UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Chapter 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that

were used in conducting this study which include research

design, respondents of the study, the data gathering

procedure, data gathering tools, and statistical tools

utilized in the treatment of the data gathered.

Research Design

The descriptive correlational method was employed in

this study. The descriptive design was used to describe the

respondents’ profile of the respondents in terms of their

age, sex, program enrolled, religion, ethnicity, parents’

highest educational attainment, parents’ occupation,

academic performance of the respondents during the online

instruction for academic year 2021-2022 and face-to-face

instruction for academic year 2022-2023, and the assessment

of the respondents on online and face-to-face instruction

for academic year 2021-2022 and 2022-2023.

The comparative design was used to determine the

significant difference between the academic performance of

the respondents during the online and face- to-face

instruction.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the 3rd year Teacher

Education students officially enrolled at the University of

Cagayan Valley during the school year 2022-2023 who were

identified using total enumeration scheme which led the

researchers to have the following number of respondents for

this study:

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents of the Study
Program Frequency
BEEd 46
Social Science 19
English 13
Science 5
Filipino 17
Math 10
Values Education 10
Physical Education 44
Total 164

Data Gathering Tool

This study made use of a structured survey

questionnaire developed by the researchers. It was be

divided into three parts. The first part was used to

identify the respondents’ profile in terms age, sex, program

enrolled, religion, ethnicity, parents’ highest educational

attainment, parents’ occupation. The second part was used by

the respondents to assess the online and face-to-face

instruction for academic year 2021-2022 and 2022-2023

To ensure the validity and reliability of the

questionnaire, it underwent content validation thru the

scrutiny and approval of a review panel which was composed

of three experts and validated by computing the Content

Validity Index (CVI). If the overall CVI is higher than 79

percent, the instrument is appropriate; if it is between 70

and 79 percent, it needs revision; if it is less than 70

percent, instrument is invalid, unclear and irrelevant. With

this, the tool has been validated by the content experts and

has a computed Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.9895 which

implies that the instrument is appropriate. (Zamanzadeh et

al., 2015).

In addition, the questionnaire had undergone pilot

testing involving twenty 3rd Year college students who

served as its respondents. The consistency of the research

instrument was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha values in

SPSS. The alpha coefficient for the 21 items is 0.931,

suggesting that the items have relatively high internal

consistency which further means that the items are

acceptable.

The respondents were asked to evaluate the specified

statements in the questionnaire and determine their

conformity to each of the statements using the corresponding

scale and adjectival values below:

Numerical Values Descriptive Values

4 Very Advantageous
3 Advantageous
2 Disadvantageous
1 Very Disadvantageous

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers strictly abided to the ethical and

legal standards in the conduct of this study. Research

Ethics Clearance was sought from the University’s

Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to the conduct of the

study. Permission to conduct the study was be sought from

the University President thru the Vice President for

Academics, University Registrar, and the Dean of School of

Criminology before data collection will commence. When

consent is given, the researchers identified the respondents

through the assistance of the Dean of the School of

Criminology and the class advisers of the 3rd year

Criminology students. After which, consent was sought from

the respondents thru a Prior Informed Consent form. An

explanation was made by the researchers of the nature and

purpose of the study and confidentiality was ensured

throughout the conduct of the study. The inclusion criteria

for this study included informed consent signed by the

respondents; willingness to participate in the study and

commit to attend follow up dialogues.

After confirmation of consent, the researchers gathered

the needed data during the respondents’ most convenient time

through the use of the questionnaire.

Statistical Tool

After the set of questionnaires were retrieved, the

researchers gathered and tabulated them for statistical

treatment.

The respondents’ profile with respect to Age and

Gender; the Impact of social media to criminology students

as perceived by the respondents, and the mean academic

performance of the respondents as reflected in their final

grade during the 1st Semester for school year 2022-2023 were

analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency

counts, percentage distribution, and weighted mean.

Moreover, the respondents’ assessment on the Impact of

social media to criminology students during the school year

2022-2023 were assessed using the scale with the

corresponding mean ranges and adjectival values shown as

follows:

Range Descriptive Value

4.20 – 5.00 Always
3.40 – 4.19 Often
2.60 – 3.39 Sometimes
1.80 – 2.59 Rarely
1.00 – 1.79 Never

To gain more meaningful interpretation of the

respondents’ academic performance, the corresponding ranges

and adjectival value shown as follows will be used:

Range Descriptive Interpretation

94 – 100 Exemplary
88 – 93 Proficient
82 – 90 Accomplished
76 – 81 Emerging
75 Beginner
Below 74 Failed
 To determine the determine the the significant

relationship between the respondents’ assessment on the

impact of social media to criminology students and their

mean academic performance of the respondents as reflected in

their final grade during the 1st Semester for school year

2022-2023, Pearson r was used.