DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in collecting necessary data for the completion

ofthe study. Specifically, it provides further exposition regarding the research design, data gathering

procedure, population and sampling design, instrumentation, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study employed quantitative research design. Quantitative is a process of collecting and

analyzing information that is being structured and can be represented numerically (Goertzen, 2017).

It is also a method of learning about a specific group of people, referred to as a sample population.

Quantitative research is a strategy of learning about the specific group of people, referred to as a

sample population (Allen, 2017).

In this study, the respondents' demographic profile was also evaluated in connection to their

age, sex, occupation or position, and grade taught using a descriptive research design. According to

Nassaji (2015), descriptive research is the research design in which data is collected in a qualitative

manner and analyzed using quantitative procedures.

Furthermore, the main goal is to build accurateness and reliable measurements that allow for

statistical analysis. Quantitative research employs scientific to examine questions about the sample

population by using data that has been observed and measured. Moreover, descriptive research

refers to the scientific methodology by which observation of the sampled population is carried out in

its surroundings.
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Data Gathering Procedure

The approaches and techniques described herein were employed by the researchers to collect

relevant and exact data from those who responded.

Prior to conduct the research instrument of the study, the researchers will find suitable

participants that will fit the criteria for the study. A letter of consent that was prepared by the

researchers and signed by their research adviser and dean of the College of Education of

Dominican College of Tarlac. Upon approval to legally conduct survey, preliminary data that

necessary to conduct the research instrument proceeded.

Finally, the researchers will have an agreement with the participants through informed

consent that will provide the data collection process of the study. Within the consent form stated that

the purpose of the study is to determine the causes and consequences of school violence in Capas

West District elementary schools. The researchers will then explain the purpose of the study and

how it may benefit the learners.

Through surveys with the relevant participants in this field of study, the substantial data

required for the validity and efficacy of this research was gathered. Utilizing a survey form or

questionnaire, and consistently listening to them to instill relevant details, information was acquired

suitably, resulting in a rational and realistic content of this research. In relation to this study, a

questionnaire will be developed using reliable sources of scales and questionnaires. After gathering

the information, the researchers will use it to analyze the result and apply the statistical treatment to
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the study. As a result, the information acquired through these interviews provides sufficient data for

the improvement of the research and its content.

Following the approval of the informed consent, finalization and reproduction of the survey

instrument followed. Through examination of the research instrument was made. Checking for

possible errors in the questionnaire was done to ensure its validity and credibility. Specifically, the

survey questionnaire was adapted from Jilian J. Turanovic and Sonja E. (2022), which was entitled

“The Cause and Consequences of School Violence”. The respondents' responses include to what

extent they agree or disagree with the statement. The distribution and administration of the survey

instrument followed after its finalization and reproduction. The researchers chose to survey the area

of the respondents to distribute the survey questions they will complete.

Finally, after all upon the completion of the survey questionnaire by each respondent, the

researchers went over the responses thoroughly to look for any unanswered questions. Afterwards,

all the relevant data gathered were collected to be tabulated, analyzed, interpreted, and treated using

statistical tools. More specifically, the data were treated using frequency distribution, percentage,

and mean to identify the demographic information of the respondents.

Population and Sampling Design

The population of the study were the teachers and guidance designators from the fourteen

(14) public elementary schools in Capas, Tarlac in the school year 2022-2023. With a total

population of twenty-eight (28) teachers and guidance designators, 1 from Alunan Elementary

School, 2 from Binyayan Elementary School, 2 from Bueno Elementary School, 3 from Capas West
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Central School, 2 from Kawayan Elementary, 2 from Flora Elementary School, 2 from

Manabayukan Elementary School, 2 from Maruglo Elementary School, 3 from Pillien Elementary

School, 1 from Pisapungan Elementary School, 1 from San Agustin Elementary School, 3 from Sta.

Juliana Elementary School, 3 from Sta. Lucia Elementary School and 1 from Tarukan Elementary

School, a sample of twenty-eight (28) were all the found respondents. The number of samples was

determined using the Raosoft sample size calculator.

This study applied the purposive sampling method. As defined by Sharma (2017), purposive

sampling also known as judgmental reflects a group of sampling techniques that rely on the

detriment when it comes to selecting the units. This purposive sampling method is to produce a

sample that can be considered representative of the population.

Instrumentation

The study utilized a survey questionnaire as instrument to address the research problem,

which is largely focused on the beliefs of teacher or guidance designate in public elementary

schools concerning school violence. Specifically, the questionnaire used was adapted of Jilian J.

Turanovic and Sonja E. Siennick (2022), in their study “The Causes and Consequences of School

Violence: A Review”, is entitled “Causes and Consequences of Violence in School Perception

Scale”.

Particularly, all of the questions were appropriately centered on the views of the teacher or

guidance designate and concerned with their beliefs on school violence. Also, the questions were

presented in a clear manner and language that the respondents could comprehend right away.
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Furthermore, the questionnaire has two sections. The first section includes the demographic

information of the respondents such as age, sex, grade taught, and occupation. The second section

contains the Causes and Consequences of School Violence, which answers the statements in terms

of individual factors, school and community factors, demographic and personal factors, and

consequence. This 43-item scale uses a 7-point Likert-type scale with potential answers ranging

from strongly agree to agree, somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat disagree,

disagree or strongly disagree. In determining the verbal description and interpretation for each item,

the range is presented below:

Range Descriptor Interpretation

4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree Very High

3.41-4.20 Agree High

2.61-3.40 Somewhat Agree Medium High

2.41-2.60 Neither Agree Nor Low

Disagree

2.21-2.40 Somewhat Disagree Medium Low

1.81-2.20 Disagree Very low

1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree Extremely Low

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Statistical Treatment

The acquired information from the survey questionnaire were analyzed in relation to the

research questions stated in the sstatement of the problem. The data that were gathered from

therespondents through the questionnaire were tailed and tabulated using the following statistical

computations.

Frequency. This will be used in identifying the number of objects or events in a category or

simply the rate of occurrence. The number of cases of the data falling within a particular class

interval will be considered. This will be utilized to get the demographic profile of the respondents

as well as the causes and consequences of school violence.

Percentage. This will be used when forming comparisons. It will be useful for analyzing a

difference from a benchmark or initial value. The percentage will be calculated by taking the

frequency in the category divided by the total number of participants and multiplying by 100%.

f
P= x 100
n
Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

n = total number of respondents

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Mean. This will be used to measure the average or the central location of the distribution of a

numerical data set. The average will be determined by adding the frequency of each scale then
dividing

it by the total number of respondents.

Σx
x=
𝑛

Where:

x = mean

Σ = summation

x = number of responses

n = total number of respondents

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Conceptual Framework

In the article of Sage Publications (2016) entitled “ How conceptual frameworks guide

research”, conceptual frameworks—described as both a process and a product—that helps to focus

and ground researchers as they work through common research challenges. Conceptual framework

is a set of lenses that creates from multiple sources and a visual presentation of ideas. Thus, this part

of chapter 2 details the flow of the factors of the study through a graphic organizer and the paradigm

of the study.

Input Process Output

I. Demographic Profile

 Age
 Sex
 Grade Taught
 Occupation

II. Causes of School

Violence
Analysis of Data Recommendations
 Individual
using Descriptive to address school
Factors
Statistics violence
 School and
Community
Factors
 Demographic
and Personal
Factors

III. Consequences of
school violence
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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

This study entitled The Causes and Consequences of School Violence in Capas West District

Elementary Schools in Tarlac will involve twenty-eight (28) respondents whose demographic

profile, particularly the age, sex, grade taught, and occupation will be solicited. Subsequently, the

causes of school violence particularly the individual factors, school and community factors, and

demographic and personal factors. Afterwards, the consequences of the school violence will be

collected and described through a survery questionnaire entitled “The Causes and Consequences of

School Violence”, through analysis of data using descriptive statistics. Finally, after the data

gathering, recommendations to address school violence will be stated.

Based on the social learning theory of Albert Bandura (1973), children pick up violent

behavior through watching others act aggressively and seeing how these actions are reinforced over

time. He considers school violence to be a "multidimensional problem" that depends on a person's

perception of their own responsibility and harmful intent. Bandura believed that violence was more

of an exterior experience.

According to Sigmund Freud (1915), he viewed school violence as an internal experience

that is being driven by emotions like rage, hatred, and resentment. School violence occurs when the

ego's impulses for self-preservation are frustrated. He declared: "All things that are a cause of

suffering, the ego hates, abhors and pursues with the purpose to destroy."

By exploring the interactions between internal processes or characteristics and external

factors, ecological theory incorporates the work of both Freud and Bandura. Regarding school

violence, the model focuses on comprehending how specific traits of children may interact with
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outside influences on either encourage or discourage victimization and perpetration. Based on the

ecological systems theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979), this theory explains how social setting

affect human development, the children’s upbringing has an impact on every aspect of their life.

A thorough framework is offered to investigate violence among children in school settings

by concentrating on both individual characteristics and environmental influences, as well as how

these variables interact. Providing direction on how to take action, awareness and education on

school violence are required. Instead, there will be consequences for the individual and the

community if nothing is done to stop school violence.