Why do this?

• Quick reads within a

discipline and topic
• Survey of what is out
there
• Start looking for the
background research
keys:
1. Context (become an
expert!)

15 Source List Assignment 2. Gap (find something

novel that you can do!)
3. Method (figure out
Locating and Documenting Your Background Research Within methods that are
commonly used. Best of
the Body of Knowledge
all is if you can find one
to replicate with a new
context!)
Catherine Rafferty

Topic:

Health and Wellbeing Problem Statement:

There is a need for public

health initiatives to help those
Research Question:
in Nigeria experiencing public
health crises.
How can we effectively make
public health policies and
initiatives to help those in
Bauchi, Nigeria?
 Body of Knowledge:
What is the
Information that is already
BOK?
present about your topic.
 BOK provides:

 Information that will increase your knowledge of your

What is the topic
 Holes of missing information that you can fill,
BOK? preventing you from replicating another’s research
 Methods used to gain prior knowledge and/or methods
that you could use in your own research
 Sources to contact for assistance
 1. There are five major collections of sources that you will gather.

How does 2. You will slowly gather 15 total sources, 3 per collection, through
in-depth research of your topic.
this 3. For each source, you should complete the following table:

assignment Title of source

Author of source
Brief summary
(Bullet points or
Have you saved a
PDF and named it
work? Reference list) authoryeartitle?

THIS IS A LONG ASSIGNMENT. YOU WILL HAVE TO

PACE YOURSELF.
  Find 3 sources that are floating in the public sphere about your
topic.
 Place these in the “Open Sources” table on your document.
 Places to look: Social media, news channels, blogs, interviews, etc.
 Use these sources to drive the timeliness of your paper.
OPEN
Source List:  Use these sources to drive the value of your paper.

OPEN sources
Sources
Rationale: These sources will provide some insight into what is already
known about your topic and could possibly link you to previous studies
that are cited casually in the public.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
CDC Impact in Nigeria
By: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. (2023, May
24). CDC Impact in Nigeria.
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhe
alth/countries/nigeria/default.
htm
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ • The CDC works in Nigeria to train
countries/nigeria/default.htm
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
epidemiologists and create public health
responses to epidemics.
• The CDC supported the Africa CDC’ s creation.
• Nigeria’s NPHI works to prevent and control
diseases, support areas experiencing
outbreaks of disease, maintain labs used for
public health, and collect information on
public health in Nigeria.
• The CDC has been active in aiding the
Nigerian healthcare system in responding to
the COVID-19 pandemic, the AIDS epidemic,
the tuberculosis epidemic, and malaria
epidemics.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Nigeria: A health sector in crisis,
By Emmanuel Nwachukwu
By: Emmanuel Nwachukwu
Nwachukwu, E. (2021, August
6). Nigeria: A health sector in
crisis, By Emmanuel
Nwachukwu. Premium Times.
https://www.premiumtimesng.c
om/opinion/477854-nigeria-a-
health-sector-in-crisis-by-
emmanuel-
nwachukwu.html?tztc=1
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
Nigeria: A health sector in crisis,
By Emmanuel Nwachukwu
(premiumtimesng.com)
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• Nigeria is a country with no ambulances or
emergency call numbers like 911.
• The state of the Nigerian healthcare system is
the result of years of neglect from the
country’s leaders.
• Nigeria’s health system lacks necessary
medication, equipment, and doctors.
• Nigerians, when they do have access to
healthcare, are forced to pay out of pocket. If
hospitals don’t charge patients like this, then
they can’t stay open since they don’t get
adequate government funding.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Global Health
By: United States Agency for
International Development
United States Agency for
International Development.
(n.d.). Global Health. United
States Agency for
International Development.
https://www.usaid.gov/nigeri
a/global-health
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/glo • USAID supports increasing access to family
bal-health
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
planning and reproductive health services in
Nigeria.
• USAID partners wit the CDC and the U.S.
Department of Defense Walter Reed Program
to assist Nigeria in managing HIV/AIDS and
TB cases.
• The U.S. government provides HIV-therapy to
90% of those living with AIDS in Nigera.
• The USAID works to train public health
workers and provide access to medicine,
vaccines, healthcare facilities, and
reproductive health care to people in Nigeria
through the USAID Reproductive Maternal
and Child Health program.
  Find 3 sources that expose the history of your topic.
 Place these in the “Historical Sources” table on your document.
 Places to look: Encyclopedias, Nonfiction books, primary sources,
newspaper articles, topic overviews. These resources may be
Source List:
HISTORICAL
located at public, school, and/or virtual libraries. Print and digital
material may be found through many different databases
Historical accessed through MackinVia.
Sources
Sources
Rationale: These sources will help you chronologically understand how your
topic has progressed over time. The hope is that you will see if your
thoughts are outdated or are current. This may also help you create a
specific angle for your topic that has yet to be identified.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Trends of HIV/AIDS knowledge and
attitudes among Nigerian women between
2007 and 2017 using Multiple Indicator
Cluster Survey data
By: Enyinnaya Ukaegbu, et al.
Ukaegbu, E., Alibekova, R., Ali, S., Crape, B.,
and Issanov, A. (2022, 4 March). Trends of
HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among
Nigerian women between 2007 and 2017
using Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data.
BMC Public Health, 22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12865-y
URL/Permalink/Stable
Document URL that has been
tested
(should work every time you
click)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-
022-12865-y
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• HIV knowledge among women in Nigeria dropped
between 2007 and 2011, but then increased again
between 2011 and 2017.
• A higher likelihood of knowledge about HIV can be
correlated to socio-economic status, with a higher socio-
economic status increasing the likelihood of knowledge
on HIV.
• Women living in urban areas are more likely to have
more knowledge on HIV than women living in rural
areas.
• The increase in knowledge from 2011 to 2017 could be
due to the implementation and revision of various relief
efforts.
• The decrease in knowledge from 2007 to 2011 could be
due to shortcomings in implemented relief efforts.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
A look back at Nigeria’s success in
battling AIDS
By: Chris Sweeney
Sweeney, C. (2018, 7 December). A
look back at Nigeria’s success in
battling AIDS. Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health.
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/
features/a-look-back-at-nigerias-
success-in-battling-aids/
URL/Permalink/Stable Brief summary
Document URL that has (Bullet points or list)
been tested
(should work every time
you click)
https://www.hsph.harva • Nigeria has one of the largest populations of people
living with HIV
rd.edu/news/features/a- • Harvard professor Phyllis Kanki was awarded $25
look-back-at-nigerias- million by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
success-in-battling-aids/ and used that money to establish the AIDS
Prevention Initiative in Nigera
• In 2000, programs to address the AIDS epidemic
were implemented in Nigeria, including partnering
with teaching hospitals to improve access to
treatment, increased HIV testing services, building
labs for testing, training manuals for health care
workers to learn how to treat HIV/AIDS,
technologies to monitor the virus’ drug resistance,
and the set up of an EMR system.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Mortality Among Confirmed Lassa
Fever Cases During the 2015-2016
Outbreak in Nigeria
By: Maraym Ibrahim Buba, et. Al
Buba, M.I., Dalhat, M. M., Nguku, P. M.,
Waziri, N. Mohammad, J. O., Bomoi, I.
M., Onyiah, A. P., Onwujei, J., Balogun,
M. S., Bashorun, A. T., Nsubuga, P., and
Nasidi, A. (2017, 14 October). Mortality
among confirmed Lasa fever cases
during the 2015-2016 outbreak in
Nigeria. American Journal of Public
Health.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.3041
86
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017. • Nigeria experienced an epidemic of Lassa fever
304186
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
from October 2-15 to February 2016. Lassa fever
is endemic in some states of Nigeria.
• Using data from medical files including age, sex,
time between on set of symptoms and visit to
hospital facility, and whether the patient lived or
died, trends were observed between the
mortality rate of patients of certain
characteristics.
• It was found that among the patient files
studied, there was a 100% mortality rate for
those aged 5 and younger and aged 55 and older.
• The mortality rate during this epidemic could
have been lower if the incident command system
(ICS) had been activated earlier.
  Find 3 sources that expose the current climate of your topic.
 Places to look: MackinVia (I highly recommend that you strive to
find peer reviewed sources in this section.)
Source
CURRENTList:
Current
Sources
Climate
Rationale: Further exposes the gap in your research.
 Title of source URL/Permalink/Stable Document Brief summary
Author of source URL that has been tested (Bullet points or list)
Reference (should work every time you click)

Diphtheria – Nigeria https://www.who.int/emergencies/ • Cases of diphtheria have been reported in Nigeria since
the beginning of 2023, indicating a possible outbreak.
By: World Health disease-outbreak-news/item/2023- • There have been 1439 suspected cases of which 557
Organization DON452 were confirmed
• There appears to be a decreasing trend in cases,
however cases in Nigeria are underreported so the
World Health numbers may not be what has been published and could
Organization. (2023, 27 be higher.
• The Nigeria CDC has been holding weekly diphtheria
April). Diphtheria- Nigeria. National Technical Working Group meetings in response
World Health to the possible outbreak.
Organization. • Rapid Response Teams have been deployed to areas
with the most cases.
https://www.who.int/emer • Data on diphtheria cases has begun to be shared among
gencies/disease-outbreak- states in response to the possible outbreak.
news/item/2023-DON452
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
New malaria vaccine offers a ray of
hope to Nigeria. There’s just one thing…
By: Tolani Yesufu
Yesufu, T. (2023, 11 July). New malaria
vaccine offers a ray of hope to Nigeria.
There’s just one thing… NPR.
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsands
oda/2023/07/11/1179118767/new-
malaria-vaccine-offers-a-ray-of-hope-
to-nigeria-theres-just-one-
thing#:~:text=On%20April%2017%2C%
202023%2C%20Nigeria,need%20of%20
protection%20from%20malaria.
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
https://www.npr.org/sections/goat
sandsoda/2023/07/11/1179118767/n
ew-malaria-vaccine-offers-a-ray-
of-hope-to-nigeria-theres-just-
one-
thing#:~:text=On%20April%2017
%2C%202023%2C%20Nigeria,nee
d%20of%20protection%20from%
20malaria.
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• A new malaria vaccine has been approved for use in
Nigeria, and it shows promising results with up to
80% of kids who received the vaccine during trials
not developing malaria.
• Nigeria’s healthcare system makes it difficult for
many people to get the new malaria vaccine.
• People in Nigeria often have to travel 30+ miles to
get to a healthcare facility to receive vaccinations.
• Only 20% of Nigeria’s healthcare facilities are
function, making it difficult for people to access
medical care.
• In order to vaccinate more people and for the
vaccine to actually make an impact, public health
authorities have to make a larger financial
commitment to Nigeria’s healthcare system.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Estimation of HIV prevalence and
burden in Nigeria: a Bayesian
predictive modelling study
By: Amobi Andre Onovo, et al
Onovo, A. A., Adeyemi, A., Onime,
D., Kalnoky, M., Kagniniwa, B.,
Dessie, M., Lee, L., Parrish, D.,
Adebobola, B., Ashefor, G., Ogorry,
O., Goldstein, R., and Meri, H. (2023,
July 20). Estimation of HIV
prevalence and burden in Nigeria: a
Bayesian predictive modelling study.
eClinical Medicine.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023
.102098
URL/Permalink/Stable Document Brief summary
URL that has been tested (Bullet points or list)
(should work every time you click)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.20 • An analyses of data from national HIV
23.102098 testing services in Nigeria from October
1, 2020 to September 30, 2020
• Estimated national HIV prevalence after
the model was 2.1% for adults 15-49
years old (approximately 2 million
people)
• Estimated HIV prevalence has increased
since 2018 from 1.4% to 2.1%
• There is an estimated 1.5 time increase
in HIV prevalence from 2018 to 2020
  Find 3 sources that use methods you may want to use.
 Place these in the “Research Methods” section of your document.
 Places to look:MackinVia databases such as Academic Search
Premier, Google Scholar, JSTOR (These are best either peer-
Source
METHODList: reviewed or produced by an accepted expert (for example, in
coding, a Unity expert.)
Research
Sources
Methods
Rationale: These sources will help you understand the basics of how to
actually conduct your research.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
How to Create a Program Description
and Develop a Logic Model
By: National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Prevention
(n.d.). How to create a program
description and develop a logic model.
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Evaluation Learning Series
#2: How to Create a Program
Description and Develop a Logic Model
(cdc.gov)
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/p
dfs_and_other_files/ELS2_Progra
m_Description-508.pdf
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• Public health initiatives should have a clear need, target
population, and causal relationship between activities
and outcomes
• Stakeholders should agree with the program’s
description
• Make sure to define public health initiative’s
goals/objectives, development, target group, and
context
• Use a logic model to model your public health program
(go from inputs, to activities, to outputs, and then to
outcomes)
• Keep logic model broad
• Activities part of logic model includes methods (mission,
vision, values)
• Outputs are tangible products/things that can be
measured that are a result of the inputs/activities
• Outcomes are the benefits of your program
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Six Components Necessary for
Effective Public Health Program
Implementation
By: Thomas R. Frieden
Frieden, T. R. (2014, January). Six
components necessary for
effective public health program
implementation. American Journal
of Public Health, 104.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013
.301608
URL/Permalink/Stable Brief summary
Document URL that has (Bullet points or list)
been tested
(should work every time
you click)
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJ • 6 areas that need to be addressed for public health initiatives to
succeed: innovation to develop the evidence base for action, a
PH.2013.301608 package of a limited number of interventions that will work
together, rigorous and real time monitoring, partnerships with
private and public organizations, political commitment
• Need innovation in data collection, solution, and
implementation
• Have a set of evidence-based goals
• Use information systems that provide timely data as the
program is implemented
• Communicate between public health officials and stakeholders
• Have political backing, the supporters need to be louder than
the opposers
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Public Health Initiatives: How
Community and Public Health Work
Together
By: Keck School of Medicine of USC
Keck School of Medicine of
University of South Carolina. (2023,
May 24). Public health initiatives:
How community and public health
work together. Keck School of
Medicine of University of South
Carolina.
https://mphdegree.usc.edu/blog/pub
lic-health-initiatives-community-
and-public-health/
URL/Permalink/Stable
Document URL that has been
tested
(should work every time you
click)
https://mphdegree.usc.edu/b
log/public-health-initiatives-
community-and-public-
health/
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• Impactful public health initiatives are initiated in response
to a public health issue that affects everyone
• Impactful public health initiatives use innovative solutions
• Impactful public health initiatives are implemented via
community involvement
• Public health initiatives are formed by combined efforts
from health experts and community stakeholders
• Public health officials can provide communities with
education and tools needed to address the health concern
• If public health officials and community stakeholders don’t
work together, then the public health initiative will not be
as impactful/not work at all
  Find 3 sources that are in your discipline of study.
 These do not have to be specifically connected to your topic, but

DISCIPLINE
Source List:
they do need to connect to your discipline (i.e. science, social
studies, math, history, humanities, etc.)

SPECIFIC
Discipline  Places to look: Google, MackinVia.

Specific
Sources
Rationale: These sources will help you see all of the rules of your discipline
when writing your academic paper. The hope is that you will learn how to
shape your paper from the samples you select.
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
Revealing human mobility trends during
the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Nigeria
via a data-driven approach
By: Weiyu Luo, et al.
Luo, w., Xiong, C., Wan, J., Feng, Z.,
Ayorinde, O., Blanco, C., Charurat, M.,
Naranbhai, V., Riley, C., Winters, A.,
Murtala-Ibrahim, F., Abimiku, A. (2023,
May 30). Revealing human mobility
trends during the SARS-CoV-2
pandemic in Nigeria via a data-driven
approach. South African Journal of
Science,119(5/6).
https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2023/14727
URL/Permalink/Stable Brief summary
Document URL that has been (Bullet points or list)
tested
(should work every time you
click)
https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2 • Structure: abstract (with significance), background,
023/14727 methodology, results, conclusion
• A study using smartphone-based location data and
daily human mobility measurements to determine
human mobility trends during the COVID-19
pandemic in Nigeria
• Data supplied by third party data providers
• Shows the changes in mobility over the course of
the first few months of the pandemic
• Travel bans and lockdowns did not restrict people
from making trips during the pandemic
 Title of source
Author of source
Reference
How Green Spaces Can Combat
Gun Violence in America
By: John E. Dobbs, MPH and
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.3
Joseph V. Sakran, MD, MPH, MPA.
Dobbs, J. E., and Sakran, J. V.
(2023, July 1). How green spaces
can combat gun violence in
America. American Journal of
Public Health 113(70), 739-741.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023
.307309
URL/Permalink/Stable Document
URL that has been tested
(should work every time you click)
07309
Brief summary
(Bullet points or list)
• Source that utilizes design thinking
• Format: Background (relationship, current
shortfalls), solution, community call to action
• An evaluation of how green spaces can be
used to combat gun violence in American
cities
• Implementation of green spaces in American
cities have been shown to reduce gun violence
• A greater investment in green spaces could
continue to reduce gun violence in cities
where gun violence is prevalent
• Preventing gun violence will prevent a long list
of effects of prevalent gun violence from
impacting people living in those areas
 Title of source URL/Permalink/Stable Document Brief summary
Author of source URL that has been tested (Bullet points or list)
Reference (should work every time you click)

Public Health Workforce https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022 • Utilizes design thinking

Development Through Virtually • Format: Intro, Background, Stakeholders and
Interactive Courses
.1604657
Solution, Implementation, Conclusion
By: Salman Rawaf and Celine
Tabche
• More comprehensive training is needed for
public health officials
Rawaf, S., Tabche, C. (2022, March • Created a virtual course based on what
16). Public health workforce stakeholders want their public health workers
development through virtually to be educated on and the skills these
interactive courses. Public Health stakeholders believe these workers need
Review 43(1604657). • Developed 4 different training courses to
https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.
1604657
meet different needs