation of angular momentum, The radius of gyration of a body about an axis may be defined as the distance from the axis of ‘mass point whose mass is equal to the mass of the whole body and whose moment of inertig| 4S equal to the moment of inertia of the body about the axis. A Tigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium if both its linear momentum and angular momentum are changing with time, The time rate of the total angular momentum of a system of particle about a point (taken as the Origin of our frame of reference) is equal to the sum of the external torques (/.@., the torque dug to external forces) acting on the system taken about the same point. ‘Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines Separated by a distance d. The angular momentum vector of the two particle system is the ‘Same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken. - SECTION: Assertion-Reason type in the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R), (1) 2) 3 4 If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the mark (1). if both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the mark (2). ‘if Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). !f'both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4). A> For two particles of equal mass the centre 2, A: When the total external force ‘of mass lies exactly midway between them. system of particles is zero, t momentum of the system is. Re Centre of mass can be regarded as the ‘mass weighted mean of x, and x,, where x, and x, are position of two particles of equal product ofthe total thas mass. . oP Re Ge =F: where P is the totalknow Yout NCERT 3 ‘A. The handles of doors are made at larger distances from hinges to gain more torque fora given force. RR: The torque is 7=7*F, where F is the position vector of the point of application of force (F). ‘A: The centre of mass of any uniform triangular plate is at its centroid R: The centre of mass of any symmetrical body lies on its axis of symmetry. A; The kinetic energy of a system of particles is minimum in centre of mass frame of reference. R: The total momentum of a system as seen from centre of mass frame is maximum, A: Two cylinders, one solid and the other hollow with the same mass and radius are simultaneously allowed to roll_without slipping down an inclined plane from the same height. The solid cylinder will reach the bottom of the inclined plane first. R: By the principle of conservation of energy, the total kinetic energies of both the cylinders are identical when they reach the bottom of the incline, ‘A: The moment of inertia of a rigid body reduces to its minimum value as compared to any other parallel axis when the axis of rotation passes through its centre of mass. R: The weight of a rigid body always acts through its centre of mass in uniform gravitational field, ‘A: Kinetic energy of rotating rigid body in 1 center of mas frame is plant, where symbols have their usual meanings. R: In center of mass frame rigid body can have only pure rotational motion. ‘A: A projectile following the usual parabolic trajectory, explodes into fragments midway in air. The centre of mass continues along the same parabolic trajectory as it would have followed if there were no explosion. 10. " 12. 13. 14. 15. System of Paiticles and Rotational Motion The forces. leading to the explosion are internal forces. They contribute nothing to {he motion of centre of mass, The total external force, namely, the force of gravity Acting on the body, is the same before and after the explosion. A Solid sphere rolling on a rough horizontal Surface. Acceleration of contact point may be non-zero, A solid sphere can roll on the smooth horizontal surface, Mf rod is thrown upward with initial angular velocity and velocity of centre of mass then its momentum changes but angular velocity remains same. Torque on rod about centre of mass due to Gravitational force is zero, The force of friction in the case of a disc folling without slipping down on inclined plane is ae! sen [where a is angle of inclination with horizontal + When the disc rolls without slipping, friction is required because for rolling condition velocity of point of contact is zero, Mf polar ice melts and spread uniformly on earth, days may become longer. Increased moments of inertia will decrease angular velocity according to conservation of angular momentum, thereby increasing period of rotation. + Pure rolling cannot take place on inclined frictionless surfaces. R: Velocity of point of contact is non-zero when object rolls purely on stationary surface. ‘A: Radlus of gyration (K) of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R about an axis passing through centre of mass is R: Radius of gyration, K = i (where symbols have their usual meanings).Marking Scheme Choose whether the statemen 1 10. [Marks Obtained |aaximum Marks 140° A) Jn four marks (1 ark (~1)-] N-I: NCERT Liners For every correct answer you & Jose one ™: inswer yOu For every incorrect a sECTIO! is True (1) or False (F) locity ratio of the planet at Aplanet revolves in an elliptical orbit around sun. The v y Perihelion . nd aphelion is greater than one: } ce of conservation of linear momentum Which is vai jy Ry i 11 of uniform density and a point mags Q 4 ( Kepler's law of area is 2 consequen he shell is concentrated atthe ical shel any central force. een a hollow spheri tire mass of tt iculated as if the ent The force of attraction betwé situated just outside it is cal centre of the shell Cavendish experimentally measured, t! accepted value is 6.67 x 10° Nm? kg 2 factor of (1-24 earth, the value of g decreases bya factor of | 1 a ue to gravity decreases at a faster rate qi move above the surface of earth i ne value of universal gravitational constant and cureny Q For small height h, above surface of As we go down below the earth surface, acceleration d than above the surface of earth. tial is position dependent. As We The gravitational potent gravitational potential increases. y associated with two particles of masses m: and m2 separated by mi Gravitational potential energ} Gmm, 1M it we use gravitational potential to be zero at infinite a distance r is given by V=— separation. peed with which an object thrown from earth surface to escape, depends on radius a Minimum s of earth but independent of mass of the object. locity of earth surface is 11.2 km/s but from surface of moon the i Numerical value of escape vel value is about 2.3 km/s. A neutral point, where gravitational field intensity is zero on line joining earth and moon, is By closer to earth. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 01 1-47623456snow Your NOERT Total energy of satelite orbiting on circular path ie v4 ' bs agative and positive kinetic energy Negative With polenta energy being ieee th 7 43. Satelites oring in a icular oft in equatorial planet the warn yin mo velocity is called a polar satellite en ae 44 When a satelite is shifted from one circular orbit to higher croular orbit ts Kinetic enoegy { decreases but linear momentum of satelite remains conserved. 16. Ina satelite around earth, every part and parcel of the satelite has an accelecation towads | 1 the centre of the earth which is value of earth's acceleration due to at that postin Thus inside a satellite everything is in a state of free fall mit ‘ ‘SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (Fi) (1) tf both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assedion, ties mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Aesertion, thee mark (2). (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark . (4) _Ifboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4) 4, A: Angular momentum of an orbiting body is 5. A: An astronaut in an orbiting space station always conserved about centre of rotation above the cath 4 expererces (centre of mass of system) weighiicsences. R:: Gravitational force is a central force (always Ro Ai object moving sects anti ilar the ered iveiss some.pnih, influence of earth's gravitational foece is tn 2. A: Aplanet of mass m rotating in circular orbit state of free fall ofradius raround sun of mass Mhaskinelic 5, energy equal to negative half of potential energy. Smaller the orbit of planet meroury around the Sun, shorlest is the time t takes to ‘complete one revolution. R: Total mechanical energy of the rotating R: According to Kepler's first law of planetary planet is half of potential energy. as of aes oni 3. A: Whatever is gravitational potential at the proportional 10 cube of mean distance surface, the same continues inside the shell coma of mass m. 7. A: Ifthe radius of earth were to shrink by 1%. R:: No gravitational field exists inside earth. is ess nteiy morloael Su. 4, A: Atmosphere of moon contains no gas, not acceleration due to gravity on the earth even hydrogen, whereas earth's atmosphere surtace willincrease by 2%. RemAilis eonatof iyckocettcien: R: Acceleration due to gravity on surface of R: The escape velocity from moon is smaller ‘cath 9 than rm.s, velocity of the gases. an:(BRB sravitation 8 A: A satellite is orbiting @ planet at a certain height in circular orbit. If mass of the planet is suddenly reduced to half, the satellite falls: freely on planet. R: The speed of a satellite around bit depends on the mass of the planet in circular oF satellite SECTION-III : Check Your Understanding PROBLEM 1: When a force acts on a body, acceleration. Whenever a body falls freely towards earth under the effect of gravitational pull, it is accelerated. The acceleration produced under the effect of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity: Earth may be considered as a large sphere made of large number of concentric shells with smallest at centre and largest at surface. All shells exert force at point outside all the shells and for a point outside earth, gravitational force is just as if entire mass of earth is concentrated at its centre. From the above information, answer the following it produces an questions. 1. The distance between earth and moon is about 4 x 10° km. At what point will the gravitational strength of earth and moon will be zero? (Take Mn = Me/81) (1) 3.2 10° km from earth (2) 3.6 x 10° km from earth (3) 1.6 x 108 km from earth (4) 4% 104 km from earth 2 In the above question where gravitational intensity becomes zero, what is total gravitational potential at this point? (Mass of earth is 6 x 10% kg) (1) =1.2 « 108 J/kg 9. A: The gravitational conservative force R: The gravitational force is a strony force. force 8 a, The binding energy of a 3 sat independent of mass of the ee ‘ R: Binding energy is the negative potential energy of the satellite, “ea M, 3. If the mass of moon is E ( 81 ) ANd radius ig (Re) Z_}; thenthe of acceleration due to gravity 9, the surface of earth to that on surface of is (Me = Mass of Earth) a 5 7 1) = e OG 4 9 " @4 4 7 4. The acceleration due to gravity (1) Is maximum at earth's equator (2) Is maximum at the centre of earth (3) Increases with increase in height earth surface iia (4) Is minimum at Earth's equator PROBLEM 2: When two masses are moving on same circular path under mutual force of attraction provided by gravitation, centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force itself, Two masses will always remain diametrical opposite to keep revolution around a common centre. Both particle's masses will have same frequency and common centre depends on their masses. Their mechanical energy will depend on mass and distance from common centre. From the above information, answer the following questions. 5. Two masses each equal to M are moving on circular path or radius R about a comma centre. The gravitational force of attracti¢ between the masses has magnitude GM? (Fee 4GM? aeNee erik) com Solids 9 6 42. X 43 Marking Scheme Marks Obtained | Percerags 1. For every correct answer you earn four marks (+4) ‘Maximum Marks 160 |) Sa, ‘ 2. For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (-1). 4 4 15. SECTION4 : NCERT Liners % 16. Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F): ny 17 4. The property of a body by virtue of which it tends to regain its original shape and size when y external force is removed is known as plasticity 18 2. When a body is subjected to gradually applied deforming force, & restoring force is developed ‘9 inside the body which is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to deforming force. ¥ 3. Tensile stress and shear stress can also be termed as longitudinal stress. ie 4. The restoring force per unit area developed due to the applied tangential force is known as 1 shear stress. , (1 5. The resulting shear strain produced due to tangential force can be expressed with relation o= - in the diagram given below R Ax | ] i. | . t 6. The strain produced in material by a hydraulic pressure is called volumetric strain. (0 7. _ Ifthe stress developed exceeds the Tensile strength of body then strain increases linearly with a8 the stress. 8. If the stress developed exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of the material then additional me strain is produced even by a reduced applied force. 9 The material is said to be ductile if ultimate strength and fracture points lies close to each other ae in the stress-strain graph of material ils ia iota cit abn Niecensactone encase aMochevical cen | CERT ‘Modul are the characteristic property of the material i sie — e dus is defined 25 the rato of longitudinal stress to the tateral sirain within elastic [| | b yours is characteristic Property of @ material * wk sibility 's defined 3s fractional change in volume per unit increase in pressure J 2 tential energy is Stores in 2 stretched wire on the account of work being done 1 Tre ost fer-atomic forces. 1S gains aie a cess of solids called elastomers do not obey Hooke's Law x ne Young's modulus and shear modulus are relevant for solids. liquids and gases. jeces of same dimension which stretches to a lesser extent for 3 given load is 16 MoleGared to be more elastic atone ‘deforming force applied in one direction can produce strain only in one particular dirscticn tt ———- jg Svessis not a vector quantity as stress cannot be assigned a specific direction * —=—9 Swetching @ coll is determined by its shear modulus. x. Poisson’ ratio for stee! is less than for copper. by SECTIONAL: Assertion-Reason type a emo inte folowing questions, @ statement of assertion (A) is folowed by a statement of reason fF) 0 loom Assertion & Reason sre true and the Reason is the comect explanation of the Assedion, then mark (1). ath Sssertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the comect explonation of the Assertion. en mark (2). {@) Assertion is true statement but Reason is fase, then mark (3) (W) Hiboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4) 1. As Incase of a wire, attached from ceiling and 3. A. Metals require 2 lee stress to produce stretched under the action of a weight (WW) ‘Small change in length. ‘suspended from its other end, the tensile RR: Metals are good conductor of heat f w 4 A> ta massiess metal wire is attached to the stress is equal to aia celing of a room and mass mits atached to ee another end and the losd is applied R: The tension at any cross-section gradually then, the tentd Yate wire is F and tensile stress is equal to the aa tension per unit area. 2 ‘A: When deforming force is removed, the body fegains its original “shape (within ‘Proportional limit). R: Stress « strain (within proportional limit). im Oma Pa Ra Ne en: onnaHEAT srocharicas Propentios of Sots terials A 5. A: Tho sires train graph He a gulus and Bare shown in figure: YOu of A is groater than of B. Vi Strain FR: The Young's module for ema sia 8 Str085 slope of ingar portion of graph and aan ‘of A is more than slope of B 6. A: Iron is more olastic than rubber R: Under-a given deforming force iron deforms Jess than rubber. For a perfectly rigid bod infinite. ek yy, Bulk modulus Is meee SECTION-II ; Check Your 3. PROBLEM 1: Experimental observations show that for material, the magnitude of strain produced is same whether the stress is tensile or compressive. The ratio of tensile stress to longitudinal strain is defined ‘as Young's modulus and is denoted by Y= a/¢ 4. Two wires A and B are made of same material. The wire A has a length /and radius r while the given solid wire B has length 3/ and radius 5 If the wires are stretched by the same force, then elongation in A divided by elongation in B is my at 1 t @) (4) 76 ‘Awire elongates by b when load Wis hung from it. If this wire goes over a friction less pulley and two weights W each are hung at the two ends, then the elongation of wire will be I 1, me (1) b Qs (3) 2b (4) 4h 4, R: Fora perfectly i is always zero. 3'd body, ExceSS prOSSUre inside In soap bubble, sy does not counter bala, excess pressure, “a A: A bar of length L, when loaded at cena a entre by i oaasegsals We sags) by 6= WE (sag Tea R: Bending with a load shows mid by large young's A: Airhas higher Bulk moduiys R: With given pressure. aip compressed. More voy” My applied pressure mec ~ The length of a metal wire is jy in it is Ta and is ts when natural length of wire is Tole + Tal, a AA (ig 2 Tala — Tal @ ate A vertical metal solid cylinder of gy, fength b is fixed at the lower end ange, mass ™ is put on it upper ‘compression of the cylinder is (Where Y is Young's modulus cylinder) mle (8 mg x¥ @ @) aa @ Young's modulus: (1) is dimensionless (2) has dimensions same (3) has dimensions same as (4) has dimensions same asncERT out orn 2 prose stress that a material can withstand re maxim, is called the Breaking stress it fe unit ar efor? S Is the maximum force per unit area ing be applied on a cross-sectional area of in such a way that material is able to raat y amount of stress before breaking ne breaking stress of 2 wire depends on “) Material of wire (2) Length of wire fa) Radius ofwire (4) Both Zand 3 ‘n nanging wire can sustain weight of 40 kg breaking. If the wire is cut into four equal ts keeping area of Cross section same, each oe ‘can sustain a weight of (1) 10k (2) 40kg @) 209 (4) 30 kg heavy mass is attached to one end of a thin ‘wire and is whirled in a vertical circle about other fend. The wire is most likely to break a a 10. Qo Mechanical Properties of Soids SMI (1) When the mass is at the lowest point (2) When the mass is at the highest point (3) When the wire is horizontal (4) Both (1) and (2) A wire can sustain the weight of 20 kg before breaking, If the wire is cut in to N equal parts along the length then each part can sustain the weight of 20 10 O) 4, k9 @ V9 5 80 @) Ake 3 wire can withstand the weight of 40 kg before breaking. If cross-sectional area of wire and length are halved then wire can withstand the weight before breaking will be (1) 20 kg (2) 40kg (3) 80 kg (4) 10 kg |{marking Scheme sa ledipala | | or every correct answer you © ae | aes vewer you jose one mark (“1 2. For every incorrect an " SECTION- : NCERT Liners jo tht is + False (F}. my ment is True (T) Choose whether the stator very litle resistance to shear stress \ 7 1. The key property of fluids is that they offer ver te dicular to the surface in contact, 2 id at rest has to be perpen eo 2. Force exerted by the fluid at res he — 3. Pressure is a vector quantity, y eight of liquid column and 4. The gauge pressure due to a liquid depends on the heig! ot eS area or the shape of container ie aan f external pressure is applied on any part v a 5. Whenever external pr oe d transmitted undiminished and equally in al ; et i: laced by object is m 6. For fully immersed object, the volume of the fluid disp! more than ag volume, a t i Int of the fluid disptay 7. The loss of weight of body submerged in a fluid is equal to weig! id 2 t t it 2. 8. The flow of the fluid must be steady if velocity ofa particle at different points in spaces sane & 9. Streamline is defined as a curve whose tangent at any point is in direction of uid velocity > that point. q 10. Equation of continuity is a statement of conservation of eneray in flow of incompressible fuig 11. The working principle of carburettor of automobiles and venturimeter are same, nm 3 Qu 12. Ina solid, the stress is found experimentally to depend on rate of change of strain instead > strain itself. a 13. The viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in tem, gases. 14. Surface energy is the extra energ compared to molecules in interior. iperature while it increases in the casect >> 4 y that the molecules of liquid at the interface only greater than surface tension between liquid-air interface 16. The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the solid-st the liquid is termed as angle of contact, apkcie’s “a a | 18. The angle of contact is an obtuse angle if surface tensions between the solid-liquid interest (Corporate ico: Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone :011-47623456" nnn ee a1 @ @ it you NCERT Arough a uid of viscosity n i, F=Grnavé insteady state sioady flow is achieved at low flow speeds, Bey ‘nd becomes turbulent. ‘A: When an object is submerged in a fluid at rest; the fluid exerts a force on its surface which is always normal to the object's surface. R: If there were a component parallel to the surface, the object will also exert a force on the fluid parallel to it, as a consequence of Newton's third law. Since the fluid is at rest this cannot happen. A: In the absence of flow, the pressure in the fluid must be same everywhere. R: If the pressure were not equal in different parts of the fluid then there would be an accelerated flow as the fluid will have some net force acting on it. A: In steady flow, the mass flow rate is constant with respect to time. R: Two streamlines can cross each other so that an oncoming fluid particle can either go ‘one way or other. ‘A: The expression for pressure P = P, + pgh practically holds true for ideal liquids. R: Liquids are practically incompressible for large pressure change. ing to Stoke's law the viscous drag force on a ercury colurnn in the barometer has @ height of about 76 om at sea level 'YONd a limiting value this flow loses steadiness ty Mechanical Properties of Fluids ‘Sphere of radius a moving with ‘velocity v [14 ji's principle is basically the conservation of e Raney sere bbe -ooktee ME Leta] | it Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3, both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4) R: According to equation of continuity, the volume flux or flow rate remains constant throughout the pipe of flow. A liquid tends to have least surface area which extemal conditions permit. : Molecules of a liquid surface have less energy in comparison to molecules in the interior. A: Reynolds number R, is given by, R, 529 (where symbols have their 2n usual meaning) : Reynolds number, is a dimensional parameter to determine the onset of turbulence in a fluid. : Inthe three cases shown in the figure, force exerted by liquid on the base of three vessels is same.42. A: Awater on 2 clean gags 9. A: A block is immersed in a liquid inside @ spread out. while beaker, which is falling freely, buoyant force suitace tod bid “on = ‘acting on block is zero. Re: Angle ofcortatis ataingy 8 and glass surface ang a0 gy, obtuse in the case of marcy = surface. “s 13. A: A small drop of mercury ig e bigger drops are oval in shape R: In case of freely falling liquid there is no toad Pressure difference between any two points. force of gravity fr é 10. A: The water rises higher in a capillary tube of ‘Sma -_ ‘smaller diameter than in the capillary tube of 14, A: For a perfectly rigid body Buy. larger diameter. infinite. tg, An R: Height through which liquid rises in a R: Fora perfectly rigid body, to capillary tube is inversely proportional to the is aways zero. Re | on diameter of the capillary tube. 15. A: Excess pressure inside an apy, 11. A: Whena large soap bubble and a small soap or betty, bubble are connected by a capillary tube, water is = the large bubble expands while the small ‘nila bubble shrinks. S aT : inde © song oui R: The excess pressure inside a bubble is Hs inversely proportional to radius. os SECTION-Ill : Check Your Understanding = 4 PROBLEM 1: PROBLEM 2: Sb ‘n identical small drops of water of radius r coalesce A cube of wood of side 1 m and density 500 ig 2 to form a bigger drop. If surface tension of water is T dipped in a lake of water [density 1000 igimy, © and density is p. Based upon the above information want to push the cube to the bottom of hela jy answer the following questions. te “ Flee 4] ¢ Excess pressure in bigger drop is 2 ye a @ = nr 4T oF — (4) @ 2 @ 2 Ifthere is no loss of energy and s is specific heat capacity of water, then change in temperature of drop is z 1-n? a prs| 1 Besa 4) zh-| prs 3 depth of water in lake is 1m. The cross sectonsity base of tank is V2 mxV/2 m and water does nets out as cube is pushed down, fl | — 2m —— Based upon the above information answer te following questions. 3. As the cube is pushed down in the tank (1) The force’ required to push it dom increases continuously #4 (2) The force required to push it dow decreases continuously aere ae Your NCERT on force required to push it down (8) aanee ated thee become octets foroe required 10 push it down o aie and then becomes constant The force required to just hold cube at the pottom of lake is (g = 10 ms) (1) 5000 N (2) 2500 N (a) 6250.N (4) 10,000N PROBLEM 3 | ‘al of area 0.10 m? is connected to a 0.02 > ws massless string. The string passes Mer an Weal alley (Conskdered. massless. and froniees) an shown. = 10 re Fim 10.02 kg A liquid with a film of thickness 0.15 mm is placed ‘between the plate and the table. When released the plates moves with constant speed of 0.075 ms-' Based upon above information answer the following questions, 5. The tension in the string is (1) 0.2N (2) 0.8N (3) 0.6N (4) 05N 6. The shear stress produced due to the viscous force is (1) 2Nim? (2) 5 Nim? (3) 3Nim? (4) 9Nim? a Machanical P hid 7 The coaticiont of viscosity of the quid is (1) 0.004 Pas (2) 0.005 Pag (3) 0.00312 Pas (4) 0.0762 Pas PROBLEM 4; 'n words, the Bernoull's relation may be stated ts {ollows: As we move along a streamline, the sum of the kinetic energy per unit volume and the Potential energy per unit volume remains constant. in applying energy conservation principle, there is an ‘assumption that no energy Is lost due 10 friction anywhere 8. Bernoulli's equation is a consequence of conservation of (1) Energy (2) Linear momentum (3) Charge (4) Mass ‘At what speed, the velocity head of water is ‘equal to 20 cm of Hg? [9 = 10 mis?) (1) 10.3 ms (2) 2.8 ms (3) 56 ms (4) 7.38 ms Thee tubes A, B and C are connected to horizontal pipe in which ideal fluid is flowing, The radii of the tubes, A, B and C at junction are respectively 2 cm, 1 om and 2 om. It can be ‘concluded that (1) The height of liquid in tube A, B and C is Same as they are at same horizontal level (2) The height of liquid in tube A and Bis same (3) The height of liquid in tube A and Cis same (4) The height of liquid in tube B is maximumi ie : Tre lai akan fey // \ : 5 | Marks Obtained nes X | | or every correcta as A waa one mark (1 2. For every incorrect answer you 050 7 — ee SECTION- : NCERT Liners ; ‘\ of a substance with change in temperature gy. Ise (F)- Choose whether the statement is True (T) or Fals ( tness or coldness of 4 body’ 1. Heat is the measurement of ho} by er nin some physical property of thermometty. nd freezing points of wate! sius temperature (tc) is one. 2. The variatior is the basic principle r have values 212°C ang 4 3. On the Fahrenheit scale, boiling 2! 4. Slope of Fahrenheit temperature (te) versus Cel ken, 5. In thermometry, on Celcius scale two reference points are tal SDD re is an anomalous behaviour with change I" temperature between 6°C to togye § 6. Water exhibit 7. Fora material if coefficient of areal expansion is B, then coefficient of volume expansion ig 3 i 2 8. When a metallic wire with heavy blocks at its ends is kept on slab of ice, the wire through the ice slab. This happens rama due to fact that at higher pressure melting point i 8. Convection involves flow of matter within a fluid due to unequal temperatures of its pats, t 10. _Inwinter lakes and ponds freezes at bottom first 44. Ablacksmith fixes a metal ring on the rim of a wooden wheel by heating the wooden wheal q 12. Heat capacity of an object depends upon mass and nature of material. i 13. Specific heat capacity at melting point of material is zero. i 14. In graph of temperature (T) vs heat given (Q) for an metallic object slope of c reciprocal | of latent heat. " . ki? iy 15. During the sublimation process solid, liquid and vapour states of ist i ] arr Ipo 'S Of a Substance coexist in themal| 16. Inner walls of thermos bottle is coated with silver to reduce radiation losses of energy. fi Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone :——__—— ~~ PRB ren Precis ot tate 14. A: Heat energy from tne sun reaches the ea" by radiation. 5. A: A body can never 15 eenperatue Toss than 2 radiation. RR: Newton's law of cootin 3 an | Ri: Radian needs no medium for New experimentally. | transfer. , SECTION : Check Your Understanding PROBLE} 5, Find increase In volume of glass M 1: 4) 1.2.0m* Q Two insulated metal bars each of length 10 cm, and 4 ae ie 42 cm foros section with sides 2 om and 4 Or @)3 ) 03¢e Gereclgeel Uatvean, bio tid vnatias one, ROE OF 6... Hal much water wil overt | 400°C and other at 0°C. The bars are made of CoPPeF (1) 3.66 cm 2) re i and aluminium aa (3) 3. 84 cm? (4) 285 i = - PROBLEM 3: \ ‘A substance is in the solid form at gy = of heat added to this substance ang eee | gre plotted in the following graph, ! Al Q (Calories) Thermal conductivities of copper and aluminium is Kou = 400 WimK, Ka = 250 WimK Young modulus of aluminium is Y=7 x 10"° Nim? 1. Thermal current through copper bar is (1) 320 W (2) 640 W (3) 500 W (4) 160 W 2. Equivalent thermal resistance of the two bar system is (1) 0.382 KW (2) 0.192 KW (3) 0.423 KW (4) 1.829 KW 3. If initial temperature of both walls is 0°C and final temperature of both walls is 100°C. Thermal stress in aluminium bar is (Thermal coefficient of linear expansion of aluminium is 23% 105°C) (1) 4.98 x 108Nim? (2) 2.62 x 10° Nim? (3) 1.61 = 107 Nim? (4) 1.61 * 108 Nim? PROBLEM 2: ‘A100 cm® glass bottle is completely filled with water at 40°C. The bottle and water are heated to 60°C. Thermal coefficient of linear expansion of glass is 0.60 x 10-9/C. Thermal coefficient of volumetric expansion is of water is 21 x 10-5/°C 4. Find increase in volume of water (1) 42.0me (2) 28cm? (3) 21m? (4) 1.3. ome 7 440 C0) The specific heat capacity of the solid 0.5 callg°C. tn 7. The mass of the substance is (1) 30 kg (2) 26.67 g (3) 26.67 kg (4) 80g 8. _ Latent heat of the melting process ig (1) 18.75 Cal/g (2) 10.Caig (3) 20 Callg (4) 15caig 9. Slope of QR portion ofthe graph represen, (1) Latent heat of melting é (2) latent heat of vapourisation (3) Heat capacity of substance in ti bk (4) Specific heat capacity of solid j 10. The specific heat capacity of en | the liquid state is nearly ie (1) 2 Cage (3) 0.58 Calig’C12 odynamics jarnng Seherne | Marks Obtained _ jarking Scher : a Marks O S oar every correct answer you eam four marks (+4), Wana i ve mark (1), | ror eect anor you se one atk (1) | SECTION-| : NCERT Liners Chapter Percentage Score_ choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Thermodynamics deals with the process of conversion of heat into work only. eat is a fine invisible fluid called caloric, filed in the pores of a substance 2 3, Thermodynamics is a microscopic science 4, _ ffthere are ‘N’ number of bodies in thermal equilibrium then they must have same temperature. 5, Adiathermic wall is a conducting wall that allows the flow of heat from one side to another. 6, _ Temperature determines the direction of heat flow between the two bodies. 7. To describe the internal energy of a gas we should include the kinetic energy that is due to disordered motion of molecules. & Heat and work are state variables in thermodynamics. 9. _ Inisothermal expansion of an ideal gas change in internal energy is zero, 40. The equation AQ = AU + PAY, is the first law applicable in all possible thermodynamic processes. 44. Molar specific heat capacity of substance depends only on the nature of substance. 42. Specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal/g °C, for all temperature range 49. Specific heat capacity of a real gas depends only upon the temperature of gas. 14 The Pressure-Volume curve for a fixed temperature is called isotherm. 15. Intensive variables depend upon the size of system, 16. Quasi-static process is an unrealistic process. (Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-4762345613 Chapter ‘yanking Scheme | Marks Obtained Percentage Score | aero every corect answer you ear four marks (4). adnan Mate eo a + er ncorect answer yu lose one mark (1) 160 | [nF i cei SEE SECTION-I: NCERT Liners noose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). TIF 4, Maxwell along with other scientists also contributed in developing the kinetic theory 2. Kinetic theory do not give the molecular interpretation of temperature. 43, Dalton stated that “When two elements form more than one compound, fora fixed mass of one element, the masses of the other elements are in ratio of small integers” 4. Avogadro's law (or hypothesis) says “equal volume of all gases at equal temperature and | pressure have the same number of molecules” 5. The size of an atom is about one angstrom. 6. The average distance that a molecule can travel without colliding is called free length. 8 Gases approximately satisfy PV = KT at low temperature and low pressure. Pv 4, In ideal gas equation “= k, where Nis number of molecule, and the constant k is called L_l_ Boltzmann constant. 40, The mass of 22.4 litres of any gas is equal to its molecular weight in grams at S.T-P. 11. Boyle's law states that pressure of given mass of the gas varies inversely with volume as well | 7. The atoms of gases attract when they are at a distance less than 1 fermi | as temperature. 12. Iftwo non-interactive ideal gases are kept in a vessel then total pressure in vessel will be sum of partial pressure of each gas. 43, The total kinetic energy and momentum is conserved during collision of molecules between each other, according to kinetic theory. 14. Ifa gas particle is moving inside a vessel, with momentum P , just after colliding the walll of vessel its momentum remains P . 15. Internal energy of an ideal gas is purely kinetic. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456ee yaasel cantening male of a Manoatonic Fe Toe total enengy oF the gad ik E then Raat 2 aang questions. (Atami Weight of gas ay 4. Tre teternat eneigy of the pas is @) 28 we e 2 2. Thetetal translational kinetic energy per degree: offreaton & a @ we & Treaverage Ainotic energy per molecule is € Lee © Gana © Na & e 4) © aa © aay 4 The tenoerature of gas Is (R Is universal gas constant) E >) 2 se @ = € 2€ @ m @) wR S_ The potential energy of a gas molecule is E E ® 3 @) a € @eo (a) > & if temperature of the gas is doubled then intemal energy will be, (2) 2E Me @)3E (a) Qe 7. it Wj is ims velocity of gas particles at temperature T then the rms velocity at 4 Twill be (1) ay (2) v2) ® sy @) ay) aT nana PROBLEM 2) Suppose there are N molecules each of masa m, of ‘ay Ideal gas in a container. The mean square of x CompaneNt of Velocity of molecules is denoted by We The gas Is enclosed using a horizontal piston of area A as shown 8 The pressure of the gas is m(ut)w (ul) ianeey Oh sar ee 3 me (us )N " am(u) AL AL 9 The pressure of the gas can also be written in terms of momentum transferred per collision (AP) and collision frequency (A) on the wall area Aas (1) aPxet AP @) Tar apxt a tx ay oe @) *P 10. If the temperature of gas is doubled keeping Volume constant. We know from the gas law that the pressure will be doubled. On microscopic level this increase in pressure ‘occurs because (1) Momentum change per collision is doubled while the frequency of collision remains constant (2) Momentum change per collision remains constant while frequency of collision ® (3) Momentum change per collision and the frequency of collision both are increased (4) None of these two physical quantities are changed, It is due to some other reasonOscillations 16. * Marking Scheme | Marks Obtained Pew 9.1 |. For every eorect answer you warn four marks (+4), ‘Maximum Marks 160 SH | i SECTIONA: NCERT Liners Choose whether the statement ix True (T) or False (F) r inthe! 1. Position af a particle ia given by x* AD and A) * Kt a7) a Motion of particle must be oscillatory vel @ 2. tnevery periodic motion particles move around a mean position ral 4 @ 3. Seiamio wave can be pictured as colloctive oscillations of the constituents of medium, = oS Nw Laas 4. Function of motion ie £(t) = con!" + sin2at + cosBo . Time period of motion is “* lh nction of motion ie f(t) = cos + sin2mt cos Bin! . Time period of motion is 5. The time period of S.H.M. depends upon amplitude, energy and phase constant — WS, 6. The motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic for any angular displacement. paz 4 Lu 7. In the ideal case of zero damping, the amplitude of simple harmonic motion at resonance is [>> infinite Wy s. - ces 4 8. In S.4.M, magnitude of acceleration is maximum at mean por sition. Lo 9 Force F ® 3+ 3x is acting on a particle it will perform S.H.M. rh ' 10, A simple pendulum made of metalic string and a bob of mass m. Mass of string is negligible. [T) If temperature increases time period of pendulum increases, Pies 4 11. Time period of compound pendulum depends upon the position of pivoted point. T 12. In undamped S.H.M., total energy depends upon position of harmonic oscillator. 13. Phase difference between position and acceleration of harmonic oscillator is x O AVS } A Minimum time taken by particle to pass -> to is i (A symbols have their usval 2 meaning) 15. Graph between acceleration (a) and position (x) (w # 1) is a straight line with positive slope fe ne a particle performing S.H.M. Corporate Otfice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 01147623456 4 aIn the folowing questions, @ statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason ( (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the corr (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct Know Your NCERT 46. Graph between kinetic energy (K:E.) and position x is a re performing S.H.M. 47. When a gir sitting on a swing stands up, the time period of the swing will increase 19. Atunnelis dug along diameter of earth, The particle dropped in the tunnel will execute S.H.M 49, Time period of simple pendulum in accelerating bus is 6 in uniformly moving bus. 20. A:solid cylinder is attached to a massless spring so that horizontal surface. Time period of oscillation is anf Oscillations sctangular hyperbola for a particle [Tl] ro "qual to time period of simple pendulum [—]—] it can roll without slipping along a SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type mark (1). mark (2). R), rect explanation of the Assertion, then explanation of the Assertion, then (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3), (4) _Ifboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4) 1 A: The only force acting on a particle of mass min SHM is called restoring force. R: Unlike acceleration, force is not always directed towards the mean position in SHM. A: Damped SHM is not strictly SHM R: Acceleration for damped SHM is given by equation ma(t) = —kx(t) — by(t) (where symbols have their usual meaning.) A: In practice, oscillating bodies eventually come to rest at their equilibrium position. R: The damping due to friction and other dissipative forces causes oscillating bodies to eventually come to rest. ‘AA: The motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic only for a << /. R= Motion of a simple pendulum is SHM for ‘small angular displacement. oe > ‘A: Pendulum clocks go slow in summer and fast in winter. R: The length of the pendulum used in clock increases in summer. Mechanical energy of a particle executing SHM is E. Maximum KE of particle may be greater than E. Potential energy of a system may be negative. ‘A: The time period of a simple pendulum whose. length is equal to the radius of Earth (R) will ve 20% 9 R: Ata height equal to R, the acceleration due to gravity will be gi4, ‘A: Two simple harmonic motions are given by y, t0sin{ a+ =) and 4 y, = 5(sin3nt + V3 cos Sat) These S.H.M. have amplitudes in the ratio As? Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456Marking Scheme i 2, Ee Choose whether the statement is True (T) or F: 1 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, == <7 p/. +4) For every correct answer you eam four marks (+4) For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (~1) | NCERT Liners SECTION~ alse (F). ‘Speed of sound in gas at constant pressure does not depend upon density of gas. Intensity of a point source of sound decreases aS observer moves towards source of sound Standing waves can be transverse or longitudinal. Allpoints ona standing wave between two consecutive nodes vibrate in same phase with same frequency, Longitudinal waves need bulk modulus of elasticity so these waves can propagate in all media, ‘Solid, liquid and gases. In mechanical waves, energy transfer takes place because of coupling through elastic forces between neighbouring oscillating parts of the medium. Ina stationary wave, all particles between two consecutive nodes have the same phase at a given instant but have different amplitudes. Speed of a mechanical wave with respect to stationary observer depends upon elastic properties, density of medium. According to Newton formula for the propagation of sound wave in a gas, it is an adiabatic phenomenon, but according to Laplace it is an isothermal phenomenon. When a travelling wave is reflected at an open boundary phase changes by n. When a travelling wave is refracted at boundary of rarer-denser medium phase changes by 0° Two sources of sound of same frequency may produce beat for an observer. When observer and source of sound both are at rest, observer listens frequency f. If both source and observer start moving with same speed in same direction, then observed frequency will be different. In a tight metallic string, speed of longitudinal wave and transverse wave must be same. ‘Comorate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456 # ”) A ARAAR & H‘Waves R:: Waves generated depend upon the method of creating waves in the metal 9A: A train is moving in straight line and its frequency of whistle is f. An observer which lies on a line perpendicular to path of train is stationary then frequency heard by observer may be increasing or decreasing. R: If relative motion occur between source and observer then frequency observed by observer will be necessarily different from frequency produced by source. 10. A: The fundamental frequency of an organ pipe increases as the temperature increases. R: As the temperature increases, the velocity of sound increases more rapidly than length of the pipe lf sound waves travel from denser to rarer medium speed of waves changed. R: The frequency remains unchanged by a change in medium. Intensity of sound waves may change when listener moves towards or away from the stationary source. R: If distance between source and observer decreases then apparent frequency to 4 We 12. A iti ae “ PROBLEM 1: A string of length 100 cm is fixed at both ends. The vibrations of string is given by the equation. Y= 10sin2xcos2t x, yare in cm and tis in second. Give the answer of following questions according to given information. 1. Nearby node from left end is at a distance (1) Som (2) xom (3) 20m (4) 4om Maximum displacement of a particle of string at position x “—m is (1) Zero (2) 9m (3) Sem (4) 12cm SECTION-Iil : Check Your Understanding Know. Yate y observer will be greater than Know) frequency fF A: A tube open at both ends ‘ fundamental note of frequency doo ( tube is now closed at one end, 1 ¢ frequency becomes 500 Hz sc damental frequencies are ¥_ ¢ R: Fundame ws me for tube wit one end closed and both ae open, respectively. ; 14. A: Aearis moving in @ circle and blowing ay ¢ constantly, there will be no change ® a apparent frequency for a Berson placag i centre, throughout circular motion, Abus Bus S when ) distan R: Intensity of sound observed at centre , constant during motion of car, stated spee assertion. Give | 15. A: In a stationary wave the energy does na given flow from one antinodes to other antinade, R: Between two antinodes there is always ¢ node which is at rest all the time. a | mand tabs 3. Velocity of the particle at x = (1) Semis (2) 10sin8 emis (3) 20 cmis (4) Zero PROBLEM 2: In a sonometer effective length of wire is 1 m. Diameter of wire is 2 mm. The tension in wire is 81N. The wire vibrating with its fundamental frequencyand a vibrating tuning fork together produce 3 beats pet second. Now the tension in wire is reduced to 64N, beats are heard at same rate. Give the answer of following questions according to given information. 4. Speed of transverse wave in string, whet tension in string is 81 N, is : (1) 330 mis (2) 180 mis 4 (3) 102 ms (4) 108 mis.— ———— Marking Scheme ‘Marks Obtained : Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). 1 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, For every incorrect anewer you lose one mark (~1) For every correct answer you earn four marks (+4). [Maximum Marke “| SECTION-I : NCERT Liners Unlike charges repel each other. In gold leaf electroscope, the degree of divergence is an indicator of amount of charge Total charge of an isolated system is always conserved. The SI unit of charge is microcoulomb. If @ body contains n electrons and m protons, then total amount of charge on the body (i (m= nie, @ is electronic charge. The value of co in SI units is 8.854 * 10-2 C2 N-1 m2 Force on any charge due to a number of other charges is the scalar sum of al! the fowssor that charge due to other charges Electric field due to a point charge Q at a point in space, depends on the test charge @. The concept of field was first introduced by Faraday Field lines start from positive charge and terminate at negative charge Two field lines can cross each other. Electrostatic field lines do not form any close loop. Total charge of an electric dipole is non zero. = Centre of collection of point charges is defined as 11 24, In general, an electric dipole in a non uniform field experienc_—- or | ssian surface is 80 chosen that some charges are inside and some charges are outside, 49. au the fd on lft side of aquation of Gauss's law, is due to all charges surface Is #0 chosen that some charges are inside and some charges are outside 49. (Gaussian thon in Gause’s law equation, term q on fight side includes sum of all charges inside and outside the BUrTAC 20, The electric flokd due to a ¢ harge configuration with total charge zero can be non-zero. SECTION-H : Assertion-Reason type inthe following quoetions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) {both Assertion ‘& Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion, then mark (1) (2) 4 both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason js not the correct explanation of the Assertion, then mark (2). (3) W Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3), (4)_Itboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4), 4, Az The charges acquired after rubbing are lost 6. A: The electric force F exerted by a proton on when the charged bodies are brought in ‘an electron is same in magnitude to the contact. force exerted by an electron on proton. R: The unlike charges acquired by the objects R: Magnitude of electric force F is given by, neutralise or nullify each other's effect. Ko? ; e 2A; On rubbing glass rod with the silk, rod gets F i. (where symbol have their usual positively charged and silk gets negatively charged. meaning) R: Only the less tightly bound electrons in a 7. At For different positions of the charge @ al! material body can be transferred from one over the space (around a source charge), Body to anather by rubbing we get different values of electric field E. R: Fora point charge, electric field is inversely 3, A: Abody will be charged negatively by losing ‘some of its electrons. proportional to distance (7) from charge. R: Abody will be charged positively by gaining ‘The magnitude of electric field E due to a some electrons. point charge is same on a spherical surface 25 x 108 electrons in a with the point charge at its centre. R: At equal distances from the charge g, the magnitude of its electric field E is same. For points outside the shell, the field due to ly charged shell is as if the entire 4, A: There are about 6. charge of ~1 C. R: The charge q on a body Is always given Dy q = ne, where nis any integer, positive or gq: es uniform 5. A: Coulomb's law agrees with the Newton's charge of the third law, R: Coulomb's taw gives the force between two masses m, and m, also.2@ A> Whenever the net electic fux through a desed surface is zero, the total charge contained © the Gosed surface is zero. R: Bectne tux trough a closed surface equal to 1 time total charge enclosed by Gosed surface. A. The direction of a planar area vectors along ts normal Re Glectnc fux 6 through an area element As 's defined by, @ = EAs cosd. (where symbol have their usual meanings) A> Apoint charge q is placed at the centre of a ‘Sphencal cavity inside a spherical conductor 85 Shown Another point charge Q is placed ‘Outside the conductor as shown. Now as the Poimt charge Q is pushed away from ‘Conductor, the potential difference (V,— Va) Detween two points A and 8 within the cavity Of sphere remains constant 14, 15, R> The electric field due to surface of conductor conductor IS zero at ‘conductor. For 0 = 0°, potential eneray i mina the dipole and force and ate ako Zero "orque acing nf A la charges placed inside a sphere shell unsymmetrically, then ch ‘on the inner surface of shell wal uniformly distributed. R: Electric field lines are normal to the ‘of the metallic shell near the metalic | Electrostatic forces are conservative. | | en ane | | ae always non zero, ‘SECTIONIIl : Check Your Understanding PROBLEM 1: ina region of uniform electric field E = £,] , a proton and an electron are projected from origin at t = 0 with ‘Certain velocities along x-axis. Due to electric field, they experience force and so they move in x-y plane ‘along diferent trajectory. From this information answer the following questions. ‘The path followed by the particies will be (1) Hyperbola (2) Parabola (3) Straight line (4) Circte ff both particles have same initial kinetic ‘energy then for the same displacement along x-direction, deflection is (1) More for electron (2) More for proton (3) Equal for both (4) Independent of kinetic energy 3 PROBLEM 2: If they have same initial velocity, then for saxis displacement, deflection is (1) More for proton (2) More for electron (3) Equal for both (4) Independent of velocity If they have same initial linear momentum, for same displacement along x-axis, deflection (1) More for proton (2) More for electron (3) Equal for both (4) Independent of momentumnow Yout NOERT The dipole on the left will feel a force (1) Upwards and @ torque trying to make it rotate (2) Upwards and a torque trying to make it rotate anticlockwise {@) Upwards and no torque about its centre (4) Downward and a torque trying to make it rotate clockwise The dipole on the right will feel (1) A force downwards and a torque trying to make it rotate clockwise (2) A force downwards and a torque trying to make it rotate anticlockwise (3) A force upwards and no torque about its centre (4) Noforce and a torque trying to make it rotate anticlockwise PROBLEM 3: Coulomb's law and Gauss’s law, expressed in diferent forms, are two ways of describing the relation between charge and electric field in static conditions. Gauss's law is cobe = Gercoses in which ‘Gensou is the net charge inside an imaginary closed surface called as Gaussian surface and ¢¢ is the net flux of the electric field through the surface. te=fE dA gives the electric flux through the Gaussian surface, From the above information answer the following questions. 7. A Gaussian surface encloses three of five positively charged particles. The particles which contribute to the electric field at point A on the surface are a Electric Charges and Fields ANNI (1) , a, and a5 (2) a and as (3) Qs. dq and 95 (4) Oda 5 G4 ad gs The net flux of electric field through the surface is (1) Due to q, qzand qq only (2) Due to qy and q, only (3) Equal due to all five charges (4) Can't say 9. The net flux of electric field through the surface due to qy and q, is (1) Positive (2) Negative (3) Zero (4) Can't say If the charge qa and qs are displaced (but stil remains outside the surface), then consider the following statements and choose the correct answer. A. Electric field at each point on Gaussian ‘surface will remain same. B. The value of fE-dA for the Gaussian 10. surface will remain same. (1) Both A and B are true (2) Both A and B are false (3) Ais true but B is false (4) Ais false but B is true aa