Task No.

01
1. Describe the function and the name of each component for the couplings
shown in figure 1 and 2.

1- Fluid Coupling 2-Torque Converter

Fluid Coupling torque converter

Main component 1.Impeller: Connected to the

• 1.Housing:
It is also known as the shell. It has oil-tight
seal around the drive shaft. It also protects
the impeller and turbine
from outside damage
• 2.Impeller or pump:
It is a turbine which is connected to the
input shaft and called as impeller. It is also
known as pump because it
acts as a centrifugal pump.
• 3.turbine
It is connected to the output shaft to
which the rotational power is to be
transmitted .
engine, it spins and generates
fluid movement within the
converter.
2.Turbine: Connected to the
transmission input shaft, it
receives fluid from the impeller
and transfers torque to the
transmission.
3.Stator: Positioned between the
impeller and turbine, it redirects
fluid flow to improve torque
multiplication during
acceleration.
2- Describe the method of operation of each type and compare them in terms
of torque and speed ratios

• 1-Fluid Coupling

1.As the prime mover moves, it rotates the impeller of the coupling. The impeller acts as a
centrifugal pump and throws the fluid outward and directs it towards the turbine blade.

2.As the high moving fluid strikes the turbine blades, it also starts rotating, after striking on
the blades, the direction of the fluid is changed and it is directed towards the impeller again.
The blades of the turbine are designed in such a way that it can easily change the direction
of the fluid. It is the changing of direction of the fluid that makes the turbine to rotate .

3.As the impeller speed increases, the speed of the turbine also increases. After some time
the speed of both the impeller and the turbine becomes equal. In this way, power is
transmitted from one shaft to another by the use of fluid coupling.In same way torque
converter works but the difference is that it has stator placed in between impeller and
turbine for torque multiplication

• Torque
-torque and input torque are roughly identical 1:1 when the turbine speed
is 90% of the pump speed.
• Speed ratio
The speed ratio is almost 1:1: Input speed (engine) = Output speed
(transmission)
 • 2-TORQUE CONVERTER operations:
When the engine runs, power flows from the crankshaft trough the fluid to the
transmission input shaft.Torque converter can be divided into 3 main members:
Impeller: The impeller, also known as the pump, is the driving member and rotates with
the engine.
Turbine: The impeller vanes pick up fluid in the converter housing and direct it toward
the turbine. Unless the torque converter is locked, the turbine is normally turns slower
than the impeller.
Stator: Fluid flow drives the turbine, and when the flow between the impeller and turbine
is adequate, the turbine rotates and turns the transmission input shaft. A torque converter
contains the stator, or reactor, a reaction member mounted on a one-way clutch.
The vanes used in each of the three elements of a torque converter are curved to increase
the diversion angle of the fluid. This also increases the force exerted by the fluid and
improves the hydraulic advantage

• Torque
-Torque multiplication decreases and a torque converter behaves more like a
fluid coupling when the speed ratio gets closer to 90%.
-The torque is increased by the torque convertor in a ratio of roughly 2:1,
2.5:1, or 3:1.
-The torque multiplication gradually approaches a 1:1 ratio as the speed rises.

• Speed ratio
-Based on the throttle input and load. at low output speeds, input speed is
higher than output speed
3-Explain the function of lockup clutch and in which coupling is used? Also,
Explain its operating principle.

• Explain function of lockup clutch

1. Elimination of Slippage: When engaged, the lockup clutch mechanically links the
engine’s output shaft directly to the transmission’s input shaft, bypassing the fluid coupling of
the torque converter. This eliminates slippage between the engine and the transmission,
resulting in more efficient power transfer.
2. Improvement of Efficiency: By eliminating slippage, the lockup clutch helps to
improve overall transmission efficiency. With a direct mechanical connection, less energy is lost
as heat during power transfer, leading to smoother operation and better performance.
3. Improvement of Fuel Economy: Reduced slippage and improved efficiency
translate into better fuel economy. When the lockup clutch engages, the engine operates more
efficiently at cruising speeds, leading to lower fuel consumption compared to when the torque
converter is solely relied upon.
4. Improved Acceleration: In addition to enhancing fuel economy, the direct
connection provided by the lockup clutch can also result in improved acceleration, especially
during situations where quick response and power delivery are needed, such as overtaking or
merging onto highways.

• Explain its operating principle.

1. Engagement: The lockup clutch is typically controlled by the vehicle’s transmission
control module (TCM) or engine control module (ECM). When certain conditions are met, such as
reaching a certain speed or engine load, the TCM/ECM sends a signal to engage the lockup clutch.
2. Mechanical Linkage: Once engaged, the lockup clutch creates a direct mechanical
connection between the engine’s output shaft and the transmission’s input shaft. This bypasses the
fluid coupling of the torque converter, effectively eliminating slippage between the engine and
transmission.
3. Locking: The lockup clutch locks the turbine and impeller of the torque converter
together, essentially creating a solid connection. This allows power to be transferred directly from
the engine to the transmission without the energy losses associated with fluid coupling.
4. Disengagement: When certain conditions change, such as deceleration or the need for
additional torque, the TCM/ECM signals to disengage the lockup clutch. This restores the fluid
coupling within the torque converter, allowing for smoother operation at lower speeds or during
transitional driving conditions
4. Discuss the different problems caused by torque converter.

Problem Symptoms Causes

1-Torque converter overheats
2-High torque converter inlet
pressure
3-Torque Seal Damage
4-Low torque converter
pressure
A-Restricted oil cooler / lines
B- Excessive torque converter
case oil level
A-Converter inlet relief valve
stuck CLOSED
B-Oil passage / oil cooler
restriction
A-increased heat generation A-Excessive Heat
B- wear and damage to the B- Improper Instalation
internal components
Converter inlet relief valve stuck
OPEN
A-Inspect oil cooler / lines for
blockage
A-Repair / replace as needed
B- Perform torque converter
case drain test
B- Inspect seals for leaks,
replace as needed
B-Inspect scavenging pump for
excessive wear (if applicable)
A-Inspect converter inlet relief
valve
A-Replace as needed
B-Inspect oil cooler / lines for
blockage
B-Repair / replace as needed
A-Inspect converter inlet relief
valve
B-Replace as needed

5. You have checked the coupling in the service center store and find that there is no
coupling with same dimensions. Evaluate the effect of changing the torque converter with
another one with different diameter (smaller or larger) on vehicle performance

The torque converter's stall speed is determined by its outer diameter and the
angle of its stator blades. The smaller converter uses less centrifugal force to
move the fluid within when it has the same stator blade angle and turns at the
same speed as the large diameter converter.
Evaluate the effect
• Smaller Diameter Torque Converter
The stall speed will increase because the engine must rev faster before power
is transferred. therefore produce better fuel efficiency through faster
acceleration and enhanced launch performance.
• Larger Diameter Torque Converter
Lower engine RPM will result in better launch performance, increased fuel
efficiency, and the lowest possible exhaust emissions when power transfers
from the engine to the gearbox.
 Task No.02
1. Write two different types of compound planetary gear sets used in automatic transmission?
Illustrate the construction of each type. Also, explain the difference between them.

1. Ravigneaux Gear : comprises two sets of

planet gears, one large and one small sun gear, and
two sets of planet gears. A single ring gear
encircles the entire assembly, with three long and
three short pinions and a common planetary
carrier.) -The short planetary pinion gears are
meshed with the little sun gear. In order to drive
the large planetary pinion gears, these short
pinions function as idler gears. The big sun gear
and the ring gear mesh with the lengthy planetary
pinion gears.
* The input shaft is connected to one solar gear and
the output shaft to the other. Additionally The
carrier assembly can spin around the outer ring
gear, which is usually stationary.
2. Simpson Gear: comprise (two
carrier assemblies, two sets of planet
gears, two outer ring gears, and one sun
gear) -Two sets of planet gears are
contained in the carrier assembly; one
set meshes with the sun gear and the
other set meshes with the outer ring
gear.
*The carrier assembly is attached to the
output shaft, while the sun gear is
attached to the input shaft.In most
cases, the outer ring gear is immobile.
• difference between them
1- An output shaft is attached to a solar gear in the Ravigneaux gear set.
2- The carrier assembly is attached to the output shaft of the Simpson gear set.
3- There are two sun gears (one small and one large) in the Ravigneaux gear set.
4- There is one sun gear in the Simpson gear set.
5- the Ravigneaux gear is more compact
6- the Simpson gear is more complex
2. For a simple planetary gear sets shown above, calculate the
reduction ratios for the first, reverse gears and direct drive.
Also, state the condition of each gear for actuating the first and
reverse gear.

1. First gear
Ring : held (𝜔𝑟 = 0)
Sun gear : input
Carrier : output
𝐷𝑆 = 2𝐷𝑃
𝐷𝑟 = 2𝐷𝑃 + 2𝐷𝑃 = 4𝐷𝑃
𝐷𝑆 𝜔𝑠 + 𝐷𝑟 𝜔𝑟 = (𝐷𝑆 + 𝐷𝑟 ) 𝜔𝑐
𝐷𝑟 𝜔𝑟 = 0
𝐷𝑆 𝜔𝑠 = (𝐷𝑆 + 𝐷𝑟 ) 𝜔𝑐
𝜔𝑠 𝐷𝑆 + 𝐷𝑟 2𝐷𝑃 + 4𝐷𝑃
𝑖𝑔 = = = =3
𝜔𝑐 𝐷𝑆 2𝐷𝑃

2. direct drive
Sun gear: input
Carrier & Ring : held (𝜔𝑐 = 𝜔𝑟 ) = 0
𝐷𝑠 𝜔𝑠 + 𝐷𝑟 𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑐 (𝐷𝑠 + 𝐷𝑟 )
𝜔𝑠 2𝐷𝑃 + 𝜔𝑟 4𝐷𝑃 = 𝜔𝑟 (6𝐷𝑃 )
𝜔𝑠 2𝐷𝑃 = 𝜔𝑟 6𝐷𝑃 − (2𝐷𝑃 + 4𝐷𝑃 )
𝜔𝑠 2𝐷𝑃 = 𝜔𝑟 (6𝐷𝑃 − 4𝐷𝑃 )
𝜔𝑠 2𝐷𝑃 = 𝜔𝑟 2𝐷𝑃
𝜔𝑠 2𝐷𝑃
𝑖𝑔 = = = 1
𝜔𝑐 2𝐷𝑃
 3.reverse gears
Ring : output
Sun gear : input
Carrier : held (𝜔𝑐 = 0)
𝐷𝑆 𝜔𝑠 + 𝐷𝑟 𝜔𝑟 = (𝐷𝑆 + 𝐷𝑟 ) 𝜔𝑐
𝜔𝑐 = 0
𝐷𝑆 𝜔𝑠 = − 𝐷𝑟 𝜔𝑟
𝜔 −𝐷 − 4𝐷
𝑖𝑔 = 𝜔 𝑠 = 𝐷 𝑟 = 2𝐷 𝑃 = −2
𝑟 𝑆 𝑃