Task No.

1
1. Determine the types and sources of diesel emissions (DE), and explain each
type in terms of effect on human and environment.
DEs Explanation Human Effect Env. Effect
 due to various factors such as incomplete  Angina pectoralis  global warming
mixing, insufficient air supply, the combustion
may not be efficient. In these cases, some fuel  Visual impairment  Damage to plants
molecules do not fully react with oxygen and  Decreased brain
undergo partial oxidation, resulting in the function
CO formation of carbon monoxide (CO) instead of
carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon monoxide is  Nausea
produced when only one oxygen atom is
bonded to a carbon atom, whereas carbon
dioxide is formed when two oxygen atoms are
bonded to a carbon atom.
 CO + O2 = CO2 + O  Feeling of  Increase sea levels
During the combustion process, the carbon
dioxide (CO₂) emissions from diesel
congestion  Changes of weather
combustion are formed through the oxidation  Drowsiness patterns
CO2 of carbon atoms in diesel fuel hydrocarbons,  Headache  Warming the earth
which combine with oxygen from the air. The
specific amount of CO₂ produced depends on
 Difficulty breathing
the chemical composition of the diesel fuel and
the efficiency of the combustion process
 Hydrocarbons (HC) in diesel emissions are  Asthma  Damage to plants
formed through incomplete combustion of
diesel fuel. During the combustion process in  Eye inflammation  Air Pollution
an internal combustion engine, not all fuel  Mental retardation  Water pollution
molecules are completely oxidized. This for children
incomplete combustion can result in the
release of hydrocarbons, which are organic  Headache
compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon
atoms. Factors such as engine design, fuel-air
mixture, and combustion temperature
influence the formation of hydrocarbons in
diesel emissions.
HC

1
 NOx (nitrogen oxides) in diesel emissions are  Chronic diseases  Causes the erosion
formed primarily through the combustion
process in diesel engines. When diesel fuel is
of the lungs of building
burned in the presence of air, several chemical  Eye irritation materials
reactions occur, leading to the production of  Heart disease  Damage to the
nitrogen oxides. High Combustion ozone layer
Temperatures: Diesel engines operate at
NOx higher temperatures than gasoline engines,  acid rain.
and these high temperatures contribute to the
formation of NOx. The combustion process
results in the breaking of nitrogen (N2) and
oxygen (O2) molecules in the air, and nitrogen
atoms combine with oxygen atoms to form
various nitrogen oxides.
Particulate Matter (PM) emissions in diesel  Eye irritation  Climate change
exhaust are formed by the incomplete
combustion of diesel fuel and the formation of  nausea  Acid rain
solid particles during the combustion process,  Headache  Ozone layer
these hydrocarbon molecules are subjected to depletion
high temperatures and pressures. The
combustion process involves the
 Formation of PM: Incomplete combustion
PM results in the formation of solid
carbonaceous particles. Soot particles are
composed mainly of carbon, but they can
also contain traces of unburned
hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and other
impurities present in the fuel. These
particles are extremely small, typically in
the range of nanometers to micrometers in
size.

LO3
P5: Achieved ⃣ P5: Not Achieved ⃣

P5: Interview Sheet ⃣

2
2. Demonstrate available systems to reduce emissions for the mentioned vehicle
(Figure 1).
Pre-Treatment is refers treatments applied to the fuel before it enters the combustion
chamber. The goal is to enhance fuel properties and reduce the emissions produced during
Pre-Treatment Systems

combustion.

Pre-Treatment Systems are:

1. Fuel Quality
2. Hydrogen Injection
3. Alternative Fuels

Engine Control Systems is regulate fuel injection, air intake, Control of the combustion
process to optimize combustion to reduce pollutants like nitrogen oxides and particulate
Engine Control Systems

matter, ensuring compliance with emission standards.

Engine Control Systems are:

1. Exhaust Gas Recirculation(EGR)
2. Air-to-Fuel Ratio Optimization
3. Combustion Chamber Design
4. Injection Timing Control

3
 Aftertreatment is Treatment of hazardous gases after leaving the combustion
chamber into less dangerous gases through gas treatment devices
Aftertreatment Systems

Figure
Aftertreatment Systems are:
1. Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV)
2. Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs)
3. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
4. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs)

1. low EGR flow

2. Excessive EGR flow
3. Air-fuel ratio control
Engine Maintenance

4. Leaking valve seals

5. Injection timing setting
6. Worn injector spray holes

LO3
P6: Achieved ⃣ P6: Not Achieved ⃣

P6: Interview Sheet ⃣

4
3. Analyze the emission types and sources of compression ignition engines at
complete and incomplete combustion process

Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion

DEs
(Stochiometric) (Lean + Rich)
Lean (16.4:1) : 22 g/h.kw
Rich (12.5:1) : 620 g/h.kw
-A rich mixture is one in which the
amount of carbon monoxide rises with
Complete Combustion increasing speed and fuel consumption,
(14:1) : 200 g/h.kw resulting in a non-homogeneous mixture
CO
When there is enough oxygen present, very -There is little carbon monoxide in the
little CO is formed. poor mixture because the amount of fuel
injected is small and results from the lack
of homogeneity of the injected fuel with
the air.

6

Complete Combustion (14:1)
This is the main emission of complete
CO2 combustionand naturally increases as the
combustion process becomes more
efficient and the mixture is homogeneous
Complete Combustion
(14:1) : 137 g/h.kw
-Complete combustion ensures that all fuel
HC
molecules are burned efficiently, leaving
minimal unburned HC emissions
NOx Complete Combustion
7
Lean (16.4:1)
Rich (12.5:1)
The specific amount of carbon dioxide
produced depends on the chemical
composition of thediesel fuel, the
efficiency of the combustion process and
the homogeneity of the mixture.
-If the mixture is rich, the percentage of
carbon dioxide decreases
-If the mixture is poor, the percentage of
carbon dioxide increases as a result of the
reaction of the hydrocarbon with a large
amount of oxygen
Lean (16.4:1) : 135 g/h.kw
Rich (12.5:1) : 200 g/h.kw
-A higher mixture has more
hydrocarbons, making it more
heterogeneous. Due to the increasing fuel
supply
-Because of the tiny amount of fuel
injected, a poor mixture has a low amount
of hydrocarbon and is therefore not
homogeneous.
Lean (16.4:1) : 7.9g/h.kw
 (14.:1) : 3.5g/h.kw
-Because of the greater combustion
temperatures and higher air density, NOx
production occurs even although it is less
than in incomplete combustion.
Complete Combustion
(14.7:1)
PM
-Complete combustion produces fewer-
particles due to a homogeneous mixture
Rich (12.5:1) : 0.10 g/h.kw
-If the mixture is rich, the amount of
nitrogen oxides decreases and thus the
mixture is not homogeneous. As a result
of the increased amount of fuel and less
air
- If the mixture is poor, the amount of
nitrogen oxides increases, and therefore
the mixture is not homogeneous due to
the small amount of fuel injected.
Increasing the amount of air and
temperature
Lean (16.4:1) Rich (12.5:1)
-If the mixture is rich, the amount of
particles increases and therefore the
mixture is not homogeneous. As a result
of the increased amount of fuel and lack
of air during start-up and acceleration
- If the mixture is poor, the amount of
particles decreases and therefore the
mixture is not homogeneous due to the
decrease in the amount of fuel injected
and the increase in the amount of air at
idle speed and medium speeds.

LO3
M3: Achieved ⃣ M3: Not Achieved ⃣

M3: Interview Sheet ⃣

8
 Task No. 2
1. The following different symptoms are related to three buses;
a. Identify the damaged part
b. discuss the reason that led to these symptoms.
c. Demonstrate the appropriate repair strategy for each symptom.

Figure #.

Bus No. (1) Bus No. (2) Bus No. (3)

 Starting issues.  Poor starting  Power loss when under
 Poor idle.  Loss of power, under load.
 Engine does not reach stress or when accelerating  Check engine lights is on.
full RPM.  Excessive fuel  Engine runs rough or
Symptoms

 Increased fuel consumption stalls.

consumption.  Excessive smoke  Your engine won't start.
 Rough and Poor  Erratic running (surging or  Fuel pump quits.
engine performance. sputtering), cylinder knock  Decreased fuel economy.
 Smoke from the tail or misfiring
pipe

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Damage Part
 Fuel filter
The symptoms listed
above are always the
result of a blocked fuel
Discussion
filter since it weakens
the flow rate, leading to
higher fuel consumption
and results in a not
enough mixing ratio.
Repair Strategy
Check the fuel filter first
And make sure to check
it well if he needs to
change or not
P7: Achieved ⃣ P7: Not Achieved
P7: Interview Sheet
 Injector
In the event that the injector
malfunctions and carbon
deposits form on it, the
automazetion process will be
hampered and a
heterogeneous mixture will
occur from carbon
obstructing the needle hole.
Alternatively, there may be a
leak in the needle hole, which needed to create the
causes more fuel to flow out
of the exhaust pipe and
produce a mixed, black
smoke
Clean the injector hole or
replace it if the problem is
electrical
LO4
⃣
12
 Injection pump
If the diesel fuel is unclean,
impurities will enter the
pump and obstruct internal
components, hindering its
function and causing
internal part corrosion. This
will lower the pressure
automazetion, resulting in a
heterogeneous mixture and
low power.
Replace the pump if
necessary; replacing the
worn-out parts is preferable.
⃣
2. Carry out diagnostic test for one part of the Common Rail Diesel Injection
System
Sensor Actuator
(temp fuel pump ) (injector )
1. Applying the scanning tool plug to 1. Applying the scanning tool plug to
kit kit
2. Open the kit in contact mode on 2. Open the kit in contact mode on
3. .Steps to access the device: 3. Steps to access the device:
 local diagnoses  local diagnoses
 search(Nissan)  search(Nissan)
 manual select  manual select
 middle and near east  middle and near east
 Egypt  Egypt
 NP300 NAVARA  NP300 NAVARA
 D23  D23
 System scan
Diagnostic Steps

 System scan
 Equipped
 Read fault code faults were read
4. using a Multimeter onTemp fuel
pump were worked
5. set it to 60V
6. The ground end is placed with the
battery ground
7. The other end was placed
First: on the ground end, and its reading
was correct 0v
Second: On the signle terminal, its
reading was 0.04v, and this is not correct
8.The device mode was changed from
60V to buzzer mode and a buzzer
sound occurred.
9.The fault is short to ground
 Equipped
 Read fault code faults were read
4. using a Multimeter on were injector
worked
5. Step-1 : set multimeter to ohm
6. .The ground end is placed with the
terminal ground for injector
7. The other terminal was placed on
signle terminal for injector 0.5ohm
8. Step2-: Set the multimeter to 60 volts
9. Place the positive terminal of the
multimeter on the signal terminal of
the injector to read 12 volts

LO4
P8: Achieved ⃣ P8: Not Achieved ⃣

P8: Interview Sheet ⃣

13
 References & Sources

Ta Ques References& Sources

sk tion
1. https://www.epa.gov/lep/tathyr-ghaz-awl-aksyd-alkrbwn-fy-jwdt-alhwa-
aldakhly
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/ar/diseases-conditions/carbon-
monoxide/symptoms-causes/syc-20370642
One
3.
https://makatoxicology.tripod.com/pollutions.htm#%‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬20%‫ﺗﻠﻮث‬20%‫أﺿﺮار‬
(20%‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬20%‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬20%)20%‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬20%‫داﺧﻞ‬20
4.
Task No. (1)

-
-
1. ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ و اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ‬pdf
Two 2. ‫ ﻛﺘﺎب‬TVET reform of the TVET SYSTEM ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﺻﻼح اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ و اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ‬
3. ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﮫ ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﮫ‬
4.
5. ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﮫ ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﮫ‬
1.
Three 2.
3.
4.
6. ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﮫ ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﮫ‬
1.
One 2.
Task No. (2)

3.
4.
7. ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﮫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﮫ ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﮫ‬
1.
Two 2.
3.
4.

17