Pengembangan Iptekdok melalui

Telaah Pustaka dan Penelitian

Blok I FK UMP
2015
Ilmu dan Teknologi Kedokteran
Iptekdok terus berkembang
Penemuan obat baru
Penemuan penyakit baru
Penemuan teknik kedokteran baru
Penemuan alat kedokteran baru
Ditemukan melalui penelitian
Tujuan untuk kemaslahatan umat manusia
Salah cara mendapatkan ide penelitian melalui telaah
literatur
Ciri-ciri Seorang Dokter
1. PROFESIONAL
 Menguasai ilmu/bioteknologi mutakhir
 Ketrampilan sesuai dengan standar
profesi
 Etika yang dapat diterima
 Pemimpin (Manajer) yang baik
Ciri-ciri Seorang Dokter
2. AKADEMISI
Mampu Mengembangkan Ilmu dan
Bioteknologi melalui :
Studi Pustaka
Pertemuan Ilmiah
PENELITIAN
PUBLIKASI ILMIAH
ATRIBUT PROFESIONAL DAN AKADEMISI
HARUS MENJADI CIRI DARI
SEMUA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS
KEDOKTERAN
 PROBLEM

GENERAL CONCEPT RESEARCH RESULTS:

THEORY
SYNTHESIS
ANALYSIS
GENERALIZATION
SPECIFICATION

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
THINKING THINKING

INTERACTION
TEMPORARY
ANSWER

HYPOTHESIS

6 50% of Research is Reading

 Conducting a literature review
will give you:
• Background knowledge of the field of inquiry
 Facts
 Eminent scholars
 Parameters of the field
 The most important ideas, theories, questions and
hypotheses.

• Knowledge of the methodologies common to the

field and a feeling for their usefulness and
appropriateness in various settings.

(Mauch & Birch, 2003)

 Outline of Review Process
• Formulate a problem - which topic or field is being
examined and what are its component issues?

• Search the literature for materials relevant to the

subject being explored.
 searching the literature involves reading and
refining your problem

• Evaluate the data - determine which literature makes a

significant contribution to the understanding of the topic

• Analyze and interpret - discuss the findings and

conclusions of pertinent literature

• Format and create bibliography

(Lyons, 2005)
Why read?

“It is astonishing with how little reading a doctor can

practice medicine, but it is not astonishing how badly
he may do it”
Why read?
• It is highly likely that your clinical practice will reflect your
residency training for a long time; practice patterns remain constant
• However, medical sciences and technologies are constantly
changing; only constant is change
• Physicians have a fiduciary responsibility to continually update
one’s knowledge of diseases and their treatment
• Ways of expanding your knowledge and skills:
– Journal articles
– Specialty meetings and CME activities
– Colleagues in your own practice
– Colleagues in other practices and specialties
– Instruction Courses
Why read?
The uncertainty of medical practice only begins after
residency training
Reading journal articles allows a doctor to
“experience” treatment and outcomes in patients not
commonly encountered
Reading journal articles allows a doctor to compare
one’s experience with that if others
Should be an impetus for improving one’s practice
Continue CME (continuing medical education) to
reduce uncertainly of medicine
Why read critically?
• Most doctors “read” journal articles by scanning the
abstracts
• Abstracts rarely tell the whole story, do not contain
enough details or nuances, and are frequently biased
• Abstracts are the appetizers that should get your
interest up, but it cannot be the main course (Methods,
Results, and Conclusions)
• The rest of the article contains the important nuances
• Beware of reading only abstracts, especially if you
plan to change your practice based on the study!
Why read critically?
“Most medical articles are biased in some way”
 Has mostly to do with levels of evidence
 Who writes most of the journal articles?
 What are the associated biases?

Bottom line:
Do NOT believe anything people write until you’ve
convinced yourself it was a well done study with valid
conclusions.
The data holds the truth. The review process is supposed
to weed out poor studies but it is not always the case.
Why do we must read a scientific paper?
 Journal papers are current
 Textbooks are often years out
of date
 You can get enough details
to replicate what you read
about
 Adapt cutting edge ideas and
techniques to your own
research
Why do we must read a scientific paper?
 Training of critical abilities
 You can see whether you
agree with conclusions
 Because one day soon you
could be writing papers
too!
What kind of paper?
Original research?
Review, opinion, hypothesis?
Peer-reviewed?
or invitation only
High-impact journal?
author’s reputation?
What kind of paper?
 Papers and journals are judged by their citation rates and
impact factors.
 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor

 Also, need to ask is this a specialist journal or general

journal?
 Specialist journals in bioinformatics include:
Bioinformatics, BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Genomics,
Nucleic Acids Research etc
 See http://www.brc.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~actan/bioinformatics/journals.html
 The “Literature” in the Review
• The literature included can be any format appropriate to your
topic.

• Don’t restrict yourself to journal articles.

 Look in books – you’ll need to know and cite the work of
major contributors to the field. A lot of this in books,
especially annual reviews
 Important Information can be found in reports,
conference proceedings, and other non-journal sources.
Search government websites and associations related
to your topic.

• Look at library subject guides in your area to find the key

databases additional resources
 What Is a Literature Review?
• A review of the literature is a classification and
evaluation of what accredited scholars and
researchers have written on a topic, organized
according to a guiding concept such as
research objective or the problem/issue you
wish to address.
• Developing the research question entails a
thorough and continuing review of the work
of others, both published and unpublished.
Why perform literature review?
1. Saves yourself from work!
Good sense of what has been thoroughly
investigated and in what areas useful new work
might be done.

2. Know the subject matter better

Broader understanding of the question
3. Suggest new research topics, questions,
methods
Literature Review
Sources of Medical Information:
medical books
expert’s opinion/s
medical journal
 actual retrieval of articles in libraries
 electronic search using the internet
 Lit. Review: Not just a summary….

Information seeking: the ability to scan the

literature efficiently using manual or computerized
methods to identify a set of potentially useful
articles and books

Critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of

analysis to identify those studies which are unbiased
and valid.
 ….but a conceptually organized
synthesis of the search
• Organize information: and relate it to the thesis or research
question you are developing
• Synthesize results: into a summary of what is and isn't known
• Identify controversy: when it appears in the literature
• Develop questions for further research
 Databases and basics of literature
search

• Medical library resources

• Review articles
• Databases of medical literature
Medline
Full-text databases
Electronic journals
Literature Review

The MEDLINE is a database of publication in health-

related topics with articles available since 1966. It is
being maintained by the US National Library of
Medicine at Maryland, USA. It covers more than
3,000 journal publications across the world.
In the internet, one can access MEDLINE through
PUBMED or GRATEFULMED or through other
organizations.
 Searching with PubMed
My NCBI
[Sign In] [Register]

Entrez PubMed Nucleotide Protein Genome Structure OMIM PMC Journals Books

PubMed Go
Search for

Limits Preview/Index History Clipboard Details

http://www.pubmed.gov

Developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at

the National Library of Medicine, located at National Institute of Health
MEDLINE:
• Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry,
veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. 
• Contains bibliographic citations and author abstracts from more than
4,800 biomedical journals published in the United States and 70 other
countries.
• The database contains over 12 million citations dating back to the mid-
1960s
• Coverage is worldwide, but most records are from English-language
sources or have English abstracts.

*
Literature

Search
Perform a preliminary search of the literature.
 Search lit to see what other work in the area of interest has
already been published.
− Gives a preview of the number of articles available on the topic.
− If your topic is already written about, select a slightly different topic or
modify the focus of the objective.
 Recent journal issues in areas central to the topic may provide
leads to content that should be in the review.
− Consult Web of Science’s Journal Citation Index for an idea of the most
important journals in the field
 Develop a list of subject headings that relate to themes of
interest
Literature Search
 Search across multiple databases and information resources.
− It’s not adequate to use Medline as your one and only resource

 Read the literature throughout the search process.

− What you read will guide your subsequent searches and refine your topic.

 Your search should help refine the topic and objective of the
overview being written.
Think ahead
 The more one learns about a subject, the more questions come
to mind.
 Keep a list of questions and hypotheses that come to your mind
or that are mentioned in what you read.
 These questions will help guide you when you are constructing your
review

 The questions will also guide you in discussing the implications of

your own findings and the additional research directions your work
supports or suggests.

(Mauch & Birch, 2003)

Save your references
• Keep a record of the literature you collect

• Record where and when you retrieved the information

• Use a citation manager program like RefWorks

or EndNote

• Better to record too many references than

have to return a few weeks or months hence
and spend hours trying to relocate documents
Data Evaluation: Selecting literature
 Read widely
 When you read for your literature review, you are actually
doing two things at the same time:
1. Trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a
question, continuing previous research, counter-claiming
2. Trying to read every source relevant to your research problem

• It is usually impossible to do the latter

− you will need to identify the most relevant and significant works and focus
on them.

(Asian Institute of Technology)

Data Evaluation: Selecting Literature
 As you define your problem you will more easily be able to
decide what to read and what to ignore.
 Before you define your problem, hundreds of sources will seem relevant.
 However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your
research area.
 This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read
you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more
easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.

(Asian Institute of Technology)

How To Read the Material
• Reading for the big picture
 Read the easier works first

 Skim the document and identify major concepts

 After you have a broad understanding of the

10 to 15 papers, you can start to see
patterns:
− Groups of scientists argue or disagree with other groups. For
example, Some researchers think x causes y, others that x is only a
moderating variable

(Carroll, 2006)
Narrow

your focus
Start from new material to old, general to specific
 starting with general topic will provide leads to specific areas of interest and help develop
understanding for the interrelationships of research

 Note quality of journal, output of author

 As you read and become more informed on the topic, you will probably need
to go back and do more focused searches

 Think, analyze, and weed out

 Arrange to spend some review time with an experienced researcher in the

field of study to get feedback and to talk through any problems encountered

(Mauch & Birch, 1993)

 Read the Material Closer
 Step 1: read the abstract
 Decide whether to read the article in detail

 Step 2: read introduction

 It explains why the study is important
 It provides review and evaluation of relevant literature

 Step 3: read Method with a close, critical eye

 Focus on participants, measures, procedures

 Step 4: Evaluate results

 Do the conclusions seem logical
 Can you detect any bias on the part of the researcher?

 Step 5: Take discussion with a grain of salt

 Edges are smoothed out
 Pay attention to limitations

(Carroll, 2006)
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