TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Libali-8, Bhaktapur

A
Practical Report on: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Title: Various Roofing Systems According to their Suitability in Different
Weather Conditions

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Name: Symon Pokharel Department of Civil
Engineering
Roll No.: KCE077BCE088
Khwopa College of
Group: D
Engineering
Tribhuvan University

February 6, 2024
 VARIOUS ROOFING SYSTEMS
1) INTRODUCTION
A roof is the uppermost covering of a building or structure that provides protection from various
weather elements, including precipitation, sunlight, wind, and temperature extremes. The roof
of a building serves as a crucial component, providing protection, insulation, and structural
support. It is the uppermost covering that shields the interior from weather elements, such as
rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Beyond its functional role, the design
and materials of a roof contribute significantly to the building's aesthetic appeal and
architectural style.

2) TYPES OF ROOFING PATTERNS

a) Gable Roof:

Roofing Material: Asphalt shingles, metal, tile, wood.

Roofing Members:
 Rafters: Sloping members that support the roof deck.
 Ridge Board: Horizontal board at the peak where rafters meet.
 Trusses: Prefabricated frames that support the roof structure.
 b) Hip Roof:

Roofing Material: Asphalt shingles, metal, tile, wood.

Roofing Members:
 Hip Rafters: Diagonal members that connect the corners to the ridge.
 Common Rafters: Sloping members connecting eaves to the ridge.
 Trusses: Prefabricated frames for added support.
c) Gambrel Roof:

Roofing Material: Asphalt shingles, metal, wood.

Roofing Members:
 Upper and Lower Slopes: Steeper lower slope and shallower upper slope.
 Gambrel Trusses: Diagonal supports resembling a barn roof.
 d) Mansard Roof:

Roofing Material: Slate, metal, wood.

Roofing Members:
 Upper and Lower Pitches: Steeper lower pitch and shallower upper pitch.
 Attic Space: Used as additional living space.
e) Flat Roof:

Roofing Material: Built-up roofing (BUR), modified bitumen, EPDM, TPO.

Roofing Members:
 Roof Deck: Horizontal surface supporting roofing materials.
 Parapet Walls: Low protective walls around the perimeter.
 Insulation and Waterproof Membrane: Provide insulation and weatherproofing.
 f) Shed Roof:

Roofing Material: Asphalt shingles, metal, EPDM.

Roofing Members:
 Single Slope: Roof slopes in one direction.
 Rafters: Sloping members supporting the roof.
g) Saltbox Roof:

Roofing Material: Asphalt shingles, wood shakes.

Roofing Members:
 Unequal Slopes: One side is longer and steeper than the other.
 Rafters and Ridge Beam: Support the asymmetrical roof.
3) Choice of Roofs on Himalayan, Hilly and Terai Region
3.1 Himalayan Region:

 Climate: The Himalayan region experiences colder temperatures and heavy snowfall,
particularly in higher elevations. Earthquakes are also a consideration.
 Materials: Traditional roofing materials include slate, stone, and wood. These
materials provide insulation against the cold and are resilient against snow loads.
 Design: Roofs in the Himalayan region is often pitched to facilitate snow shedding.
Traditional designs may feature overhanging eaves to protect against snow and rain.
 Cultural Influences: The architectural styles often reflect the cultural heritage of the
region, with intricate wooden shingles or stone slabs being used.
3.2 Hilly Region:

 Climate: The hilly region has a diverse climate with variations in temperature and
precipitation. Some areas may experience snowfall, while others have a milder
climate.
 Materials: Similar to the Himalayan region, common roofing materials include slate,
stone, and wood. Additionally, corrugated metal sheets may be used due to their
durability and affordability.
 Design: Roof designs may vary based on local conditions, but sloping roofs are still
common to deal with rainfall and potential snowfall.
3.3 Terai Region:

 Climate: The Terai region has a warmer climate with higher temperatures and
increased humidity. Flooding during the monsoon season is a concern.
 Materials: Corrugated metal sheets are popular due to their ability to withstand heat,
affordability, and resistance to termites. Clay tiles and thatch roofs are also used in
some areas.
 Design: Roofs in the Terai may have a flatter design compared to the sloping roofs in
the hills. Elevated platforms or raised foundations are sometimes used to mitigate
flood risks.