Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature

and studies which will help the researchers to ascertain

the similarities and the difference of the present study

with other studies.

Related Literature

MASA MASID Program

Based on GMA News Online (2018). In line with the

25th anniversary celebration of the Local Government

Code, the Department of Interior and Local Government

(DILG) on Monday launched the Mamamayang Ayaw sa Droga,

Mamamayang Ayaw sa Iligal na Droga (MASA-MASID) program

in the country. The MASA-MASID is a barangay-based anti-

criminality, anti-corruption and anti-illegal drugs

program which encourages multi-sectoral partnership

through volunteerism.

DILG Central Luzon Director Florida Dijan said that

the program is a collaborative work with the Philippine

National Police, provincial and local government, village

officials, civil society groups and other non-government

organizations, faith-based groups and residents including

the youth. To heighten community involvement by

mobilizing the support of local stakeholders, volunteers,

civic organizations, faith-based organizations, and the

private sectors in the fight against illegal drugs.

Specifically, the Program aims to:

Intensify the advocacy and education campaign in the

community; Mobilize the community in gathering

information by installing a reporting mechanism on the

illegal activities in the locality;

Mobilize support group and encourage sharing of available

resources to hasten the implementation of the Community-

Based Rehabilitation Program; and

Create an enabling environment to encourage collaboration

among the community partners to effectively implement the

Community-Based Rehabilitation Program.

Anti-Criminality

According to Ramos, M. (2019).The Philippine government

has a lengthy history of failing to solve crimes, many of

which are considered horrific. Rampant crime has

afflicted nearly every level of Philippine society, and

its occurrences have been heavily linked to the

government's inadequate and ineffective procedures,

particularly those intended to handle the crime problem.

According to Gonzales, L. (2019).The government's

socioeconomic situation has suffered as a result of the

crime problem. Crime has had a significant impact on the

country's economic development. A sizable portion of the

population has lost faith in the government's law

enforcement organizations. Many people are afraid that

catastrophe may hit them in broad daylight. Newspaper

stories (especially tabloid stories) are enough to send

shivers down the spine. One thing is certain: Filipino

society is rife with crime, and the government is

powerless to properly check and limit the country's

already substantial and growing crime problem.

According to Mercado, P. (2018).In the Philippines, crime

takes many forms and is still a severe problem throughout

the country. Illegal drug trafficking, human trafficking,

homicide, corruption, and domestic violence continue to

be major issues. As of 2014, the Philippines had the

highest rate of homicide cases in Southeast Asia. The

majority of major cities have a high crime rate.

According to Henry, U. (2018).Every day, thousands of

crimes are perpetrated, and hundreds are likely taking

place right now around the world. Someone will be

murdered, robbed, and raped someplace. Without a doubt,

crime is viewed as a social blight. Nothing can truly

stop it, no matter what is done. Nonetheless, the answer

to addressing the problem is buried deep within it, and

it can only be discovered through researching every facet

of the situation.

Anti- Corruption

Based on Tacconi and Williams (2020) Corruption has a

significant impact on the vast majority of countries and

has negative social and economic consequences. Its

effects on the environmental and resource management

(ERM) sectors are less clear. We examine corruption in

the extractive industries, irrigation, agriculture,

forestry, fisheries, and conservation activities, with a

focus on protected area management and the wildlife

trade. There is substantial evidence that corruption is

widespread in ERM sectors. Corruption in these sectors

has significant negative environmental and economic

consequences, which are likely to have a negative social

impact. The principal-agent theory is used in many of the

anti-corruption policies proposed for the ERM sectors.

When corruption is systemic and the principal is corrupt,

the political science literature on corruption discovered

that theory has limited application. The analysis of

corruption and anti-corruption in countries with systemic

corruption should draw to a greater extent on collective

action theory to identify more effective policies. We

highlight some anti-corruption policies relevant to ERM

sectors.

Based on Vian, T. (2020) Corruption is defined as the

misuse of authority for personal benefit. Because

healthcare fraud and abuse sometimes include misuse of

power, they are frequently included in discussions of

corruption. As a result, anti-corruption measures include

measures taken to avoid, reduce, or fight corruption, as

well as those taken to alleviate its harmful

consequences. Depending on the country and culture, what

constitutes corruption may differ. As a result, depending

on the situation, anti-corruption initiatives can take

many shapes. For example, one Brazilian study defined

corruption as the diversion of federally transferred

funds from municipal bank accounts, the claim of

purchases that never occurred, over-invoicing goods and

services at a value above market, and irregular public

procurements marked by illegal call-for-bids in any way

(such as the concession of the contract a family member's

business) . Signatory countries to the United Nations

Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) must criminalize

specific forms of corruption, such as bribery of national

and foreign public officials, embezzlement,

misappropriation, diversion of property by public

officials, trading in influence, abuse of functions, and

illicit enrichment. Despite the fact that this convention

establishes universally agreed-upon standards, country

compliance differs .

According to (Kohler and Dimancesco 2020). Corruption

has a considerable impact on the vast majority of

countries, with negative social and economic

consequences. Its consequences for the environmental and

resource management (ERM) sectors are less clear. We look

at corruption in the extractive sectors, irrigation,

agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and conservation, with

a focus on protected area management and the wildlife

trade. There is substantial evidence that corruption is

systemic in ERM areas. Corruption in these areas has

major negative environmental and economic consequences,

as well as the potential for bad social consequences. The

principal-agent theory is used in many of the anti-

corruption initiatives recommended for the ERM sectors.

When corruption is systematic and the principal is

corrupt, the political science literature on corruption

finds that notion to have little application. The

analysis of corruption and anti-corruption in countries

with systemic corruption should draw to a greater extent

on collective action theory to identify more effective

policies. We highlight some anti-corruption policies

relevant to ERM sectors.

According to Hauser, C. (2018) Corruption continues to

pose a tenacious challenge to globally active businesses.

According to current international anti-corruption

standards, a company can face criminal charges if it

fails to implement all necessary and reasonable

organizational measures to prevent corruption. Employee

training on a regular basis is regarded as one of the

most effective methods of preventing corruption. Employee

training is thought to be beneficial in efforts to reduce

the likelihood of employees engaging in corrupt behavior.

With this in mind and drawing on the fraud triangle model

and neutralization theory, this paper investigates

whether business professionals who have received anti-

corruption training are more likely than those who have

not to reject prevalent justifications for corrupt

practices. This paper's empirical analysis is based on

regression models that use data from a unique dataset of

200 business professionals. The findings show that

training is positively related to the likelihood of

rejecting corruption justifications. However, the

research suggests that training methods should become

more specific in order to address difficult questions

about the gray areas of ethics and compliance.

Based on (swanda and Nadiroh, 2018) In many countries,

corruption is one of the most important problems. The

goal of this study is to highlight the significance of

anti-corruption education teaching materials for the next

generation. The data collection tool was a questionnaire

and the study method was qualitative description. In this

study, 150 junior high school teachers in Surabaya were

used as the sample. The descriptive statistic with

percentage technique was employed in this study's data

analysis. As a result of this investigation, it was

discovered that Social Teachers in Surabaya recognize the

importance of teaching resources on anti-corruption

education in Social Studies learning activities. Examine

the anti education teaching materials that contain the

value of anti-corruption character as a recommendation

for further investigation. Anti-corruption education is

expected to raise awareness and bring about change in

everyone. The necessity of having an anti-corruption

character and being able to honor in society is

understood and realized by the younger generation.

According to Tolentino, H. (2018).The Philippines is now

dealing with a serious issue of government corruption.

Graft and corruption are rampant in both the local and

national governments. It is unsurprising to read news

reports of money laundering, the most well-known example

being the misuse of Priority Development Assistant Funds,

also known as the "pork barrel" scam. The Filipino people

have every right to be suspicious of their government.

Understanding the core causes of corruption in the

Philippine government is critical. The piece is

particularly helpful because it gives a historical

backdrop on how government dishonesty arose. I like how

the comments was straightforward and honest, without

sugarcoating the reality of our government. "The Republic

of the Philippines is a weak postcolonial state," it

claimed, referring to the Philippines' status as a third-

world country exacerbated by government corruption. Right

now, we require genuine change. We must identify the

source of the problem and take actions to address it.

Anti- Illegal Drugs

According to Fronda, J. (2019). According to the United

Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, the Philippines has a

lower rate of illegal drug usage than the rest of the

world (UNODC). President Rodrigo Duterte has declared

that the Philippines is on the verge of becoming a

"narco-state." Methamphetamine hydrochloride (also known

as shabu) and marijuana are two of the most widely used

and valuable illegal narcotics in the country. According

to the United Nations, the Philippines has the highest

rate of methamphetamine usage in East Asia, and according

to a U.S. government report, the Philippines has the

highest rate of methamphetamine use in the world.

According to the State Department, 2.1 percent of

Filipinos aged 16 to 64 use the substance, according to

data from the Philippines Dangerous Drugs Board from

2008. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and

Crime, 1.1 percent of Filipinos aged 10 to 69 were

addicted to drugs in 2016. Most barangays in Metro Manila

are touched by illegal narcotics.

"The Republic of the Philippines is a weak postcolonial

state," it claimed, referring to the Philippines' status

as a third-world country exacerbated by government

corruption. Right now, we require genuine change. We must

identify the source of the problem and take actions to

address it.

Republic Act. No. 9165 enacted on June 7, 2007 is an

act instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of

2002, repealing Republic act No. 6425, otherwise known as

The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, providing

funds therefore, and for other purposes.

RA 9165 mandates the government to pursue an

intensive and unrelenting campaign against the

trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar

substances.

According to Santos, O. (2018). What is it about drugs

that makes the rest of the world so concerned about

people who use them? In the Philippines alone, it is

believed that four to seven million of the country's 104

million people use illegal narcotics.

President Rodrigo Duterte made the fight on illegal drugs

a focus of his government as a campaign promise, for

which he has been condemned from all sides, both inside

and outside the country.

Without a doubt, drug addiction has had a significant

impact on society, affecting people of all socioeconomic

levels and demographics. No one can deny that drug

addiction is a societal threat, resulting in a slew of

crimes, financial difficulties, and shattered family and

friendship relationships.
Here's a look at some of the most commonly used illegal

substances and how they effect the body and mind.

Drugs are chemical substances that influence the normal

functioning of the body, either physically or

psychologically, according to a primer offered on the

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's website.

It claims that not all drugs are illegal. Caffeine in

coffee, nicotine in cigarettes, and alcohol are all

considered legal substances. Pharmaceutical drugs that

are used to cure or prevent ailments are known as

medicines. They are legal, but they have the potential to

be abused.

Illegal substances should be avoided at all costs because

they alter a person's mood, thinking, and conduct.

According to the UNODC, all illegal drugs have direct

physical consequences and impede psychological and

emotional development, particularly among young people.

Drugs impair a person's judgment, causing them to take

additional risks, such as having unsafe intercourse,

which can lead to sexually transmitted diseases like

HIV/AIDS.

The effects of illegal narcotics are short-lived. When

they wear off, the user becomes melancholy, lonely, and

ill, appears disoriented, sweats profusely, has red eyes,

and pays little attention to his or her physical

appearance. Then there's the illogical desire.

 Related Studies

According to Besa , A. (2021) stated on his study

entitled “Implementation of Peace and Order and the

Barangay Captains Leadership Styles” In terms of their

vision and goal, barangay plans, policies, and programs,

this study compared the implementation of peace and order

programs with the leadership styles of barangay captains

in General Santos City, Philippines. It also addresses

the consequences of putting peace and order programs in

place in their respective jurisdictions. It was

discovered that the degree of program implementation is

effective, and that the leadership styles are democratic.

Habiatan, E.(2019) mentioned his study entitled “THE

BARANGAY PEACE AND ORDER COUNCIL OF CABAGAN, ISABELA” The

existence of the Barangay Peace and Order Council is

mandated by Executive Order 309 in order to improve the

efficacy of the Municipal Peace and Order Council by

expanding its membership and expanding its infrastructure

at the barangay level. The Barangay Peace and Order

Council of Cabagan, Isabela was researched in this study.

The extent of the council's role in maintaining peace and

order, as well as the council's functionality, were

investigated. The respondents for this study were 598

people, including 234 members of the Barangay Peace and

Order Council and 364 community members. The data was

analyzed and interpreted using a descriptive design.

Furthermore, the required information was acquired using

a questionnaire that had been vetted and evaluated. The

findings revealed that the Barangay Peace and Order

Council has a moderate role in maintaining peace and

order in the community. In addition, according to the

data, the peace and order council is "moderately

functional" in terms of Organization, Meetings, Policies,

Plans, and Budget, and Accomplishments. These indicate

that the Barangay Peace and Order Council is cooperative

in maintaining peace and order, with most barangay

council sectors serving as potential public safety

mechanisms.

Magtibay, R. (2018)in his study entitled, “The Effects

of Police Community Relations” which aimed to evaluate

the effects of Police Community Relations in different

communities.

The study was descriptive-qualitative which

composed of fifty (50) respondents randomly selected in

Selected Barangays in Bicol. The study used a

questionnaire in gathering the needed data. Frequency,

percentage, and Pearson –r were used to compute the data

gathered.

The major findings revealed that the development

of delinquency was based on the Biological,

psychological and environmental factors.

In the study of Agustin, et. al(2018) The effectiveness

of members of the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council in

carrying out their tasks and activities was evaluated.

The researchers found that the members of the Barangay

Anti-Drug Abuse Council of the several Barangays of

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan are functioning based on the

findings of this study. They are well aware of their

responsibilities and tasks, and they pledge to carry them

out. While council members may find it difficult to carry

out activities at the Operational stage because they

include technical and legal concerns, it is their

responsibility to take the required steps to ensure that

they are carried out. The findings of this study show

that members of the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council in

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, are carrying out their duties

in accordance with the law.

According to Ramos (2018) entitled “Factors Affecting

Effective Dissemination of Peace and Order Ordinances to

Punong Barangays in Maria Aurora, Philippines” The study

estimated the elements influencing successful dispersal

of harmony and request laws to punong barangays in the

Municipality of Maria Aurora, Aurora Province,

Philippines. The review utilized predesigned overview

surveys and key witnesses in the social event of

information. The poll circulation depended on purposive

examining. The members are 34 (34) punong barangays. The

barangay is the littlest political unit in the

Philippines. The information assembled are treated with

recurrence circulation and weighted mean. The variables

of spread are: a) socio-segment qualities of

respondents,b) data sources, c) techniques and channels

of correspondence are estimated. As a general

rule,members' degree of interest towards new regulation

is positive. Nonetheless, a slight dissimilarity is seen

on account of upland barangays as they showed little

mindfulness on the current harmony and request statutes.

Consequently, it is suggested that viable spread

procedures be embraced and data materials be created to

further develop dispersal of new statutes. The

utilization of Information and Communication Technologies

(ICTs) in data dispersal is energetically suggested.

Sibyan, F. (2018)stated in his study, "Factors that Promote

Peace and Order in Barangay Nagbabalayan, Kabugao, Apayao," he

wanted to improve the participation of the mayor's office's

all concerns network in the efficient implementation of

policies, guidelines, and framework on issues and concerns

related to peace and order.

The descriptive-qualitative method was utilized in this

investigation. The study had a total of 40 participants. They

came from Kabugao, Apayao, and were chosen at random. The data

for the study was gathered via a questionnaire. The data was

computed using frequency, percentage, and Pearson –r.

The main findings demonstrated that respondents' profile

characteristics had a substantial correlation with factors

that promote peace and order in Barangay Nagbabalayan,

Kabugao, Apayao.

Synthesis

The different studies has cited the extent of

implementation on the program of Mamamayang Ayaw Sa

Anomalya, Mamamayang Ayaw Sa Iligal na Droga (MASA MASID)

Program.

The above cited studies are cited because of the

similarities and dissimilarities of the present study. In

the research made by Besa , A. (2021) revealed the

similarities of the present study on the proactive

measures to prevent the commission of crime in the

community. It can be said that reviewed studies provides

the necessary information in carrying the objectives of

this study.

Habiatan, E.(2019) mentioned his study entitled

“THE BARANGAY PEACE AND ORDER COUNCIL OF CABAGAN,

ISABELA” has similarities and impact in the current study

at hand. In particular, similar and related studies

presented herein are greatly helpful in the preparation

of paradigm.
 The reviewed studies contribute and provide

references that help the researcher compare and discuss

the concepts under study. They likewise provided findings

and conclusions that determine the extent of

implementation on the program of Mamamayang Ayaw Sa

Anomalya, Mamamayang Ayaw Sa Iligal na Droga (MASA MASID)

Program in relation to selected variables.

In sum, the studies presented in this study focused

on determining the extent of implementation on the

program of Mamamayang Ayaw Sa Anomalya, Mamamayang Ayaw

Sa Iligal na Droga (MASA MASID) Program as assessed by

the three respondents. All of the above mentioned studies

are similar to this study in terms of their focus.